高空大气探测技术的发展及对策

介绍国内、外高空大气探测技术的现状及发展趋势 ，陈述我省高空大气探测的现状及对策。     

近年来国际大气探测技术发展概要

1概述近年来，随着自然科学与技术的进步，国际气象探测技术也取得了显著的发展，其主要特点是：探测能力显著增强，观测自动化水平迅速提高；重视观测方法、观测网的设计，讲究观测工具的最佳配合；直接观测、遥测和遥感等三种观测技术并存。本文对近10多年来一些国家在大气探测技术方面的进步作一简要总结。2地面和高空探测在地面和高空的常规探测方面，各种感应元件的精度均有显著提高。70年代以来，一些发达国家正在利用遥测和自动气象站发展中尺度地面观测网，M点间距小至17KM。目前已有30来个国家在研制和使用自动气象站，发达国家…     

大气探测技术发展概述

文章介绍了大气探测技术发展的趋势并提出中国大气探测技术发展的方向及重点。     

谈高空大气无线电探测的技术体系

谈高空大气无线电探测的技术体系赵义勇（内蒙古气候中心）从１９３０年原苏联巴甫洛夫斯克高空观象台莫尔恰诺夫教授施放世界上第一个时间间隔式遥测无线电探空仪到现在已整整６５年了。在这半个多世纪里，无线电探空仪已发展到能够探测并描述从低空几百米到高空３０多公...     

利用全球气象网高空探测资料分析自由大气温度变化趋势

讨论了评价自由大气温度异常的各种方法，简述了作者用于计算自由大气中不同纬度和不同垂直层面上月温度异常的方法。扭用的原始资料是俄罗斯水文气象信息研究所世界资料中心收集并加工的全球气象网（近８００年探测站）提供的１９９３年１月以后的数据。讨论了利用该方法对１９９１年１月～１９９６年４月期间平流层（１００～５０ｈＰａ）和对流层下层（８５０～３００ｈＰａ）温度异常进行评价的结果。该方法可用于对天气候变化的     

恶劣天气高空探测技术探讨

该文从仪器准备、充灌气球、编发报文等多个方面探讨和分析在强降雨、强雷暴、大风、大雾等恶劣天气条件下,如何减少和避免迟放球、重放球、旁瓣抓球、部份记录缺测和整份记录缺测等情况发生,保证高空探测业务正常进行和探测资料及时上传的方法,提高探测质量,更好地为天气预报服务提供参考依据。     

L波段高空气象探测资料常见问题分析

针对L波段高空气象探测资料出现的问题,如地面瞬间观测数据错误、探空记录飞点、升速异常以及测风数据突跳等,分析问题出现的原因,提出正确读数、认真校对、仔细检查、熟悉探测系统业务手册等处理意见和方法。     

影响高空探测高度的若干因素及提高探测高度的对策

通过对高空探测高度的分析可知:降水、净举力和空气阻力、球炸率是影响探测高度的主要因素。针对各个影响因素,找出提高探测高度的方法。     

湖北省及长江中游地区大气探测业务技术的发展

一、八十年代内大气探测技术发展的主要进展 就业务应用观点而言,大气探测一般可区分为常规(基本的天气和气候观测)和非常规观测两大类。就最近十余年的动态观察,常规观测的技术相对趋于稳定,变化不大;并且,常规气象观测由国家甚至世界气象组织统一布局、管理和规划,不可能由一个区域来加以特殊发展,因而,在本文中不予讨论。但自70年代特别是80年代以来,由于社会发展对     

广西高空探测信息化资料现状分析

对广西高空探测信息化资料的现状进行分析,结果表明,广西未信息化的高空探测资料时段长、数量多、利用率低.同时已信息化的资料存在数据整理方式不同、文件格式差异大、探测精度不一致的问题,其中,现用的L波段系统在这些方面均优于以往使用的各种业务系统.分析结果可为用户更好地使用广西高空探测信息化资料提供参考和帮助.     

Wind and pressure oscillations in the upper atmosphere

Summary Observations of the diurnal (S ₁) and semidiurnal (S ₂) wind oscillations between 80 and 100 km show that their amplitudes are of the same magnitude as the mean winds. Both periods show pronounced seasonal changes in the same sense as, but much larger than would be expected from surface data forS ₂, and in agreement with the idea of a thermal cause forS ₁. From the observed wind oscillations the pressure oscillations can be computed. The pressure amplitudes are about 5 percent or, especially forS ₂, more of the mean pressure, indicating a fifty to hundred-fold increase compared to the low atmosphere, as suggested by theory. But the phase ofS ₂ does not show the expected reversal relative to the ground.S ₁ seems to be much more regular than at the earth's suface where it is greatly disturbed by local influences. The few data on the lunar semidiurnal (L ₂) oscillation show also the increse of the amplitudes with height.

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Zusammenfassung Bestimmungen der ganztägigen (S ₁) und halbtägigen (S ₂) Windperioden in 80 bis 100 km Höhe ergeben Amplituden von derselben Größenordnung wie die mittleren Winde. Beide Perioden zeigen starke jahreszeitliche Schwankungen. FürS ₂ wird das Maximum wie an der Erdoberfläche im Winter, das Minimum im Sommer erreicht; aber die jahreszeitliche Änderung ist in der Höhe viel größer. FürS ₁ fällt das Maximum in den Sommer, wie man im Falle einer durch Erwärmung erzeugten Oszillation erwarten würde. Aus den beobachteten Windschwankungen können die entsprechenden Luftdruckschwankungen berechnet werden. Diese betragen 5 Prozent des mittleren Luftdruckes in diesen Höhen, oder besonders fürS ₂ auch mehr, d. h. sie sind 50 bis 100 mal größer als am Erdboden. Eine derartige Zunahme mit der Höhe ist nach der Theorie zu erwarten. Die Phase vonS ₂ zeigt jedoch nicht die erwartete Umkehr im Vergleich zu der Welle am Boden.S ₁ scheint viel regelmäßiger zu sein als am Erdboden, wo es durch lokale Einflüsse sehr gestört ist. Die wenigen Daten für die halbtägige Mondgezeit (L ₂) zeigen ebenfalls eine starke Zunahme mit der Höhe, die Phase ist aber ähnlich wie am Erdboden.

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Résumé Les observations des oscillations diurnes (S ₁) et semi-diurnes (S ₂) du vent entre les niveaux de 80 km et 100 km au-dessus du sol indiquent que leurs amplitudes sont du même ordre de grandeur que leurs valuers moyennes. Ces deux périodes sont caractérisées par des changements saisonniers prononcés. PourS ₂ ces changements bien que dans la même direction sont beaucoup plus considérables que ce que les données de surface nous porteratient à croire. PourS ₁ ces changements sont en bon accord avec l'idée d'une cause thermique. Les oscillations de pression peuvent être obtenues à partir des oscillations observées du vent. Les amplitudes d'oscillation de la pression sont de l'ordre de 5 pour cent ou, spécialement dans le cas deS ₂, plus encore des valuers moyennes de la pression. Ceci indique une augmentation de cinquante à cent fois par rapport à la basse atmosphère, fait d'ailleurs suggéré par la théorie. Toutefois la phase deS ₂ ne présente pas d'inversion par rapport au sol.S ₁ paraît beaucoup plus régulier qu'au sol où la situation sest fortement affectée par les influences locales. Les quelques données concernant les oscillations semi-diurnes (L ₂) causées par la lune indiquent une augmentation des amplitudes avec l'altitude.

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With 4 Figures

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Dedicated to Dr.W. Mörikofer on the occasion of his 70 th birthday.     

Wave-mean flow interactions in the upper atmosphere

The nature of internal gravity waves is described with special emphasis on their ability to transport energy and momentum. The conditions under which these fluxes interact with the mean state of the atmosphere are described and the results are applied to various problems of the upper atmosphere, including the quasi-biennial oscillation, the heat budget of the thermosphere, the general circulation of the mesosphere, turbulence in the mesosphere, and even the 4-day circulation of the Venusian stratosphere.Gravity waves have long been recognized as an important element in the dynamics of the upper atmosphere - largely due to their very large amplitudes in this region. It is the implied purpose of this paper to convey some of the thinking that has gone on about the role of gravity waves in the large-scale circulation of the upper atmosphere. Insofar as gravity waves are now being identified as important entities in the lower atmosphere as well, it is possible that mechanisms identified in the upper atmosphere will prove relevant to the troposphere.Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow. Now at Harvard University.     

Advances in studies of the middle and upper atmosphere and their coupling with the lower atmosphere

Recent advances in studies of the middle and upper atmosphere and their coupling with the lower atmosphere in China are briefly reviewed. This review emphasizes four aspects: (1) Development of instrumentation for middle and upper atmosphere observation; (2) Analyses and observation of middle and upper atmosphere; (3) Theoretical and modeling studies of planetary wave and gravity wave activities in the middle atmosphere and their relation to lower atmospheric processes; (4) Study on the coupling between the stratosphere and the troposphere.     

A note on the upper boundary conditions for turbulence models in the neutral atmosphere

In the modelling of turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer, some knowledge is generally required of the turbulence quantities themselves, as well as their effect on the mean flow. For such applications, it is therefore necessary that the details of the modelling are consistent with the boundary conditions assumed. This note gives an indication of the way in which the turbulence quantities will decay near the outer edge of the boundary layer in order that all the appropriate equations and conditions should be satisfied.Formerly, Cranfield Institute of Technology.     

Dependence of upper atmosphere photochemistry on the shape of the diurnal cycle of the photolysis rates

A photochemical model of the atmosphere constitutes a non–linear, non–autonomous dynamical system, enforced by the Earth’s rotation. Some studies have shown that the region of the mesopause tends towards non–linear responses such as period-doubling cascades and chaos. In these studies, simple approximations for the diurnal variations of the photolysis rates are assumed. The goal of this article is to investigate what happens if the more realistic, calculated photolysis rates are introduced. It is found that, if the usual approximations—sinusoidal and step fiunctions—are assumed, the responses of the system are similar: it converges to a 2–day periodic solution. If the more realistic, calculated diurnal cycle is introduced, a new 4–day subharmonic appear.     

Three-dimensional semi-empirical climate model of water vapor distribution and its implementation to the radiation module of the middle and upper atmosphere model

To provide the more accurate simulation of stationary planetary waves and atmospheric tides using the middle and upper atmosphere model (MUAM), the three-dimensional (longitude-latitude-height) semi-empirical climate model of water vapor distribution in the troposphere was developed which takes into account seasonal variations. The modules of radiation heating and cooling in the MUAM model were modified taking into account the dependence of water vapor concentration on longitude. The simulations performed using the modified version of MUAM revealed that the consideration of water vapor concentration variability along the circle of latitude leads to the substantial dependence of solar heating on longitude that affects the amplitudes of stationary planetary waves in the stratosphere.     

湿大气的广义位温与干大气位温及饱和湿大气相当位温的比较

实际大气既非完全是干空气,也不是处处达到饱和的湿空气,而是处于含有水汽但又不饱和的湿空气状态。基于这样一种湿大气状态,在湿大气中广义位温定义的基础上,对不同暴雨类型的广义位温与干大气的位温及饱和湿大气的相当位温做了比较。对2003年江淮流域暴雨过程、2004年华北一次暴雨过程以及2006年碧利斯台风中的位温、相当位温和广义位温分布的对比分析表明:即使是在暴雨系统中,湿空气的相对湿度也不一定达到100%,饱和湿空气相当位温的引入条件不能完全满足。而广义位温的定义用一个表达式就可以表示出于大气、未饱和湿大气以及饱和湿大气这3种大气状态的位温,位温和相当位温则是广义位温的特殊情况。当大气比湿为零时,广义位温就变成位温;当大气比湿达到饱和后,广义位温就变成相当位温。除了可以衔接干大气位温和饱和湿大气的相当位温外,广义位温包含了水汽由干到湿再到饱和的变化过程,更好地体现了大气中水汽的实际分布和变化特征。