川东北地区海相烃源岩中单质硫的定性与定量分析

利用定性与定量分析手段,研究了川东北地区各类海相烃源岩中的单质硫及其地球化学特征。定性分析表明,该区海相烃源岩中的单质硫具有八硫环状结构和六硫状环结构两种晶体构型,由S8和S6两种同素异形体组成,其中S8具有相对较高的丰度。定量分析表明,该区海相烃源岩中的单质硫含量为0.91×10-6～375.88×10-6,具有很宽的分布范围,并且随着烃源岩分布区域、地层时代以及岩性的不同而发生明显变化,表现出强烈的非均质性分布特征。该区海相烃源岩中单质硫含量与有机碳含量之间存在正相关关系,说明单质硫主要发育在富有机质沉积的层段中。通过单质硫含量与总硫含量对比分析,间接证明了川东北地区各类海相烃源岩中赋存有丰富的有机含硫化合物。     

液相色谱法测定湖泊沉积物中单质硫

研究了液相色谱法测定湖泊沉积物中单质硫的可行性。以甲醇作为溶剂,将沉积物中单质硫转入甲醇相中,利用液相色谱C18柱分离,254 nm紫外检测,得到了很好的结果:单质硫标准曲线的线性相关系数r=0.9999,样品的回收率为94.8%~104.1%,单质硫溶液的检出限0.07 mg/L,测定下限0.3 mg/L,平行样品相对标准偏差6.5‰。该方法的优点是样品的前处理简单,检测方便、快捷,干扰少,重复性好。     

断裂熔融作用中单质铁的形成及其指示的孕震环境

目前缺乏来自于地震断裂带的假玄武玻璃的原始特征研究,制约着我们对地震孕震环境和地震发生机制的认识。本文以龙门山断裂带汶川科钻2号钻孔岩心的碎裂岩及花岗闪长岩为研究对象,通过氩气环境下的高温加热实验(最高温度达1750℃)、显微结构观察、地球化学分析和岩石磁学测试,探讨断裂熔融作用中单质铁的形成及其指示意义。花岗闪长岩和碎裂岩在1100℃时发生部分熔融作用,形成了非晶质和微晶;在≥1300℃时形成了大量单质铁组成的微球粒,可能是含铁矿物发生了以碳物质为还原剂的高温还原反应。高温实验后样品的磁化率值高于碎裂岩的磁化率值,新生成的磁铁矿是≤1100℃的样品高磁化率值的主要原因;熔融作用中形成的单质铁和少量的磁铁矿是≥1300℃样品高磁化率值的重要原因。结合前人对于快速摩擦实验熔体、地幔物质及陨石的研究,我们认为粘土矿物、硅酸盐矿物含量较多的断层泥在同震滑移中因热增压机制很难形成单质铁;而花岗岩、安山岩、辉长岩、闪长岩等岩浆岩和糜棱岩在流体作用弱和硫化物含量低的环境中易在大地震中形成单质铁。龙门山断裂带的假玄武玻璃的熔融温度≥1300℃,硫元素含量较低并发现有过剩铁元素。因此,表明龙门山断裂带的假玄武玻璃中可能形成了单质铁,其和磁铁矿是假玄武玻璃高磁化率值异常的重要原因,并指示了深部流体作用弱、硫化物含量低、还原性的孕震环境。     

金银铂族元素成矿机理的新探索

通过对金、银、铂族元素的氢化物，羧基化合物理化性质，贵金属矿物主要和次要化学成分，贵金属矿物的共伴生矿物组合，有关矿物流体包裹体化学成分，类地行星概况，生产实验等相关问题的讨论，认为金、银、铂族元素主要呈单质及其合金氢化物，单质羧基化合物，单质羧基氢化物迁移的。它们随岩浆，热液，热气迁至地壳浅部，由于减压，降温，氧逸度显著加大，Eh、Ph值发生变化，H2，CO逃逸，氧化，形成贵金属的单质及合金矿物，有的还能与硫，硫化氢作用形成贵金属的硫化矿物和硫盐矿物。     

液液萃取电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定碳酸盐岩中的单质硫

建立了碳酸盐岩样品中单质硫的分析方法,此法以正己烷为萃取剂,在180.7 nm和182.0 nm波长下用电感耦合等离子体光谱法(ICP-AES)测定国家标准物质GBW(E)07108和碳酸盐岩样品。正己烷萃取碳酸盐岩中单质硫的回收率在90%～110%之间;每个样品测定7次,相对标准偏差(RSD)<5.0%。结果表明,此法满足实验要求,可用于大批量碳酸盐岩样品中单质硫的测定。      

单质硫和含硫矿物对固体沥青中生物标志物热演化过程的影响

含硫物质与地质体中有机质的形成、演化过程密切相关,但在地质演化过程中它们对沉积有机质中生物标志物的影响较少报道。对四川盆地固体沥青样品开展在单质硫(S0)和含硫矿物(黄铁矿、硫酸亚铁、硫酸铁和硫酸钙)存在条件下的加水热模拟实验,进而探讨上述含硫物质在固体沥青热演化过程中对其赋存生物标志物的影响。研究表明,单质硫和含硫矿物对固体沥青中可溶有机质产率均有不同程度的影响,它们的影响程度顺序是:S⁰>Fe₂(SO₄)₃>FeSO₄>CaSO₄>FeS2。对于反映成熟度的生物标志物参数,单质硫和含硫矿物对甾烷C29-αββ/(αββ+ααα)、C29-20S/(20S+20R)和藿烷C31H-22S/(22S+22R)的比值均无显著影响,但对甾烷(S21+S22)/C27–29、藿烷Ts/(Ts+Tm)和规则甾烷系列比值有影响。单质硫和含硫矿物会显著改变反映生源的生物标志物参数,不同含硫物质对甾烷S21/S22、藿烷C29H/C30H、三环萜...     

金刚石表面沉积二氧化钛薄膜研究

用均一沉淀法在金刚石表面沉积二氧化钛 ,探讨了沉积工艺条件。覆层在高温和真空条件下被还原为单质金属钛 ,X射线衍射分析表明金刚石表面有钛和碳化钛生成。     

矿物流体包裹体挥发成分中有单质氟吗?

陈勇等同志为山东昌乐-临朐地区寻找无机成因天然气提供新的思路和证据、线索,发表了"山东昌乐-临朐火山岩流体包裹体成分研究及其意义"[1]一文,文中报导该区橄榄石、辉石矿物包裹体挥发分中单质氟(F2)含量(摩尔分数,xB/%)达4.76～20.70.单质氟如果存在,不仅对该文的目的意义是一种否定,且与橄榄石、辉石来源于地球深部强还原环境,矿物流体包裹体中存在多种大量还原性挥发分相矛盾.我们对单质氟的测定值有些质疑,今提出与陈勇等同志商榷.如有不当,恳请作者和读者指正.     

黄铁矿在不同pH值硫酸钠溶液中的电化学腐蚀研究

溶液的pH值对黄铁矿的电化学腐蚀行为有着重要的影响。本文运用开路电位测量、Tafel扫描、循环伏安扫描以及电化学阻抗谱等电化学测试技术,研究黄铁矿在pH值分别为2.0、6.5、11.0的0.1mol/L Na2SO4溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明:溶液中pH值升高时,黄铁矿的开路电位降低,腐蚀电流升高,阻抗谱中圆弧半径减小,这些变化说明了黄铁矿变得更加容易被腐蚀。分析其原因为当溶液中pH值升高时,黄铁矿氧化过程产生的中间产物S2O2-3变得比较稳定,因此,由其分解产生的单质硫的量减少,继而因单质硫在黄铁矿表面吸附造成的钝化作用也随之减弱,黄铁矿的腐蚀速率增加。     

河北开平煤田煤的硫分与沉积环境

众所周知,沉积环境与海有关的煤层比陆相环境形成的煤层硫分要高。单质硫和复硫化物形成黄铁矿,在盐沼泽中进行了得快,因为在盐沼泽中硫酸盐还原速率大,对这一过程起到了催化作用。河北开平煤田晚二叠世大苗庄组煤层的含硫特征也证明了这一观点。大苗在组含主要可采煤层5层,即煤5、煤6、煤7、煤8、煤9,各煤层的硫分含量差别很大,从特低硫煤到富硫煤均有,但分布有一定规律(表1)。     

The application of finite elements to heat conduction problems involving latent heat

SummaryThe Application of Finite Elements to Heat Conduction Problems Involving Latent Heat A finite element method is developed for the solution of heat conduction problems which involve latent heat. The method is superior to other wellknown approaches to these problems in that it allows a wider range of material properties and boundary conditions to be dealt with, such as are encountered in complex engineering operations like ground freezing. The method is applied to simple triangular finite elements in this paper, although it could be extended to other types of element including three-dimensional ones. Several example problems are discussed and illustrated, and comparisons are made with other approaches where these can also be used.     

频率域反射波全波形速度反演

全波形反演不仅利用相位和振幅信息,还利用波形的细节变化,具有刻画模型精确细节的能力.在对稀疏矩阵直接LU分解求解的基础上,采用梯度预处理方法对声波介质速度模型进行了反射波全波形反演.采用误差反向传播算法计算目标函数梯度以及伪Hessian矩阵的对角线元素来做梯度预处理.数值模型的实验结果表明,利用有效的频率段便能反演出分辨率较高的速度结构,用低频反演出的结果作为高频反演的初始模型,减少了解的非唯一性.二维高斯光滑初始模型提供了有利的低频信息,得到较好的反演结果.伪Hessian矩阵的预处理吸收了高斯牛顿法的二次收敛优势,在不增加计算量的前提下,加快收敛速度.      

山东邹平铜矿床上方地气流的组分特征及赋存状态研究

本文介绍了用光电子能谱分析(XPS)研究地气流组分特征及赋存状态的研究方法以及在山东邹平隐伏铜矿床上方的研究结果。研究的结果表明,地气流中的某些特征组分与深部铜矿床有关,有些组分与表层土壤有关。Au、Ag、Cu、Pb等元素多呈单质、硫化物和氧化物形式存在,还在某些未知化合物中,存在有负价态的AU.     

A method for identifying soil properties influencing crop yield: the example of maize in the Savanna Belt of South-western Nigeria

This paper describes a method of identifying the crucial soil properties influencing yields of crops, using the example of maize in south-western Nigeria. The method involves first, the examination of the relationship between soil properties and the maize parameters using the simple bivariate correlation analysis and the multiple regression model. It also involves, in part, the computation of an index of soil variable contribution to maize prediction in order to identify the crucial soil properties influencing the yield of the crop. In the current study, the multiple regression model reduces the 20 soil properties analysed to the 14 that have made significant contributions to the crop's prediction. The 14 variables were later reduced to two using the maize-prediction index. The index has the merits of being very simple to compute and the ability to reduce the numerous variables to few significant ones as far as the crop under investigation is concerned.     

The use of the simple genetic algorithm in finding the critical factor of safety in slope stability analysis

A simple genetic algorithm (SGA) is applied to the search for the minimum factor of safety in slope stability analysis. The method is shown to be superior to simple optimisation routines, which can find false minima, and to ‘brute force’ approaches, which require the analysis of a very large number of possibilities. An approach to implementing SGA is defined and refined, indicating principles which may be used in applying the method to other engineering problems.     

复垦土地样品中石油类物质加速溶剂萃取-荧光分光光度法分析方法研究

作为土地环境质量的一项重要指标,石油类物质含量决定了土地的用途.对于复垦土地样品,在一定程度上反映了污染土地的复垦、治理效果.土壤样中的石油类物质测定方法主要有气相色谱法、红外分光光度法、紫外光谱法等.气相色谱法主要应用于测定样品中的饱和烷烃;红外分光光度法通过测定不同波数下的特征吸收值来表征样品中石油类物质,但采用四...     

The Evolutionary History of Ore-forming Processes of Metallic Ore Deposits in Northern Guangxi1

Abstract The northern Guangxi region is an important rare metal, rare earth metal and polymetallic metallogenic province. In the region there exist five metallogenic series and two metallogenic subseries, whose metallogenesis shows features of polycyclic spiral evolution throughout the geological history. As far as various cycles are concerned, mantle-derived ore substances were reduced while crust-derived ore substances increased from early to late times; in the whole geological evolutionary history, mantle-derived substances decreased gradually while crust-derived ones increased. Meanwhile ore element associations became more and more varied. In terms of space, mineralization migrated from the old basement outwards, i.e. from west to east during the Precambrian, and from north to south during the Phanerozoic, and again from east to west during the Yanshanian.     

Evaluation of seismic events detection algorithms

Identification of seismic events from continuously recorded seismic data in real-time through a Digital Seismic Data Recording system is a difficult task. Despite the vast amount of research in this field, the signal processing and event parameters discrimination algorithms have not yet fully come of age. Presently, we have a wide spectrum of trigger algorithms, ranging from a very simple amplitude threshold type to the sophisticated ones based on pattern recognition approaches. Some of the other approaches use adaptive technique and neural network methods. Researchers are continuously making efforts for the development of algorithms using various techniques, which produce minimum false trigger. Some approaches have been reported which are accurate for detecting first phase of events and take minimum possible computational time. In this paper several approaches for detecting event signals in background noise are presented and their precision evaluation is discussed.     

紫外分光光度法分析油气化探样品中芳烃及其衍生物类化合物

应用紫外分光光度法分析芳烃及芳烃衍生物,以苯、萘、菲3种物质作为代表性物质,选用正己烷为溶剂,在5个特征波长下测试物质的吸光强度.检出限为12.9×10^-9~20.5×10^-9,空白加标准确度为98.9%~101.4%,精密度为3.73%~4.51%,实际样品的加标回收分析基本满足要求.在分析测试方法上做了优化,对环境污染小,对人体毒害低,安全性高,既缩减了成本又提高了效率.该方法的准确度精密度高,简便易行,可满足地质行业分析测试的要求,适用于油气化探样品中芳烃类的大批量集中分析测试.     

Stability of earth slopes. Part I: two‐dimensional analysis in closed‐form

A closed‐form solution (CFS) satisfying both equilibrium of moments and forces for the stability analysis of earth slopes in 2D is proposed. The sliding surface is assumed circular and treated as a rigid body, allowing the internal state of stress to be ignored. The proposed solution can be applied to both homogenous and non‐homogenous slopes of either simple or complex geometry, and can also deal with any kind of additional loading. The method is based on the fact that, all possible forces acting on the slope can be projected onto the failure surface where they are broken into driving and resisting ones. Comparison of the safety factors obtained by the proposed CFS and those obtained by traditional limit equilibrium methods, as applied to several test examples, indicates that the proposed method is more conservative, whereas moreover, it gives a more realistic point of view for the formation of tension crack in slopes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.