分层水体对表层辐照度比影响的蒙特卡罗分析

众多海洋观测数据表明,在真光层深度范围内,海水固有光学特性和光学有效组分的剖面分层分布是广泛存在的,而很多遥感反演模型的建立基于均一分布假设,尤其是在经验模型的建立中,往往只利用某一深度或各深度平均的光学有效组分浓度与水体光谱的统计关系。文章通过模拟平静水面水下光的辐射传输,分别研究了叶绿素、无机悬浮物浓度垂直分布结构对水下辐照度比的影响,并对比了两类分层水体权重函数等效浓度计算式及相应水下辐照度比,结果表明,对于分层水体,透射深度和层化强度是影响等效浓度值计算误差的主要因素,透射越深,表层层化越强,水体层化对水下辐照度比的影响就越大,但其计算误差也越大。Gondon等效浓度计算结果比较接近实际值,而Zaneveld计算式则高估了分层水体的等效浓度值。     

有风浪太湖水体的光照传输模式

根据辐射传输方程的近似解方法和光照传输的累加原理,建立了包括水面风浪效应、水中悬浮粒多次散射和底泥反射的垂直分层水体的光照传输数值模式。利用该模式和太湖悬浮粒实测资料,计算和讨论了太湖水体中光照随水深的变化以及悬浮粒浓度、风浪和太阳高度的影响。结果表明,悬浮粒的多次散射所形成的漫射光是湖水中光照不可忽视的重要部分。在水体的下层,漫射光甚至是光照的主要构成部分。风浪对水中光照的影响则主要在天顶角大于70°时才明显地表现出来,此时风浪水体对太阳直接辐射和全辐射的反射率比平静水面都有明显的减小。     

南海北部水体浮游植物比吸收系数的变化

在2004年9月南海北部开放航次中测定了51个站点的浮游植物比吸收系数aph^＊（A）。分析表明，aph^＊的数值和光谱分布都有较大的变化，且在沿岸和外海表现出不同的变化趋势。aph^＊的变化主要受色素打包效应和色素成分的影响。外海水体微微型藻类占绝对优势，而沿岸水体中微型藻类和大型藻类的比例相对增大，相应地色素打包效应增强，aph^＊减小。外海水体的aph^＊光谱分布随深度的增加呈现出一定的变化趋势，且在上层水体的蓝红比较高，反映出辅助色素含量的相对变化对比吸收系数的影响。aph^＊随叶绿素a浓度的增大而减小，两者之间呈现出较好的幂指数关系。     

海洋条件下目标-背景对比度计算分析

推导了海洋条件下目标-背景对比度的计算公式,根据辐射传输方程,采用Eddington近似方法求解,建立了海洋条件下目标-背景对比度的表达公式。计算并分析了太阳高度、观测者角度、海水体衰减系数及目标所处深度对目标-背景对比度的影响。文中得出如下结论:垂直方向侦查时,太阳高度角在40°左右条件下的目标-背景对比度最大,最容易侦查到水下目标;目标-背景对比度随目标所在深度增大而减小,随海洋体衰减系数的增加而降低;太阳高度角为90°、观测者天顶角余弦在0.8~0.9范围时的目标-背景对比度存在较大尖峰值。研究结果为光学探测水下目标及水下航行器反光学探测提供理论支撑。     

应用Hydrolight模式研究含油水体辐射传输特性的关键技术

辐射传输模式Hydrolight在国际水色遥感研究领域已被广泛用于解决水体光学的各种问题,也是进行石油类污染水体辐射传输特性研究的有效模型。结合Hydrolight模式的机理、应用现状及含油水体的特点,提出了将该模式应用于光学特性复杂的石油污染水体辐射传输特性研究时需要解决的关键技术,包括测定石油污染水体吸收系数和散射系数、建立石油污染吸收和散射特性随波长和深度变化的参数化模型、确定油物质的吸附后悬浮颗粒物体散射函数模型等方面。依据2018年8月和2016年8月分别在辽宁大连港和辽宁盘锦辽河油田等区域测定的含油水体数据,讨论了这些关键技术的解决方案。     

S坐标下西北太平洋环流和海温数值模拟

综合考虑侧边界水通量、海表面风应力、热通量、蒸发和降水等,建立了一个采用垂向S坐标的西北太平洋海洋模式,模拟和分析西北太平洋环流和海温。S坐标具有使海洋上层趋于同一水深的物理平面和同时底层拟合海底变化的优点。与日本2008年西北太平洋实测温度断面资料比较,模式计算的海温在分布势态和量值上较为一致,模式能较好地验证海洋温度分布情况。与σ坐标相比,S坐标能更好地验证海温的变化。模式较好地模拟出了西北太平洋气候态环流和海温变化。由于在σ坐标系下水深的水平变化体现在σ层上,海洋表层的分辨率比S坐标系下低,以及初始海温的水平分布含有水深水平变化的信息,S坐标海洋模式能更好地模拟环流和海温的变化。     

河口港湾水体污染物迁移转化模式──厦门港石油烃有限水体迁移和风化混合模型

本文将有限水体迁移模式与生物、化学降解模式相结合，讨论了受潮汐控制的河口、港湾水体中污染物的迁移转化模式，并将模式应用于计算厦门港水体中石油烃含量的分布，其结果与现场调查基本吻合．     

积雪密度演变对北极积雪深度模拟的影响

积雪具有复杂的时空分布,在高纬度地区的气?冰?海耦合系统中扮演了重要的角色。准确的积雪质量平衡计算可以帮助我们更好地理解海冰演变过程以及极区冰雪与大气之间的相互作用。雪密度是影响积雪质量平衡众多因素中的重要因子。现有的一维高分辨率冰雪热力学模型（如HIGHTSI）中,使用常数块体雪密度均值将降雪雪水当量转化为积雪深度。本文参考拉格朗日冰上积雪模型（SnowModel-LG）模式对积雪分层压实的处理,简化为新、旧两个雪层,并在质量守恒条件下同时考虑新、旧雪层深度对压实增密的响应,将该物理过程加入HIGHTSI模式中。利用ERA-Interim再分析数据作为大气强迫,针对北极15个冰质量平衡浮标沿其漂移轨迹模拟了降雪积累期海冰表面雪密度变化对积雪深度变化的影响,在原HIGHTSI设置下分别采用定常块体雪密度均值330 kg/m3（T1试验）、接近实际的常数新雪密度200 kg/m3（T2试验）以及改进后框架下新、旧雪层随时间压实增密的雪密度（T3试验）计算积雪深度,并将模拟结果与浮标观测进行对比。结果表明,本文改进的算法对雪密度变化的处理更为合理,且能较好地再现积雪深度的变化;考虑新、旧雪层深度对压实增密的响应能较好地避免以较低的降雪密度持续过度积累,以浮标观测为标准,分层积雪密度压实计算得到的平均绝对误差相对T2减小了5 cm。     

T型防波堤与波浪相互作用数值研究

针对T型透空式防波堤,通过浪高仪采集防波堤前后不同位置波面变化曲线,使用声学多普勒流速仪(NDV)测量不同位置流速随时间的变化,并分析了其相位平均流速的分布。基于VOF法的二维波浪数值水槽,对规则波作用下T型防波堤附近的动力特性进行了计算,水槽模型试验结果和数值模拟结果对比表明,数值计算结果与实验值吻合较好。采用该模型进一步对T型防波堤附近波浪场、流线、紊动动能、紊动动能耗散率变化以及不同尺寸的防波堤消浪效果进行模拟计算,重点分析了入射波高、防波堤入水深度和防波堤宽度变化的影响。     

钝顶螺旋藻在LED光电板式光生物反应器中的培养研究

分析研究了ＬＥＤ集成光电板光辐射强度对螺旋藻生物量浓度、螺旋藻比生长速率、藻光合放氧量及藻光合色素等螺旋藻生长特性的影响，并分析了ＬＥＤ集成光电板辐射红光及红、蓝组合双波长光质与冷白荧光灯光质对藻类各有效组成部分的影响。结果表明，在光辐射强度尚未达到饱和光辐射强度之前，光辐射强度决定螺旋藻的比生长速度；超过饱和光辐射强度，光合作用产氧量趋向恒定，说明螺旋藻光合器官具有光合稳定性；与冷白荧光日光灯组相比，ＬＥＤ集成光电板射红光及红，蓝组合双波长光质非常适合螺旋藻的生长并促进细胞干重、叶绿素、藻胆蛋白的增加，在相同的光辐射强度[275.9μmol/(m^2.s)]下，采用ＬＥＤ集成光辐射板辐射单色红光与冷白荧光日光灯组相比，藻胆蛋白、藻细胞干重吸绿素a分别增加４３．３９％、９８．４０％，５１．５６３％。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.