碳达峰碳中和目标下青藏高原土地利用变化趋势

依据1980～2020年共8期的历史土地利用并对2021～2100年7种共享社会经济路径(SSPs:SSP1-1.9、SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0、SSP4-3.4、SSP4-6.0和SSP5-8.5)的土地利用进行预估,开展了青藏高原过去与未来土地利用变化研究,揭示碳达峰(2021～2040年)和碳中和(2051～2070年)时期以及21世纪末期(2081～2100年)的土地利用变化趋势.结果显示:(1)在历史时期(1980～2020年),青藏高原的土地利用类型以面积排序为草地(1475×10³km²,58.2%)、裸地(685×10³km², 27.0%)、林地(243×10³km², 9.6%)、水域(114×10³km², 4.5%)、耕地(18.6×10³km²,0.7%)和城市用地(0.3×10³km^2...     

中国碳酸盐岩地区岩溶无机碳汇格局及影响因素

碳酸盐岩化学风化碳汇降低了大气CO₂浓度上升和全球变暖的速率,然而,其碳汇通量(CCSF)的估算结果仍存在不确定性,并且气候变化和生态修复对CCSF的贡献率尚不清晰.为此,本文汇编了中国不同流域离子浓度站点数据,并采用经典热力学溶蚀模型,重新评估了中国1991～2020年CCSF的潜力和时空格局,并定量分析了温度(MAT)、降水(MAP)、蒸散发(ET)、土壤水(SM)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)等因子对CCSF的贡献率.结果发现:(1)中国CCSF为22.76t CO₂km^-2a^-1,高于全球平均水平(15.77t CO₂km^-2a^-1);总量(CCS)为4772.67×10⁴t CO₂,以252.98×10⁴km^-2的碳酸盐岩面积贡献了全球14.91%的CCS.(2)中国CCSF由东南向西北逐渐减少,其中南方岩溶区、青藏岩溶区和北方岩溶区CCS...     

极端降雨事件对南方红壤区径流和输沙的影响——基于赣江支流濂江上游流域的长序列分析(1984—2020年)

为探究极端降雨对南方红壤区流域水沙的影响,本文基于江西省鄱阳湖水系赣江上游濂江流域1984—2020年逐日降雨量、径流量和输沙量数据,使用95百分位法计算极端降雨,并采用最小事件间隔时间法分割降雨事件,综合应用Pettitt检验和线性回归方法对水沙突变、影响因子进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)发生极端降雨事件的时期是流域泥沙输出的关键时期,极端降雨对输沙量的贡献率达85.58%～87.79%,而对径流量的贡献为38.33%～43.42%。(2)在极端降雨情景下,年径流量从1984—1995年的209.21×10⁶ m³下降到1996—2020年的165.23×10⁶ m³,而年输沙量从1984—1995年的3.65×10⁴ t增加到1996—2020年的12.8×10⁴ t,相比于1984—1995年,1996—2020年的极端降雨所产生的径流量和输沙量占比有缩小趋势,分别表现为从43.42%到38.33%和从87.79%到85.58%。(3)极端降雨情景下...     

长江输出溶解态无机磷的通量模型灵敏度分析及情景预测

研究河流向河口及沿海海域输送的物质通量是一项国际性前沿课题.基于人类活动影响流域营养盐输移的定量分析,应用Global NEWS模型模拟1970-2003年长江输出溶解态无机磷(DIP)的通景,对其不同来源的贡献率进行了分析,并基于千年生态系统评估对未来社会经济发展规划的情景,对2050年长江输出DIP的通量进行预测....     

木星Io通量管中等离子体湍流及低频无线电波的激发和功率

本文对木星极区（1000-6000公里）Io通量管中的等离子体湍流和低频无线电波的激发机制进行了理论分析,并对它们的能量密度作了数值估计。指出:在Io通量管中可能存在着两种主要的不稳定性,一是电流驱导不稳定,这种不稳定可以激发离子声湍流,离子声湍流通过离子的非线性散射可以转化为哨声湍流。这两种湍流的能量密度大致相等,约为10^-17-10^-16焦耳/厘米³。另外一种不稳定性是由于高能粒子沉降引起的束流不稳定,可以激发朗缪尔湍流和迴旋频率等离子体湍流,能量密度分别为10^-17焦耳/厘米³和10^-14焦耳/厘米³的量级。这两种湍流可转化为低频无线电波,最大的能通量可达10^-22-10^-20瓦/厘米²·赫兹。     

强人类活动下半干旱地区湖泊水资源损失过程重建——以岱海为例

湖泊水资源持续损失已经成为影响半干旱地区经济社会发展的主要问题之一.然而,由于缺少长期连续的湖泊动态监测数据,该地区湖泊水资源损失过程及其与气候变化和经济社会发展之间的关系没有得到详细的评估.针对此问题,本文以位于半干旱地区的岱海为研究对象,利用改进型归一化差异水体指数从1986—2020年258景Landsat遥感影像中提取湖泊水体边界,结合湖泊水位数据,重建了近60a岱海水资源量动态变化过程.结果表明：1961—2019年期间,岱海急剧萎缩,湖泊水量共减少9.88×10⁸m³.同时水量变化趋势分段函数拟合结果表明,岱海水量变化可分为3个阶段：1961—1978年,水量损失速率为0.726×10⁷m³/a的缓慢损失阶段;1979—2004年,水量损失速率为2.10×10⁷m³/a的快速损失阶段;2005—2019年,水量损失速率为3.39×10⁷m³/a的加速损失阶段.相关分析表明：岱海水量损失与流域经济社会发...     

基于张衡一号电磁卫星的夏季磁静日新疆区域上空电离层电子密度变化特征

采用张衡一号电磁卫星朗缪尔探针(Langmuir Probe, LAP)载荷原位电子密度对夏季磁静日时段新疆区域(30°～55°N, 70°～100°E)的顶部电离层N_e进行分析。通过分析日侧和夜侧的数据变化曲线：40°～55°N范围内N_e数据变化平稳，日侧N_e值平均高于夜侧N_e值的2倍，其中夜侧N_e值稳定在0.5×10¹⁰ cm^-3～1.0×10¹⁰ cm^-3,日侧N_e稳定在1.0×10¹⁰ cm^-3～1.5×10¹⁰ cm^-3;而30°～40°N范围上N_e数据波动较大。根据地方时特征分析结果表明：无论是夜侧还是日侧，随着纬度的降低N_e值逐渐增大，N_e值最大达到5.25×10¹⁰ cm^...     

滇池沉水植物生长过程对间隙水氮、磷时空变化的影响

2015年6-10月通过原位采集滇池沉水植物分布区和无植物对照区柱状沉积物间隙水,分析其溶解性总氮(DTN)和溶解性总磷(DTP)、溶解性无机氮(DIN)和溶解性无机磷(DIP)及溶解性有机氮(DON)和溶解性有机磷(DOP)浓度的时空变化,探讨沉水植物分布对间隙水氮、磷浓度、形态贡献及氮磷比的影响.结果表明:滇池沉水植物生长过程显著影响间隙水氮、磷浓度.与无植物对照区相比,沉水植物生长过程对间隙水氮浓度的削减主要发生在6、8月,而对间隙水磷浓度的削减主要发生在7月,反映了沉水植物对氮、磷两种元素的生物地球化学循环作用机制不同;间隙水氮形态贡献受季节性影响较大,6-7月以DON贡献为主,沉水植物分布区和无植物对照区分别达到61%和84%;而8-10月以DIN贡献为主,沉水植物分布区和无植物对照区分别为76%和75%;沉水植物分布区磷形态贡献随季节波动变化,沉水植物分布区以DOP贡献为主(63%),无植物对照区以DIP贡献为主(62%);沉水植物生长对沉积物间隙水各形态氮磷比影响显著.沉水植物生长显著增加间隙水DTN/DTP比,尤其是DIN/DIP比,相反降低DON/DOP比.沉水植物对间隙水氮、磷吸收及转化过程改变了沉积物氮、磷释放机制,从而影响上覆水氮、磷组成及氮磷比,很可能会影响到浮游植物生长及藻类水华过程,这对于湖泊水质管理具有重要意义.     

江西柘林水库春季浮游藻类、叶绿素a与环境因子的分布、关系及意义

江西柘林水库是长江中游的大型峡谷型旅游性水库,库容79.2×10~8m~3,长115 km.2015年4月在56 km的中心库区走航和定点测量了水库表层水体浮游藻类、叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度与溶解无机氮(DIN)浓度、溶解无机磷(DIP)浓度、溶解硅(DSi)浓度、水温、浊度和溶解氧浓度等环境因子的分布特征.结果表明:1)水库属于中营养水体,表层主要浮游藻类(细胞丰度1000 cells/L)有34种,平均生物量为0.41 mg/L.主要优势藻类(优势度≥0.02)为硅藻和蓝藻,藻类组成与DIN浓度、DIP浓度、DSi浓度和水温等环境因子关系密切,4种因子对藻类结构的解释水平达60%以上.2)水库水体Chl.a浓度具有显著的次表层叶绿素最大值(SCM)现象,SCM层深度为3~8 m,厚度为2~7 m,SCM层占整个水体的25.2%~74.1%.SCM层的藻类对营养盐吸收消耗致使DIN、DIP和DSi浓度下降,同时藻类的产氧使溶解氧浓度增加.3)水库对DSi具有显著的生物过滤器效应,中、上层约有11%~12%的DSi被生物吸收利用,从上游至下游,累积约有21%的DSi被藻类吸收沉降于库底.4)人类氮、磷排放对水库生态和水质有严重影响,毗邻县城区域水体的Chl.a和DIP浓度分别是自然河段的2.9倍和3倍左右.     

南极长城站夏季哨声的观测与分析

在中国首次南极考察期间,我们对哨声和VLF发射进行了37天的连续观测。本文首先对观测设备作了介绍,在对观测资料进行统计分析的基础上就哨声类型、发生率、色散特征等作了描述,然后重点对磁暴期间两天的哨声活动作了较细致的分析,并由此推求出其传播途径上的电子浓度变化。观测到了磁暴期间等离子体层的倒空现象和其后的回填过程。计算表明,倒空的速率为10⁹el/cm²·s,向上的回填通量为5x10⁸ el/cm²·s。     

Inorganic carbon and nutrient fluxes on the Arctic Shelf

Historic data from the Russian-American Hydrochemical Atlas of Arctic Ocean together with data from the TRANSDRIFT II 1994 and TUNDRA 1994 cruises have been used to assess the spatial and inter-annual variability of carbon and nutrient fluxes, as well as air–sea CO₂ exchange in the Laptev and western East Siberian Seas during the summer season. Budget computations using summer data of dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) gives that the Laptev Sea shelf is a net sink of DIP and DIN of 2.5×10⁶, 23.2×10⁶ mol d⁻¹, respectively, while it is a net source of DIC (excluding air–sea exchange) of 1249×10⁶ mol d⁻¹. In the East Siberian Seas the budget computations give 0.5×10⁶, −11.4×10⁶ and −173×10⁶ mol d⁻¹ (minus being a sink) for DIP, DIN, and DIC, respectively. In summers, the Laptev Sea Shelf is net autotrophic while the East-Siberian Sea Shelf is net heterotrophic, and both systems are weak net denitrifying. The Laptev Sea Shelf takes up 2.1 mmol CO₂ m⁻² d⁻¹ from atmosphere, whereas the western part of the East-Siberian Sea Shelf loose 0.3 mmol CO₂ m⁻² d⁻¹ to the atmosphere. The variability of DIP, DIN and DIC fluxes during summer in the different regions of the Laptev and East Siberian Seas depends on bottom topography, river runoff, exchange with surrounding seas and wind field.     

Geomorphological effects of catastrophic flooding on a small subtropical Estuary

The Mgeni Estuary is situated on the east coast of South Africa. Tidal salinity changes commonly extend 2.5 km upstream from the mouth. The subtropical climatic regime causes seasonal flooding, the geomorphological effects of which are increased by a steep river gradient. A 120-150 year flood event during September 1987, with an estimated peak discharge of 10800 cumecs, resulted in the erosion of 1.86 × 10⁶ m³ of sediment from the estuary. The normal high tide volume of the estuary (0.35 × 10⁶ m³) increased to 1.85 × 10⁶ m³ after the flood. The post-flood intertidal volume (tidal prism) of the estuary was 0.43 × 10⁶ m³ compared to 0.19 × 10⁶ m³ before the event. The nature and extent of erosion in the estuary was controlled by the composition of the estuary banks and bed material. Gravel and sand substrates were preferentially eroded from the estuary bed before the cohesive bank materials were undercut in sections of the estuary. Mud and fine sand were deposited on overbank areas when the flood waned and a lag of coarse sand and gravel was produced on the estuary bed. Approximately 46 per cent of the bedload sediment supplied to the estuary since 1917 was retained in the estuary until the 1987 flood. The remainder was transported through the system and into the Indian Ocean. Results show that catastrophic floods play an important role in sedimentation in small estuaries.     

Direct measurement of dissolved N2 and denitrification along a subtropical river-estuary gradient,China

The spatial pattern and seasonal variation of denitrification were investigated during 2010–2011 in the Jiulong River Estuary (JRE) in southeast China. Dissolved N₂ was directly measured by changes in the N₂:Ar ratio. The results showed that excess dissolved N₂ ranged from ?9.9 to 76.4 μmol L^?1. Tidal mixing leads to a seaward decline of dissolved gaseous concentrations and water–air fluxes along the river-estuary gradient. Denitrification at freshwater sites varied between seasons, associated with changes in N input and water temperature. The denitrification process was controlled by the nitrate level at freshwater sites, and the excess dissolved N₂ observed at the tidal zone largely originated from upstream water transport. Compared to other estuaries, JRE has a relative low gaseous removal efficiency (E_d = 12% of [DIN]; annual N removal = 24% of DIN load), a fact ascribed to strong tidal mixing, coarse-textured sediment with shallow depth before bedrock and high riverine DIN input.     

Microscopic coal-burning residues in the Severn Estuary,southwestern UK

Recently accumulated muddy sediments throughout the Severn Estuary contain substantial numbers of microscopic particles (white alumino-silicate and also opaque spheroids) attributable to coal-burning. The residues are most numerous in the finest textured sediments. In present-day (1985) muds their amount is of the order of 10⁸ grains kg⁻¹. The residues occur to a similar degree in the muddy sediments accumulated from about 1945 to the present, but decline rapidly in abundance in older deposits. A total of the order of 8 × 10³ tonnes of these residues may now be present in the muds of the estuary, including the suspended load held in the water column. The spheroids come from a variety of sources and may reach the estuary by several pathways.     

Nutrient fluxes induced by disturbance in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu

A wave flume experiment was conducted to study nutrient fluxes at water-sediment interface of Meiliang Bay under different hydrodynamic conditions. The results reveal that hydrodynamics has remarkable effects on nutrient fluxes in this area. With a bottom wave stress of 0.019 N m^?2 (equivalent to disturbance caused by wind SE 5–7 m s^?1 at the sediment sample site of Meiliang Bay), the fluxes of TN, TDN and NH₄ ⁺-N were separately 1.92 × 10^?3, ?1.81 × 10^?4 and 5.28 × 10^?4 mg m^?2 s^?1 (positive for upward and negative for downward), but for TP, TDP and SRP, the fluxes were 5.69 × 10^?4, 1.68 × 10^?4 and ?1.29 × 10^?4 mg m^?2 s^?1. In order to calculate the released amount of nutrients based on these results, statistic analysis on the long-term meteorological data was conducted. The result shows that the maximum lasting time for wind SE 5–7 m s^?1 in this area is about 15 h in summer. Further calculation shows that 111 t TN, 32 t NH₄ ⁺-N, 34 t TP and 10 t TDP can be released into water (the sediment area was 47.45% of the whole surface area), resulting in concentration increase of 0.025, 0.007, 0.007 and 0.002 mg L^?1 separately. With stronger disturbance (bottom wave stress is 0.217 N m^?2 which is equivalent to disturbance caused by wind SE 10–11 m s^?1 at the same site), there has been significant increase of nutrient fluxes (1.16 × 10^?2, 6.76 × 10^?3, 1.14 × 10^?2 and 2.14 × 10^?3 mg m^?2 s^?1 for TN, DTN and NH₄ ⁺-N and TP). The exceptions were TDP with flux having a decrease (measured to be 9.54 × 10^?5 mg m^?2 s^?1) and SRP with flux having a small increase (measured to be 5.42 × 10^?5 mg m^?2 s^?1). The same statistic analysis on meteorological data reveal that the maximum lasting time for wind SE 10–11 m s^?1 is no more than 5 h. Based on the nutrient fluxes and the wind lasting-time, similar calculations were also made suggesting that 232 t TN, 134.9 t TDN, 228 t NH₄ ⁺-N, 42.7 t TP, 2.0 t TDP and 1.1 t SRP will be released from sediment at this hydrodynamic condition resulting in the concentration increases of 0.050, 0.029, 0.049, 0.009, 0.0004 and 0.0002 mg L^?1. Therefore in shallow lakes, surface disturbance can lead to significant increase of nutrient concentrations although some components in water column had negative flux with weak disturbance (e.g. TDN and SRP in this experiment). In this case, sediment looks to be a source of nutrients. These nutrients deposited in sediment can be carried or released into water with sediment resuspension or changes of environmental conditions at water-sediment interface, which can have great effects on aquatic ecosystem and is also the characteristics of shallow lakes.     

The control of alkalies and uranium in seawater by ocean crust alteration

Alteration of the oceanic crust during hydrothermal circulation of seawater produces fluxes of K, Rb and Cs between these reservoirs which are significant compared to the river input of these elements. The ocean crust U flux, on the other hand, is probably not significant. The upper crust, altered at low temperature, is a sink for all of these elements (as shown by direct analysis of upper crustal materials). The lower crust is a source for K, Rb, and Cs, based on the observation that high-temperature fluids exiting the crust as “host springs” are enhanced over seawater in K, Rb and Cs concentration. While the sign of the hot spring fluxes may be correct, the absolute magnitudes cannot be, as the calculated yearly hot spring flux of Rb and Cs significantly exceeds the total Rb and Cs inventory of newly formed unaltered crust. By modelling the crust as a melt/cumulate combination, we show that the crust as a whole is a sink for K, Rb, Cs, and probably U, with yearly fluxes of1.1 × 10¹³, 2.6 ×10¹⁰, 6.0 × 10⁸ and 1.0 × 10⁹g, respectively (com to yearly river dissolved fluxes of7.4 × 10¹³, 3.5 × 10¹⁰, 6.4 × 10⁸and1.0 × 10¹⁰g, respectively). The alteratio oceanic crust appears capable of quantitatively balancing the river inputs of Rb and Cs. For K, an additional sink comprising～ 85% of the river input is necessary. Because this missing K sink cannot be arbitrarily manipulated without destroying the Rb and Cs balances, a sink with K/Rb higher than the continental crust is required, and may possible be found in the sediments of the continental shelves.     

Total organic carbon fluxes of the Red River system (Vietnam)

Riverine transport of organic carbon from terrestrial ecosystems to the oceans plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. The Red River is located in Southeast Asia where river discharge, sediment loads and fluxes of elements (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) associated with suspended solids have been dramatically altered over past decades as a result of reservoir impoundment and land use, population, and climate change. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations were measured monthly at four stations of the Red River system from January 2008 to December 2010. The results reveal that POC changed synchronically with total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and with the river discharge, whereas no clear trend was observed for DOC concentration. The mean value of total organic carbon (TOC = DOC + POC) flux in the delta of the Red River was 31.5 × 10¹³ ± 4.0 × 10¹³ MgC.yr^?1 (range 27.9–35.8 × 10¹³ MgC.yr^?1 which leads to a specific TOC flux of 2012 ± 255 kgC.km^?2.yr^?1 during this 2008–2010 period. About 80% of the TOC flux was transferred to the estuary during the rainy season as a consequence of the higher river water discharge. The high mean value of the POC:Chl‐a ratio (1585 ± 870 mgC.mgChl‐a^?1) and the moderate C:N ratio (7.3 ± 0.1) in the water column system suggest that organic carbon in the Red River system is mainly derived from erosion and soil leaching in the basin. The effect of two new dam impoundments in the Red River was also observable with lower TOC fluxes in 2010 compared with 2008. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄱阳湖沉积物和水界面磷的交换通量

采用扩散模型法与实验培养法对鄱阳湖沉积物和水界面间可溶性总磷和可溶性磷酸盐的界面交换过程进行研究,并探讨了其影响因素.结果表明,利用2种方法得到鄱阳湖各站点可溶性总磷和可溶性磷酸盐在沉积物与水界面间的交换方向不完全相同,大部分站点沉积物是磷的源,其中,利用扩散模型法估算的可溶性总磷和可溶性磷酸盐平均扩散通量分别为0.052和0.047 mg/(m~2·d),而实验培养法测得可溶性总磷和可溶性磷酸盐的平均交换通量则分别为0.25和0.24 mg/(m~2·d),且各站点利用扩散模型法测得磷的交换通量均小于实验培养法的计算结果.此外,上覆水溶解氧浓度及水体温度对可溶性总磷和可溶性磷酸盐的交换过程均具有一定的影响,表现为温度越高,溶解氧浓度越小,可溶性总磷和可溶性磷酸盐的交换越强烈.     

The spatial distribution of archaeal lipids in a mesoscale subtropical watershed,Southeast China

Archaea play an important role in global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Archaeal lipids, such as isoprenoid glycerol diakyl glycerol tetraethers (iGDGTs), are important biomarkers tracing change in archaeal community structure and biogeochemical processes in the natural environments. In this research, the spatial distributions of archaeal lipids in the surface sediments of the Jiulong River (JR) and the Jiulong River estuary (JRE) were examined. GDGT-0 (containing zero cyclopentyl ring) and crenarchaeol were the most abundant iGDGTs in the JR and JRE. From the rivers to the estuary, the total iGDGTs, GDGT-0, crenarchaeol and archaeol concentrations showed significant spatial variation; in particular, GDGT-0 and archaeol in the river may be predominantly derived in situ from methanogens, whereas crenarchaeol in the estuary mainly derived in situ from Thaumarchaeota. We inferred that archaeal community was dominated by methanogens in the Jiulong River and by Thaumarchaeota in the Jiulong River estuary, which are consistent with change in archaeal community structure observed in other estuarine environments.     

PAHs contamination and bacterial communities in mangrove surface sediments of the Jiulong River Estuary,China

Sixteen sediment samples collected from eight transects in a mangrove swamp of the Jiulong River Estuary, Fujian, China were investigated for their content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the biodegradation potential of the indigenous microorganisms. The bacterial community structures in the mangrove sediments and in enrichment cultures were also investigated. The results showed that the total PAHs concentration of mangrove sediments ranged from 280 to 1074 ng g⁻¹ dry weight, that the PAHs composition pattern in the mangrove sediments was dominated by high molecular weight PAH components (4–6 rings), and that Benzo[ghi]perylene and Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were the most dominant at different stations. Abundant PAH-degrading bacteria were found in all the stations, the values of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria ranged from 5.85 × 10⁴ to 7.80 × 10⁵ CFU g⁻¹ dry weight, fluoranthene-degrading bacteria ranged from 5.25 × 10⁴ to 5.79 × 10⁵ CFU g⁻¹ dry weight, pyrene-degrading bacteria ranged from 3.10 × 10⁴ to 6.97 × 10⁵ CFU g⁻¹ dry weight and the benzo(a)pyrene-degrading bacteria ranged from 5.25 × 10⁴ to 7.26 × 10⁵ CFU g⁻¹ dry weight. DGGE analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA gene fragments confirmed that there was a remarkable shift in the composition of the bacterial community due to the addition of the different model PAH compound phenanthrene (three ring PAH), fluoranthene(four ring PAH), pyrene(four ring PAH) and benzo(a)pyrene(five ring PAH) during enrichment batch culture. Eleven strains were obtained with different morphology and different degradation ability. The presence of common bands for microbial species in the cultures and in the native mangrove sediment DNA indicated that these strains could be potential in situ PAH-degraders.