三峡水库调节典型时段对鄱阳湖湿地水情特征的影响

三峡工程建成运行将改变下游的水文过程,影响通江湖泊湿地生态系统.本文选取水文情势变化大且可能对植被乍长产生较大影响的汛末蓄水和汛前腾空两个时段,运用长江中游江湖耦合水动力模型计算了三峡水库不同凋节流量下湖泊水位变化特征,并结合湖泊高程和面积关系曲线,分析了不同增减下泄流量对洲滩湿地淹没出露的影响.结果表明,三峡水库汛末...     

三峡水库蓄水后下荆江河段典型洲滩调整机理

三峡工程运行后长江中下游河道洲滩普遍冲刷萎缩,航道条件极不稳定.为探究影响洲滩演变的主控因素,采用近期水文、泥沙和地形观测资料,以下荆江铁铺水道广兴洲边滩为例,分析了边界条件、水沙过程及整治工程等因素对洲滩调整特征的影响程度.结果表明:洲滩组成中的细沙(0.125 mm＜d＜0.25 mm)占比较大,抗冲性较弱,是滩体...     

三峡工程蓄水对洞庭湖水情的影响格局及其作用机制

三峡工程建成投入运行后,汛末蓄水将使坝下河湖水情发生变化,长江中下游秋季来水减少成为常态.为客观分析三峡蓄水对洞庭湖水情的影响分量、空间格局及其作用机制,选取三峡工程典型的蓄水过程,运用长江中游江湖耦合水动力学模型计算了因上游来水变化引起的洞庭湖水情时空变化.结果表明:1)三峡汛末蓄水对洞庭湖水位影响具有明显的"北高南低,东强西弱"的格局,即东洞庭湖最为显著、南洞庭湖东部和西洞庭湖北部次之,南洞庭湖西部和西洞庭湖南部最小.2)洲滩湿地受蓄水影响最明显的主要为东洞庭湖、南洞庭湖和湖泊洪道两侧的条带状洲滩.3)三峡蓄水对洞庭湖水位的影响机制有二:长江干流水位快速消落加速湖泊水体下泄以及削减长江三口分流补给湖泊的水量.     

三峡工程运行前后的长江中游河段冲淤变化(1975-2017年)

气候变化和流域人类活动等综合影响改变了河道演变的自然进程,尤其是流域大型水库的影响,深刻改变了下游的水沙通量与河道演变过程及趋势.以三峡工程为对象,研究坝下游水沙通量及河道演变过程对三峡工程运行的响应关系,可加深大型水利枢纽运行对下游河道演变影响的认识.本文以长江中游河段（宜昌-湖口河段）为研究对象,分析1975-2017年河道冲淤变化,结果表明：近40年来,长江中游河床已发生了累积性的冲刷,近坝段砂卵石河段冲刷强度先增强后减弱,沙质河段冲刷强度呈增强态势.三峡工程运行后不同河型演变特征归纳为：分汊河段江心洲以冲刷为主,上荆江河段内实施的航道整治工程稳定了江心洲形态,但面积受清水下泄的影响呈减小态势,枯水期主汊分流比呈减小态势,部分汊道发生了主支汊交替变化;下荆江及下游分汊河段江心洲面积虽然交替变化,整体上航道整治工程控制了江心洲规模;弯曲河段凸岸侧边滩以冲刷为主,急弯段的凹岸侧深槽淤积,微弯段凸岸边滩冲刷,对应的凹岸侧深槽相对稳定.     

三峡水库蓄水后上荆江不同河床组成江心洲的演变过程及其机制

三峡及上游梯级水库群运用后,大坝下游江心洲以冲刷为主,直接影响分汊河段河势条件及航道边界的稳定性。本文采用卫星遥感影像、实测水沙及固定断面床沙级配等资料,分析上荆江枝江、沙市河段中不同河床组成江心洲的演变过程及其机理。结果表明:(1)三峡水库蓄水后(2003—2019年),沙市段沙质江心洲较枝江段卵石夹沙质江心洲萎缩更为显著,出露面积的减幅分别达31%和24%。(2)以关洲和金城洲分别代表卵石夹沙质和沙质江心洲,三峡工程运用后关洲洲头形态较为稳定,受无序采砂的影响其沙质组成的洲尾面积显著减小,而金城洲面积萎缩程度更大。(3)床沙组成对江心洲冲刷程度差异具有重要影响,关洲洲头较金城洲抗冲性更强,与其床沙在年内达到起动条件的数量更少、时长更短有关;建立了江心洲面积与水流冲刷强度及相对水深的定量关系,该关系能综合考虑水沙变化与床沙组成调整的影响,能更好地反演近期江心洲的面积变化特点。     

融合星载LiDAR系统GEDI数据与Sentinel-2影像的长江中游洲滩典型禾本科植物高度动态研究

植物是大型河流生态系统的重要成分。但受气候变化和人类活动影响,洲滩禾本科植物高度不断发生调整,进而影响洲滩生境和河道防洪安全,故需长期监测。近年来,伴随着星载激光雷达(LiDAR)技术的发展,应用LiDAR卫星数据反演洲滩禾本科植物高度成为一种可能。本文融合新一代星载LiDAR系统GEDI数据与Sentinel-2影像,基于XGBoost算法构建了考虑物候、累积温度与光合有效辐射指标的洲滩典型禾本科植物高度外推模型,同时利用Attention-UNet算法搭建了洪淹区域识别模型。随后以长江中游洲滩为例,探明了星载LiDAR技术在获取洲滩植株高度方面的性能,分析了各指标对模型精度的影响,并初步得出了洲滩典型禾本科植物高度对不同淹没条件的响应模式。主要结论包括:(1)星载LiDAR系统GEDI具有准确探测洲滩植物高度的能力,与无人机航测数据相比RMSE=0.43 m;(2)运用GEDI数据构建禾本科植物高度外推模型时,考虑物候和累积温度等指标可有效提升模型精度,提升幅度为6.8%～10.7%;(3)利用无人机航测数据对模型外推植物高度进行评价,RMSE=0.80m。同时从模型外推结果中可知...     

鄱阳湖洲滩湿地植物演替对土壤微生物量的影响

湿地植物演替对土壤微生物量具有显著影响,但不同土壤理化环境下的植物演替对湿地土壤微生物量影响的具体差异还不清楚。以鄱阳湖土壤理化性质不同的4个碟形子湖(包括相对肥沃的东湖和白沙湖以及相对贫瘠的蚌湖和大湖池)为研究对象,运用空间代替时间的方法,在泥滩带、湿生植被带(苔草)和挺水植被带(南荻或芦苇)采集0～10 cm表层土壤,分析不同土壤理化性质条件下植物群落演替对土壤微生物量的影响。采用土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物熵(qMB)指示土壤微生物量。蚌湖、大湖池、东湖和白沙湖洲滩湿地表层土壤MBC的平均值分别为1077.27、888.29、942.45和1162.46 mg/kg,土壤qMB的平均值分别为6.07%、6.17%、3.60%和3.79%。在泥滩—苔草—南荻植物演替洲滩,土壤MBC先增加后减少;但是在泥滩—苔草—芦苇植物演替洲滩,土壤MBC持续增加。植物演替没有显著改变土壤qMB。尽管植物的生长会增加所有洲滩湿地的土壤MBC,但增加的幅度在相对贫瘠的蚌湖和大湖池明显强于相对肥沃的东湖和白沙湖。蚌湖和大湖池的土壤qMB也显著高于东湖和白沙湖。在植被演替梯度上,洲滩湿地土壤MBC和...     

洞庭湖洲滩土壤种子库对土壤水分变化的响应

由于三峡大坝及上游水库群的运行,长江中下游水域水文节律随之发生了改变,导致洞庭湖枯水期提前,进而影响洞庭湖洲滩植被及其土壤种子库的分布格局.本研究在洞庭湖4个自然保护区内选取共11个典型洲滩湿地,沿由水到陆方向根据植被类型将洲滩分为泥沙洲滩、泥沙—湖草洲滩过渡带、湖草洲滩、湖草—南荻洲滩过渡带、南荻洲滩5种洲滩类型.通过样带—样方法调查和采样,并结合湿润和水淹两种条件下的土壤种子库萌发实验,分析了土壤水分变化对洲滩种子库萌发特征的影响及土壤种子库与地表植被的关系.结果显示:①土壤含水量沿水到陆方向由泥沙洲滩向南荻洲滩递减;②不同类型洲滩土壤种子库密度没有显著差异;③温室萌发实验中,水淹条件下土壤种子库物种丰富度和种子库密度显著降低,东洞庭湖自然保护区土壤种子库物种丰富度和种子库密度较高;④地表植被物种丰富度高于土壤种子库,泥沙洲滩土壤种子库与地表植被物种组成的Jaccard相似性指数最低.此外,虉草(Phalaris arundinacea)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)、南荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)等只在地表植被中存在,而陌上菜(Lindernia procumbens)、通泉草(Mazus japonicus)等只在种子库中存在.结果表明,在进行湿地植被恢复时,不能仅依靠种子库移植技术,还要考虑湖区季节性的水位变化以及个别物种的特异性,配合有针对性的水文调控机制及相关的人工措施恢复其原有植被.     

三峡工程运用后长江中游河床调整沿程变化特点

三峡工程运行后,坝下游河道发生持续冲刷。本文研究了长江中游(955 km)不同河段沿程演变差异及其原因。总体而言,河床形态调整幅度自上而下减弱,这是因为在河床持续冲刷过程中,水流含沙量沿程恢复,故越往下游冲刷相对缓慢。平面形态方面,长江中游岸线崩退及洲滩变形的强度均呈沿程减弱趋势,且在荆江河段最为显著。断面形态方面,河床冲深幅度在宜枝下段>荆江河段>宜枝上段>城汉河段>汉湖河段。理论上距离三峡工程最近的河段冲刷应最为剧烈,但由于宜枝上段床沙粗化显著,限制了冲刷的进一步发展。过流能力方面,宜枝河段由于距洞庭湖较远,并未受到入汇顶托作用,故其平滩流量的调整基本由进口水沙条件控制,并随着河床冲深下切而增大;对于荆江、城汉和汉湖河段,河床冲刷虽显著,但支流或湖泊的入汇顶托对平滩流量产生的影响大于前者,故平滩流量总体随上下游水位差同步波动。     

洪湖分蓄洪区洪水淹没风险动态识别与可能损失评估

全球气候变化和社会经济快速发展,使长江流域面临越来越严重的防洪压力．在长江流域开展洪水淹没风险识别与洪水损失评估工作,对于长江流域洪水风险管理具有重大意义．本项研究以洪湖分蓄洪区为案例,采用基于GIS栅格数据整合于Arcview3．x的二维水文-水动力学模型进行洪水淹没风险动态识别,并且根据土地利用分类及其单位面积价值,建立洪水淹没损失函数,进行洪水淹没动态损失评估,建立了东洪湖分蓄洪区洪水淹没动态损失数据库,为东洪湖分蓄洪区的合理利用提供定量科学依据．洪水淹没动态风险识别基于数字高程模型进行,采用修正的1998年夏季洪水水位-时间水文过程线对模型参数进行调整,并以地面糙率反映不同地表覆盖形态对洪水演进过程的影响．     

Downstream geomorphic impact of the Three Gorges Dam: With special reference to the channel bars in the Middle Yangtze River

The Three Gorges Dam (TGD) has altered downstream flow–sediment regimes and led to significant changes in the morphodynamic processes in the Middle Yangtze River (MYR). However, due to the complexity of this large river, the driving forces and implication of the morphodynamic processes remain insufficiently understood. This study selected two typical meandering and bar-braided reaches, the Zhicheng (ZC) and Shashi (SS) reach, to examine their responses to the TGD operation. The results showed that in the post-dam period significant channel erosion occurred with a higher erosion rate in the ZC reach (closer to the TGD) compared with the SS reach. The area of the Guanzhou mid-channel bar (ZC reach) and the Sanba mid-channel bar (SS reach) shrank by 30 and 90% from 2003 to 2015, respectively. The increased fluvial erosion intensity due to the reduction in suspended sediment concentration (SSC) drove the shrinkage of the mid-channel bars, as demonstrated by empirical relationships between bar geometry and fluvial erosion intensity. An increase of 22 days per year in the frequency of post-dam medium-to-high discharges (10 000–25 000 m³ s⁻¹), and associated with the reduction in SSC, jointly led to the greater erosion at the convex (inner) banks than the concave (outer) banks, which has negatively affected the designed navigation channels at the concave banks by decreasing their discharge partitioning ratios. The post-dam water level at a given high discharge (>25 000 m³ s⁻¹) showed no evident change, but the water level at a given low discharge (<10 000 m³ s⁻¹) decreased. The reduction in water levels at low flows can affect water supply and riverine ecosystems in the MYR. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三峡工程蓄水后长江中游城陵矶—汉口河段过流能力变化及影响因素分析

受上游水库运行的影响,自2003年后长江中游河段河床调整,引起河道自身过流能力的变化.本文选取长江中游城陵矶—汉口河段作为研究对象,根据实测资料计算了 2003-2016年两个水文断面的水位—流量关系及特征流量变化,并采用一维水动力学模型计算了河段尺度的平滩流量.结果表明:(1)螺山站及汉口站2003-2016年的水位...     

Morphodynamics of alternate bars in the presence of riparian vegetation

Alpine gravel-bed rivers are dynamic systems that have been subjected to many anthropic alterations in the past centuries. Riparian vegetation development on previously bare sediment bedforms has been a common adjustment, raising important management issues in terms of flood risks and biodiversity. Many of these rivers are also channelized, and as a result present a pattern of alternate bars. Considering recent advances in numerical biomorphodynamic modeling, this study aims at exploring numerically the morphodynamics of alternate bars in the presence of riparian vegetation. To this end, a dynamic vegetation module has been implemented on top of an existing morphodynamic model, accounting for ecological processes of seed dispersal, seedling recruitment, growth, and mortality. Numerical simulations have been performed on a simplified reach of a gravel-bed river with free migrating alternate bars at initial state. In this work 96 scenarios have been simulated, each representing 50 years of channel evolution, with different flood regimes characterized by various peak discharges and flood durations. Yearly peak discharge variability is explicitly modeled in 48 scenarios. Model outcomes present two possible equilibrium biomorphodynamic behaviors: stationary vegetated bars, or free migrating bars in the case of frequent vegetation removal during floods. This binary behavior holds true when the stochasticity of annual peak discharges is represented, and for a wide range of parameter values included in vegetation dynamic modeling. Transient mobility of vegetated bars is observed in specific configurations where large sediment deposits deflect the flow field, eroding bar heads. Modeled bar wavelengths are in the range of values predicted for free bars by linear bar theory, and remain far from the theoretical values of hybrid, steady bars. The shift from unvegetated migrating bars to steady vegetated bars seems to show that in these simulations vegetation constitutes a hydraulic forcing, leading to a shift from free bars to forced bars, with a final configuration largely inherited from the initial state. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vegetation and topographic controls on sediment deposition and storage on gully beds in a degraded mountain area

Active gully systems developed on highly weathered or loose parent material are an important source of runoff and sediment production in degraded areas. However, a decrease of land pressure may lead to a return of a partial vegetation cover, whereby gully beds are preferred recolonization spots. Although the current knowledge on the role of vegetation on reducing sediment production on slopes is well developed, few studies exist on the significance of restoring sediment transport pathways on the total sediment budget of degraded mountainous catchments. This study in the Ecuadorian Andes evaluates the potential of vegetation to stabilize active gully systems by trapping and retaining eroded sediment in the gully bed, and analyses the significance of vegetation restoration in the gully bed in reducing sediment export from degraded catchments. Field measurements on 138 gully segments located in 13 ephemeral steep gullies with different ground vegetation cover indicate that gully bed vegetation is the most important factor in promoting short‐term (1–15 years) sediment deposition and gully stabilization. In well‐vegetated gully systems ( ≥ 30% of ground vegetation cover), 0.035 m³ m^–1 of sediment is deposited yearly in the gully bed. Almost 50 per cent of the observed variance in sediment deposition volumes can be explained by the mean ground vegetation cover of the gully bed. The presence of vegetation in gully beds gives rise to the formation of vegetated buffer zones, which enhance short‐term sediment trapping even in active gully systems in mountainous environments. Vegetation buffer zones are shown to modify the connectivity of sediment fluxes, as they reduce the transport efficiency of gully systems. First calculations on data on sediment deposition patterns in our study area show that gully bed deposition in response to gully bed revegetation can represent more than 25 per cent of the volume of sediment generated within the catchment. Our findings indicate that relatively small changes in landscape connectivity have the potential to create strong (positive) feedback loops between erosion and vegetation dynamics. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

后三峡工程时代的鄱阳湖湿地淹没动态演变

周期性的淹没或出露是洪泛型湖泊湿地的重要物理特征,湖泊湿地的淹没动态对其生态过程有显著影响。三峡工程运行以来,鄱阳湖湿地淹没动态发生了显著变化并引发了剧烈生态效应,而目前研究尚未对后三峡工程时代的鄱阳湖淹没动态演变进行系统量化,也制约了对其驱动下湖泊湿地生态系统演变原因与机制的了解。鉴于此,本研究结合水文站实测数据与遥感观测资料,以淹没开始时间、淹没结束时间以及淹没历时3个变量共同表征湖泊湿地淹没动态,从站点及全湖尺度分别对三峡工程运行后鄱阳湖湿地淹没动态的变化趋势、量级及显著性进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年间,鄱阳湖湿地淹没开始时间在64%的湖区被推迟,推迟速率约为1.10天/年;仅在入江水道及碟形湖小幅提前,且提前趋势并不显著;(2)鄱阳湖湿地淹没结束时间在72%的湖区显著提前,提前速率约为1.46天/年;仅在有闸控工程的碟形湖因延迟泄水而有所延迟;(3)受淹没开始时间推迟而结束时间提前的影响,鄱阳湖湿地淹没历时在70%的湖区显著缩短,缩短速率约为2.19天/年,而在有闸控工程的碟形湖则有所延长。本文从站点与全湖尺度分别给出了基于实测而非模型模拟的鄱阳湖淹没动态...     

Biomorphodynamics of alternate bars in a channelized,regulated river: An integrated historical and modelling analysis

The development of alternate bars in channelized rivers can be explained theoretically as an instability of the riverbed when the active channel width to depth ratio exceeds a threshold. However, the development of a vegetation cover on the alternate bars of some channelized rivers and its interactions with bar morphology have not been investigated in detail. Our study focused on the co‐evolution of alternate bars and vegetation along a 33 km reach of the Isère River, France. We analysed historical information to investigate the development of alternate bars and their colonization by vegetation within a straightened, embanked river subject to flow regulation, sediment mining, and vegetation management. Over an 80 year period, bar density decreased, bar length increased, and bar mobility slowed. Vegetation encroachment across bar surfaces accompanied these temporal changes and, once established, vegetation cover persisted, shifting the overall system from an unvegetated to a vegetated dynamic equilibrium state. The unvegetated morphodynamics of the impressively regular sequence of alternate bars that developed in the Isère following channelization is consistent with previous theoretical morphodynamic work. However, the apparent triggering dynamics of vegetation colonization needs to be investigated, based on complex biophysical instability processes. If instability related to vegetation colonization is confirmed, further work needs to focus on the relevance of initial conditions for this instability, and on related feedback effects such as how the morphodynamics of bare‐sediment alternate bars may have affected vegetation development and, in turn, how vegetation has created a new dynamic equilibrium state. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于无人机和卫星遥感影像的升金湖草滩植被地上生物量反演

湿地植被地上生物量是衡量湿地生态系统健康状况的重要指标,对于珍稀水禽越冬繁殖、全球碳循环、生态净化具有重要意义,是生态学与遥感解译的研究热点之一.针对于地上生物量的测算,卫星遥感数据覆盖范围广但其空间分辨率较低,无人机遥感数据空间分辨率高但采集范围小,同时受湿地面积、观测系统及外界环境等条件的影响,使得遥感影像地上生物量反演更加复杂和困难.本研究基于无人机和高分一号数据对升金湖草滩植被地上生物量反演进行研究,结合升金湖保护区4个样区无人机可见光影像与相应样区实测样本数据,建立地上生物量与可见光波段、多种可见光植被指数的线性、幂函数、多项式、对数回归模型,并通过可决系数（R²）、平均绝对误差（MAE）和均方根误差（RMSE）对模型进行精度评价,选择最优模型对无人机影像进行地上生物量反演;通过可见光波段反演得到的生物量,与高分一号WFV归一化差分植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）影像相结合进行回归建模,获取整个升金湖草滩植被地上生物量分布.结果表明,利用无人机红光波段建立的多项式方程对地上生物量反演有着最高模拟精度,R²=0.86、预测精度MAE=111.33 g/m²、RMSE=145.42 g/m²,且红光波段生物量反演方法得到的结果与实际生物量分布一致性较高,高分一号WFV NDVI与无人机反演生物量构建的多项式模型为最优模型,R²为0.91.本研究利用无人机和高分一号数据进行生物量反演研究,整合多源遥感数据优点,以获取更加丰富和准确的信息,进而提高地上生物量反演精度,为湿地监测和湿地恢复管理提供数据和技术支撑,具有重要研究意义和应用价值.     

The impact of submersed aquatic vegetation on the development of river mouth bars

This work is inspired by the sudden resurgence of the submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) bed in the Chesapeake Bay (USA). Because the SAV bed occurs at the mouth of the Bay's main tributary (Susquehanna River), it plays a significant role in modulating sediment and nutrient inputs from the Susquehanna to the Bay. Previous model studies on the impact of submersed aquatic vegetation on the development of river mouth bars lacked a complete mechanistic understanding. This study takes advantage of new advances in 3D computational models that include explicit physical-sedimentological feedbacks to obtain this understanding. Specifically, we used Delft3D, a state-of-the-art hydrodynamic model that provides fine-scale computations of three-dimensional flow velocity and bed shear stress, which can be linked to sediment deposition and erosion. Vegetation is modeled using a parameterization of hydraulic roughness that depends on vegetation height, stem density, diameter, and drag coefficient. We evaluate the hydrodynamics, bed shear stresses, and sediment dynamics for different vegetation scenarios under conditions of low and high river discharge. Model runs vary the vegetation height, density, river discharge, and suspended-sediment concentration. Numerical results from the idealized model show that dense SAV on river mouth bars substantially diverts river discharge into adjacent channels and promotes sediment deposition at ridge margins, as well as upstream bar migration. Increasing vegetation height and density forms sandier bars closer to the river mouth and alteration of the bar shape. Thus, this study highlights the important role of SAV in shaping estuarine geomorphology, which is especially relevant for coastal management. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.