太湖流域江苏片区底栖大型无脊椎动物群落结构及物种多样性

为探明现阶段太湖流域江苏片区底栖大型无脊椎动物群落结构及物种多样性,于2013年1—3、7—8和10—11月对120个样点开展了调查.共记录6门124科280种,各点位物种数(4~51种)、个体密度(5.5~23363.4 ind./m~2)和生物量(0.1~6269.2 g/m~2)差异较大.不同水体类型的群落结构存在显著差异,其中溪流以蜉蝣目和毛翅目等水生昆虫为优势,水库以摇蚊为优势,河流以寡毛纲为绝对优势,湖荡以寡毛纲、摇蚊幼虫和软体动物为优势.聚类结果显示,同水体类型点位的群落结构也呈现不同程度的空间差异.结合丰度/生物量曲线、特征种及多样性分析,各聚类组受胁迫程度从轻到重依次为溪流(组Ⅸ),太湖敞水区(组Ⅱ)和东部水草区(组Ⅲ),太湖下游湖荡(组Ⅳ)、河流(组Ⅵ)和水库(组Ⅶ),太湖上游湖荡(组Ⅰ)、其他河流(组Ⅴ)和水库(组Ⅷ)点位.底栖大型无脊椎动物的分布与物理生境和水质条件呈较好的空间一致性,生境的多样性和良好的水质条件是保护和恢复物种多样性的关键因素.     

巢湖流域不同水系大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因素

2013年4月对巢湖流域8个水系147个样点的大型底栖动物进行调查,分析其群落结构及与环境因子的关系.共采集到大型底栖动物213种,隶属于3门7纲22目76科177属.8个水系大型底栖动物物种数差异较大,在杭埠河发现172种,而在十五里河仅发现10种.大型底栖动物密度组成呈现出显著的空间差异.南淝河和十五里河的寡毛纲相对密度均超过96%,派河的寡毛纲和摇蚊幼虫的相对密度分别为47.8%和41.1%.裕溪河、白石天河、柘皋河和杭埠河的腹足纲相对密度最大.杭埠河的水生昆虫相对密度达30.6%,是水生昆虫相对密度最大的水系.相似性分析结果表明,8个水系特征种差异明显,霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)是十五里河和派河的最主要优势种,而铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)是兆河、裕溪河、杭埠河、白石天河和柘皋河的最主要优势种,铜锈环棱螺和霍甫水丝蚓是南淝河贡献率较大的两种优势种.生物多样性结果表明,Shannon-Wiener、Simpson及Margalef指数在8个水系间具有显著差异,Pielou指数在8个水系间差异不明显.典范对应分析结果表明,影响大型底栖动物群落结构的主要因素为水体营养状态和底质异质性.高营养盐浓度导致南淝河、派河和十五里河的耐污种密度高、生物多样性低,而相对较高的底质异质性维持了杭埠河大型底栖动物的高多样性和敏感型物种的生存.     

江西省浅水湖泊大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性特征和影响因素

2019年春、秋两季,对江西省76个湖泊的底栖动物进行了调查,在分析其群落结构和多样性的基础上,探讨了多样性与环境因子间的关系,旨在确定影响大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性的重要环境因子,以期为江西省湖泊的精准化管理提供科学依据和技术支持。两次调查共检出140个分类单元,以水生昆虫和软体动物为主,摇蚊类物种数占水生昆虫物种数的53.62%。富营养指示种(长足摇蚊属一种和摇蚊属一种)为春、秋两季的优势分类单元,湖沼典型种(长足摇蚊属一种、摇蚊属一种、石田螺属一种、苏氏尾鳃蚓和霍甫水丝蚓)的丰度变化导致了群落结构的季节变化。大型底栖无脊椎动物α多样性水平较低,基于PLSR和PLS-SEM的分析结果表明,影响大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性指标的环境因子既与藻类种群动态密切相关,也与水质状态有关。大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性与藻类种群状态存在稳定的联系,不受季节因素的影响,过高的藻类丰度不利于大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性的提高,而较好的水质状况有利于大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性的提高。为保护江西省湖泊大型底栖无脊椎动物资源,应在具有渔业养殖功能的湖泊和城镇湖泊中进行水生植物的修复工作,使藻型湖泊向草型湖泊方向演化;对一...     

上海苏州河鱼类群落的初步研究

苏州河是一条流经上海市区的过境河流.本研究试图以鱼类群落状况来评估该河的环境质量.将2001年采集到的鱼类标本与20世纪60年代上海科技馆(旧名上海自然博物馆)的收藏标本进行对比.1960年代,鱼类物种数有62种,2001年为44种,前后减少18种;其中鲤科鱼类中营底柄生活、食无脊椎动物的鮈亚科鱼类变化明显,减少6种.鱼类的食性结构也发生了明显的变化.食鱼性鱼类的物种比例由1960年代的27.4%下降到2001年的22.7%;食无脊椎动物鱼类的比例由1960年代的24.2%下降到2001年的11.4%,而杂食性鱼类的物种比例则由1960年代的25.8%上升到2001年的38.6%.杂食性鱼类在个体数也占据优势.沿程分布显示上游的物种多样性明显高于下游.以上结果表明苏州河的鱼类群落变得简单.食物网复杂度降低,生物完整性下降,推测其主要原因可能在于作为水生生物柄息地主要构成的底质状况发生了改变.     

汉江流域上游支流大型底栖动物群落结构特征与生物多样性

2003年6月至2004年6月,对汉江流域上游支流--黑竹冲河的大型底栖动物群落结构与生物多样性进行了深入研究,结果表明:河流生物群落结构和生物多样性比较复杂,河流功能状况良好.在采集到的85种大型底栖动物中,昆虫占71种;群落表现出明显的时空特点,具边缘效应的第4采样点物种最丰富,2月份物种最多,达50种;生物多样性指数周年动态显示,第1采样点的物种多样性变动最为平稳,第5采样点变动最大,其它各点居中;各微生境中共有种占据优势,物种相似性均大于60%;群落春季的多样性高于夏季,夏季高于秋季;功能摄食群则以收集者占优,共计达68种.群落密度在1月份达到最大,为1843 ind/m2;而生物量则在10月份达到最大,为228.7393 g/m2.     

澜沧江下游补远江大型底栖动物群落结构的时空分布及其影响因素

自然流淌的支流在维持建坝河流水生生物多样性中起着重要作用。补远江是澜沧江下游的重要一级支流,保持了较为天然的河流状态,人类活动干扰相对较少,是流域土著鱼类保护区和水生生物重要栖息地。在澜沧江流域水电开发的背景下,掌握补远江大型底栖动物群落结构的时空分布及其影响因素,对澜沧江乃至西南河流的水生生物多样性保护和恢复具有重要参考意义。于2019年4月(旱季)和2019年10月(雨季)对补远江的大型底栖动物进行了详细调查,共检出大型底栖动物150个分类单元,隶属于5门7纲68科,其中水生昆虫121种,软体动物20种,蛭类3种,寡毛类2种,甲壳类2种,涡虫、线虫各1种。毛翅目和蜉蝣目为全流域优势类群。补远江底栖动物密度和生物量在旱季和雨季均表现为上游大于中下游,物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在雨季显著高于旱季。功能摄食类群中,滤食者(41.09%)和收集者(31.81%)占绝对优势,其次为刮食者(11.00%)、捕食者(11.21%),撕食者(4.89%)较少。Mantel检验分析表明,河宽(RW)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)、化学需氧量(COD_Mn)是影响补远江大型底栖动物群落结构的主要环境因子;不同功能摄食类群所受到的环境影响因素不同。生物指数(BI)和生物监测工作组记分(BMWP)系统评价显示,补远江大部分样点处于良好及以上水平,少数样点处于中等及以下水平,总体水生态状况良好。     

湖北清江流域叹气沟河底栖动物群落结构与水质生物学评价

2006年4月至2007年3月.对清江流域上游一二级支流--叹气沟河的大型底柄动物群落结构进行了深入研究,并利用生物指数对河流水质进行了评价.结果表明,共采集到大型底栖动物82种,其中水生昆虫7目、27科、45属、70种.群落表现出明显的时空特点,具边缘效应的第2采样点物种最丰富,4月份物种最多,达61种;群落春季的多样性最高,依次为夏季、冬季、秋季;各微生境中共有种占据优势,物种相似性均大于60%;功能摄食群则以收集者占优,共计达55种.群落密度在4月份达到最大,为3293ind./m2;而生物量则在12月份达到最大.为163g/m2.采用Shannon多样性指散、生物指数和科级水平生物指数对叹气沟河水质评价的结果是该河流水质比较清洁.     

鄱阳湖河湖交错带重金属污染对微生物群落与多样性的影响

鄱阳湖河湖交错带是鄱阳湖流域内河流生态系统与湖泊生态系统之间的界面区域,该区域物种多样性丰富,承接了五大河流的来水,是重要的污染缓冲区和净化区.本文研究了鄱阳湖河湖交错带重金属污染对微生物群落结构和微生物多样性的影响,结果表明,已测的重金属(汞、铜、锌、铅和镉)均有不同程度的污染,其中,铅、汞污染最严重,水质标准为Ⅳ类以上,其他重金属均为Ⅱ类;高通量测序结果表明,鄱阳湖河湖交错带微生物群落主要有变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门和疣微菌门4类,平均含量分别为58.31%、13.63%、9.69%和1.33%.多样性指数分析结果表明,昌江与乐安河交汇处(R9点位)与鄱阳湖出长江口(H11点位)的微生物多样性指数(Chao 1、Shannon和Simpson指数)最高,万家桥(N2点位)与赣江入湖口(W6点位)微生物多样性指数最低.研究表明,受重金属污染严重的区域通常会使微生物群落丰度降低,然而R9和H11点位重金属污染严重,但微生物多样性却较丰富,说明微生物多样性不仅仅受单一因子影响,而是多重因子共同影响.     

珠江下游浮游细菌群落结构的时空分布特征

浮游细菌群落对河流变化具有高度响应性,并可能影响河流生境的生物地球化学过程.因此,了解浮游细菌群落的时空特征,阐明其在河流生态系统中的生态功能具有重要科学意义.于2016年6月和12月对珠江下游浮游细菌群落结构的时空特征进行调查研究,并采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对样品组分进行分析.结果表明细菌群落主要由变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、抗微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)组成.其中变形菌门相对丰度最高,主要包括β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)和γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria).季节上,丰水期Shannon-Wiener和Chao 1多样性指数高于枯水期其中芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)和黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteriia)差异显著;空间上,珠江下游可分为西江沿线、珠三角河网中部和广州市周边3个区域.采用RDA分析表明水温(WT)、溶解氧(DO)、磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-)-P)、硅酸盐(SiO_4--Si)、总磷(TP)和透明度(SD)是驱动细菌群落变化最显著的环境因子,可影响细菌的增殖代谢.其中WT和SD是影响季节差异的重要因素将丰水期和枯水期区分开;而DO、化学需氧量(COD)和营养盐(PO_4~(3-)-P、SiO_4~(2-)-Si、TP)是影响空间差异的重要因素将西江沿线、珠三角河网中部和广州市周边区分开.PICRUSt功能预测分析表明,转运体(Transporters)、ABC转运体(ABC transporters)、DNA修复和重组蛋白(DNA repair and recombination proteins)等是珠江下游浮游细菌群落所表达的主要功能其中转运体和ABC转运体功能丰水期明显高于枯水期.研究结果可为珠江下游生态环境保护提供科学参考依据.     

岱海水体及沉积物细菌多样性及群落组成特征

采用高通量测序技术,研究了内蒙古岱海流域入湖河流、湖水及沉积物细菌多样性及群落组成.结果显示,细菌多样性从高到低依次为：沉积物>河流>湖泊.聚类分析表明入湖河流、湖水和沉积物细菌群落可分为明显不同的3支,说明这3种生境中细菌群落结构有较大差异.物种注释结果表明,河流中优势细菌菌群为髌骨细菌(Patescibacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria);湖水中优势细菌菌群为放线菌门(Actinobacteria);而沉积物中优势细菌菌群为变形菌门和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi).典范对应分析及Monte Carlo检验表明,电导率和悬浮物含量对水体中(河流与湖泊)细菌群落影响显著,二者共解释了细菌群落变化的86.5%;而冗余分析及Monte Carlo检验表明,泥深、磁化率和总有机碳对沉积物中细菌群落影响显著,三者共解释了细菌群落变化的47.9%.近30年来,岱海地区气候变化和人类活动导致湖水咸化,沉积物碳氮指标显著增长.岱海水体及沉积物细菌多样性及群落组成的差异及其主要驱动因...     

近三十年保安湖大型底栖动物群落结构演变及其构建机制

保安湖是江汉湖群的一个典型浅水湖泊。近几十年来,随着经济的快速发展,保安湖面临多重人类压力影响,富营养化问题日趋严重。历史上曾开展过数次的保安湖底栖动物调查,但有关群落结构的长期变化及其驱动机制改变的认知仍为空白。本研究基于30余年（1986 2019）的多次调查数据,探索保安湖底栖动物的群落演变规律及其群落构建机制。研究共记录保安湖底栖动物5门10纲25目49科110属170种（历史记录154种,现场调查51种）。总物种数由1992年的107种降为2019年的51种;平均密度由1992年的433 ind．/m2增加到2019年的2177.6 ind．/m2;平均生物量由2001年的160.6 g/m2降低为2019年的26.7 g/m2。优势种在1987年有寡毛类、水生昆虫和软体动物多个类群,其后逐步演变为现阶段少数几种耐污的寡毛类和摇蚊类,如霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）、中国长足摇蚊（Tanypus chinensis）、红裸须摇蚊（Propsilocerus akamusi）等,而多年生大型软体动物衰退明显。PERMANOVA和SIMPER分析结...     

Distribution of Macroinvertebrate assemblages along a saline wetland in harsh environmental conditions from Central-West Argentina

The goal was to examine how macroinvertebrate taxonomic richness and density respond to spatial-temporal changes and to the influence of water physicochemical characteristics along the Bañado Carilauquen (BC). Benthic samplings were conducted seasonally and environmental parameters were recorded in five reaches of the BC. Cluster analysis was applied to compare taxonomic richness among sites. Community structure and spatial-temporal variation were explored using logarithmic regression. CCA was applied to explore the relationship between species and environmental variables. A total of 36 taxa were identified, predominantly insects. A growing gradient of conductivity and hardness was registered between headwaters (HD; relatively soft waters) and outlet (OL; very hard and saline waters). Total density of taxa showed significant differences among sampling sites and climate seasons. A decline in richness and density was observed from HD to OL. The spatial conductivity gradient is the major factor modulating macroinvertebrate distribution along this saline arid wetland. With the exception of the headwaters, hard, eutrophic, polysaprobic and contaminated waters such of those of the BC represent critical conditions for the development of macroinvertebrate assemblages.     

Macroinvertebrate communities along the main stem and tributaries of a pre-Alpine river: composition responds to altitude,richness does not

We collected quantitative macroinvertebrate samples and measured environmental and geographical parameters at 13 sites: six along the main stem and seven in tributaries close to the main channel over a 700 m gradient in altitude and 22 km longitudinal distance along the River Kokra in the Slovenian Alps. Our objectives were 1) to compare longitudinal patterns in richness and community composition between main stem and tributary sites, and 2) to determine the relative importance of the replacement and richness difference component for overall beta diversity and of environmental versus spatial distance on beta diversity among main stem and tributary sites.In total 138 taxa were identified. There were no differences between main stem and tributary sites in mean abundance or taxon richness (67 and 58, respectively). A nMDS and ANOSIM based on Bray-Curtis similarities found no separation of main stem and tributary sites, but that upper (≥880 m a.s.l) and lower sites (≤680 m a.s.l.) formed two different groups. In both main stem and tributaries taxon richness increased only slightly going downstream while the community composition (DCA1) was much better explained by altitude and distance from source.Overall, beta diversity (Sørensen and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) was similar for the two groups, and total Sørensen dissimilarity was driven mainly by replacement in main stem (78 %) and tributary sites (77 %). Mantel tests showed that main stem dissimilarities were significantly correlated to environmental PCA distance, watercourse distance, overland distance and altitudinal differences. Tributary dissimilarities were not correlated to any of these four factors. GLMs showed that dissimilarity among main stem sites was explained only by altitude difference, while no factors were significant among tributary sites, even though nearly so for environmental PCA distance.The study illustrates the importance of measuring beta diversity along ecological gradients, such as river continua and/or altitudinal gradients, where alpha diversity may fail to detect relatively minor changes in assemblage composition. Such changes are likely to occur due to present and future climate warming.     

Macroinvertebrates in the bed sediment of the Yellow River

Extensive agricultural,industrial and urban development in the Yellow River,China,have modified the sediment-water balance,flow and inundation regimes,longitudinal connectivity,integrity of riparian vegetation,and water quality.Macroinvertebrate assemblages in the bed sediment of main channel and major reservoirs of the Yellow River are described in detail for the first time.A total of 74 taxa comprising 17 taxa of oligochaetes,48 taxa of aquatic insects,5 taxa of molluscs,and 4 taxa of other animals were recorded.A range of feeding guilds were represented,including, collector-gatherers(32 taxa),predators(17 taxa),scrapers(16 taxa),shredders(6 taxa)and collector-filterers(2 taxa).Both the mean density and biomass of macroinvertebrates were significantly higher in sites located in the artificial reservoirs compared with the main river channel. Assemblages varied spatially;Oligochaetes dominated assemblages in upper reaches,insects dominated in middle reaches and other animals(e.g.Crustacea)dominated in lower reaches. Collector-gatherers were dominant throughout the entire river.Classification analysis identified five site-groups on the basis of macroinvertebrate presence/absence:downstream of reservoirs;vegetated sites;reservoir sites;polluted sites,and;lower-reach sites.Lower macroinvertebrate richness,density and biomass,compared with other similar large rivers,were attributed to modification of the sediment-water balance and associated disturbance of benthic habitats.Pollution,stability of sediment and sediment concentration combined to influence the distribution of macroinvertebrates.This knowledge will substantially benefit the recent focus on the health and environmental water requirements of the Yellow River.     

Biological assessment of the Zayandeh Rud River, Iran, using benthic macroinvertebrates

Benthic macroinvertebrate communities from the middle of Zayandeh Rud River were analyzed monthly during 1 year at 8 stations, in order to assess changes in their diversity and richness in relation to water quality. Two major groups of sites based on similarity between macroinvertebrate communities were identified by cluster analysis. The performances of the original and revised BMWP score systems were assessed by comparing the community structure indices of benthic macroinvertebrates along with physico-chemical parameters of the water. The biotic indices (BMWP, ASPT, revised BMWP and ASPT) showed better correlation with water quality parameters than that of the richness and diversity indices. The revised ASPT had the highest correlation with water quality parameters. It seems that the application of the revised BMWP score system could be useful for assessment of the water quality in Zayandeh Rud River.     

基于多维度指数的雅鲁藏布江鱼类多样性评价及群落构建过程分析

雅鲁藏布江是我国西藏地区最大的河流,孕育着独特的水生生物资源。近年来随着人类活动的干扰与河流开发的推进,亟待对该流域水生生物多样性进行全面调查评估。本研究基于雅鲁藏布江全流域的鱼类资源调查数据,整合物种多样性、功能多样性和系统发育多样性3个维度12项指数,对该流域鱼类多样性进行评价分析。结果显示,24个调查样点中共采集到37种鱼类,隶属于3目7科24属;其中土著鱼类27种,外来鱼类10种;鲤形目鲤科鱼类为优势类群。基于Bray-Curtis相异度的层次聚类可将雅鲁藏布江鱼类群落划分为4组,表现为帕隆藏布汇口以上/以下江段及两个江段内干支流间存在较大差异,这与区域生物地理学过程及河流环境梯度密切相关。利用12项多样性指数对各组群的鱼类多样性进行评估,结果表明,除Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、平均配对种间系统发育距离指数和平均最近种间系统发育距离(MNTD)指数外,其他指数检测到组间的显著性差异。不同多样性指数之间的相关关系表现各异:与丰富度相关的多项指数间存在显著或极显著的正相关,功能离散度指数和MNTD指数与其他指数间多存在显著或极显著的负相关,表明不同类别的多样性指数各自具有独特的指示价值。基于群落功能性状结构和系统发育结构的检验结果显示,大多数样点驱动鱼类群落聚合的过程为种间竞争排斥,推测与雅鲁藏布江水体营养贫瘠、食物来源稀缺导致的种间营养竞争关系紧张有关。本文整合多维度多样性指数对雅鲁藏布江流域鱼类多样性及群落构建过程进行探究,以期为该流域鱼类资源保护和管理提供科学依据,也为应用多维度指数评价淡水鱼类多样性提供参考借鉴。     

Understanding factors structuring zooplankton and macroinvertebrate assemblages in ephemeral pans

Ephemeral aquatic ecosystems have a global distribution being most abundant in semi-arid and arid regions. Due to anthropogenic impacts threatening these environments, there is a need to understand various factors and processes structuring animal communities in these habitats. Macroinvertebrate and zooplankton assemblages were studied in different ephemeral (i.e. flood plain, large endorheic and small endorheic) pans in the south-eastern Lowveld of Zimbabwe in the wet season. Ten Cladoceran species, Calanoids and Cyclopoids taxa and thirty-three macroinvertebrate taxa were identified over the entire hydroperiod. Predator macroinvertebrates were the dominant taxa especially in endorheic pans. The pan categories differed significantly in both zooplankton and macroinvertebrates composition and richness, with zooplankton and macroinvertebrate taxa richness being high in flood plain pans. Conductivity, fish presence, hydroperiod, maximum depth, turbidity and vegetation cover played a major role in shaping both zooplankton and macroinvertebrate communities. The macroinvertebrate community assemblage reveals that small endorheic and flood plain pans represent extremes ends of the environmental gradient in the region while large endorheic pans represent an intermediate end.