钢悬链式立管管土耦合作用的吸力效应研究

钢悬链式立管（steel catenary riser,简称SCR）的流线段敷设在海床上,在浮体运动和环境荷载作用下管线作拔出海床的上升运动时,软质海床的黏性性质将阻碍管线的拔出而表现出吸力效应。吸力的大小与管线的拔出速度和管土循环作用次数、土的重塑时间等相关。基于现有试验数据拟合得到吸力数值模型,用于改进立管动力分析程序,研究立管拔出速度和管径等对触地区吸力分布、动态响应和疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明：海床土吸力对立管触地区应力特别是弯曲应力的影响较大,二者的变化趋势相似;管径的影响主要体现在贯入深度与管径的相对大小,同一贯入速度下,管径越小则相对贯入深度越大,拔出位移与吸力也会越大,反之则越小;立管的拔出速度是影响海床吸力最大值和拔出位移的主要因素,土吸力和拔出位移随拔出速度的增大而增大,导致触地区的疲劳损伤加剧。因此,探究管土耦合作用的吸力效应及其对SCR触地区疲劳损伤的影响,可为SCR与复杂海床相互作用及工程应用提供重要参考。     

Numerical study on the interaction among a nonlinear wave,composite breakwater and sandy seabed

Most previous investigations related to composite breakwaters have focused on the wave forces acting on the structure itself from a hydrodynamic aspect. The foundational aspects of a composite breakwater under wave-induced cyclic loading are also important in studying the stability of a composite breakwater. In this study, numerical simulations were performed to investigate the wave-induced pore water pressure and flow changes inside the rubble mound of the composite breakwater and seabed foundation. The validity and applicability of the numerical model were demonstrated by comparing numerical results with existing experimental data. Moreover, the present model clearly has shown that the instantaneous directions of pore water flow motion inside the seabed induced by surface waves are in good agreement with the general wave-induced pore water flow inside the seabed. The model is further used to discuss the stability of a composite breakwater, i.e., the interaction among nonlinear waves, composite breakwater and seabed. Numerical results suggest that the stability of a composite breakwater is affected by not only downward shear flow generating on the seaward slope face of the rubble mound but, also, a high and dense pore water pressure gradient inside the rubble mound and seabed foundation.     

波流共同作用下海底人工边坡动态响应分析

为了研究波流共同荷载作用下开挖基槽附近海床动态响应和液化破坏情况,提出一个二维耦合计算模型,采用雷诺时均纳维-斯托克斯（RANS）方程描述波浪运动情况,通过设定侧边界条件实现稳定流场。海床部分通过求解Biot固结方程,得到波流荷载下海床中的应力和位移情况。将模型计算结果与水槽试验数据和解析解进行比较,验证了波流模型和海床模型的有效性。在此模型基础上,分析得到了开挖之后海床新的应力和固结状态。同时,通过参数分析得到了波流耦合情况下波浪形态的变化,以及海流对海床液化情况和孔压情况的影响。最后,通过线性回归计算得到最大液化深度与流速的拟合关系曲线。计算结果可用于判断基槽开挖后不规则海床的液化情况,对相关研究和实际工程具有一定参考意义。     

Numerical study on lateral buckling of pipelines with imperfection and sleeper

Lateral buckling is an important issue in unburied high-temperature and high-pressure (HT/HP) subsea pipelines systems. The imperfection–sleeper method is one of the most well-known methods used to control lateral buckling of HT/HP pipelines. Pipelines–sleeper–seabed numerical models are established and verified to analyze the buckling behavior of pipelines using the imperfection–sleeper method. The influence of six main factors on lateral buckling behavior is investigated in details based on the numerical results. Equations of buckling displacement (buckling displacement is defined by the final displacement of the middle point of the pipelines), critical buckling force, and buckling stress (Mises stress) are proposed using the gene expression programming technique. These equations show good accuracy and can be used to assist in the design of sleepers and assess the compressive and stress levels of pipelines.     

波浪荷载及土体特性对风电单桩基础水平变形影响规律

大直径单桩基础是海上风电应用广泛的一种基础形式,严格控制桩基泥面处的位移是保证基础稳定和风机安全运营的关键因素.通过数值方法建立了单桩—海床的三维模型,将可以描述海洋砂土超固结性和结构性的弹塑性本构模型通过UMAT子程序嵌入有限元软件ABAQUS中,桩基承受的波浪荷载通过Morison方程进行计算模拟.针对无波浪荷载、仅作用于海床的波浪荷载、同时作用于桩基和海床的波浪荷载三种情况,分析了海床土的动力响应以及桩基的水平位移之间的差异,探讨了海床土体参数对桩基水平变形的影响.研究结果表明海床土体液化会导致桩基水平变形增加,海床土渗透性、超固结性、结构性对桩基水平位移影响显著,研究成果可为海上风电单桩基础的设计与运维提供参考.     

Comparison of existing poroelastic models for wave damping in a porous seabed

Mechanism of wave–seabed interaction has been extensively studied by coastal geotechnical engineers in recent years. Numerous poro-elastic models have been proposed to investigate the mechanism of wave propagation on a seabed in the past. The existing poro-elastic models include drained model, consolidation model, Coulomb-damping model, and full dynamic model. However, to date, the difference between the existing models is unclear. In this paper, the fully dynamic poro-elastic model for the wave–seabed interaction will be derived first. Then, the existing models will be reduced from the proposed fully dynamic model. Based on the numerical comparisons, the applicable range of each model is also clarified for the engineering practice.     

Parametric study of the wave-induced residual liquefaction around an embedded pipeline

Wave-induced liquefaction in a porous seabed around submarine pipeline may cause catastrophic consequences such as large horizontal displacements of pipelines on the seabed, sinking or floatation of buried pipelines. Most previous studies in relation to the wave and seabed interactions with embedded pipeline dealt with the wave-induced instaneous seabed response and possible resulting momentary liquefaction (where the soil is liquefied instantaneously during the passage of a wave trough), using theory of poro-elasticity. Studies for the interactions between a buried pipeline and a soil undergoing build-up of pore pressure and residual liquefaction have been comparatively rare. In this paper, this complicated process was investigated by using a new developed integrated numerical model with RANS (Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes) equations used for governing the incompressible flow in the wave field and Biot consolidation equations used for linking the solid–pore fluid interactions in a porous seabed with embedded pipeline. Regarding the wave-induced residual soil response, a two-dimensional poro-elastoplastic solution with the new definition of the source term was developed, where the pre-consolidation analysis of seabed foundation under gravitational forces including the body forces of a pipeline was incorporated. The proposed numerical model was verified with laboratory experiment to demonstrate its accuracy and effectiveness. The numerical results indicate that residual liquefaction is more likely to occur in the vicinity of the pipeline compared to that in the far-field. The inclusion of body forces of a pipeline in the pre-consolidation analysis of seabed foundation significantly affects the potential for residual liquefaction in the vicinity of the pipeline, especially for a shallow-embedded case. Parametric studies reveal that the gradients of maximum liquefaction depth with various wave and soil characteristics become steeper as pipeline burial depth decreases.     

Analytical Solution for Wave-Induced Response of Seabed with Variable Shear Modulus

A plane strain analysis based on the generalized Biot's equation is utilized to investigate the wave-induced response of a poro-elastic seabed with variable shear modulus.By employing integral transform and Frobenius methods,the transient and steady solutions for the wave-induced pore water pressure,effective stresses and displacements are analytically derived in detail.Verification is available through the reduction to the simple case of homogeneous seabed.The numerical results indicate that the inclusion of variable shear modulus significantly affects the wave-induced seabed response.     

Numerical analysis on random wave-induced porous seabed response

Research on the response of random wave on offshore structures has received great deal of attention of many researchers and engineers in the design of marine structures. Most previous investigations have been limited to the regular waves. In this paper, based on Longuet–Higgins random wave theory and finite element method, a numerical model for random wave-induced seabed response is established. The seabed is treated as poroelastic medium and characterized by Biot’s partly dynamic equations (u–p model). The JONSWAP spectrum is adopted in Longuet–Higgins model, which is based on the cumulative superposition of linear diffraction solution. Based on the numerical results, the effects of random wave on seabed response are investigated by comparing with the corresponding Stokes wave and cnoidal wave. Then, a parametric study is conducted to examine the effect of wave and soil characteristic on the seabed.     

随机波作用下海床动态响应分析

真实的海洋波浪是随机的,而前人对海床的动态响应分析大都是选用线性波或者Stokes波理论,对海床的模拟大都采用Biot拟静力模型,忽略了流体速度及土体位移加速度的影响。联合使用Longuet-Higgins随机波模型(采用Jonswap谱)以及动力u-p形式的海床响应计算模型,使用COMSOL Multiphysics多场耦合软件的PDE模块输入方程进行有限元计算,得到随机波作用下整体海床动态响应结果。将随机波结果与一阶Stokes波和椭圆余弦波结果进行对比,并对渗透系数和饱和度进行参数分析,研究表明渗透系数和饱和度对于随机波作用下海床动态响应影响显著。     

Wave diffraction in a current over a local shoal

Applying the Green's theorem and a moving oscillating source as the Green's function, an integral equation method is developed for predicting wave height over a shoal in a weak current. The integral equation is discretized by a higher order element method and a numerical code is implemented. To validate the numerical code, comparison is made on wave run-up around a vertical cylinder with McCamy and Fuchs' analytic solution in the still water and the results in currents from numerical wave tanks. Computation has also been carried out for the wave diffraction over a parabolic shoal in a current, and numerical results are given at many sections. The numerical results from the calculation can be used for benchmark test for other methods on wave diffraction in current.     

高阶边界元方法求解规则波在三维局部渗透海床上的传播

基于线性势流理论,利用高阶边界元法研究了规则波在三维局部渗透海床上的传播。根据Darcy渗透定律推导出渗透海床的控制方程,利用渗透海床顶部和海底处法向速度和压强连续条件得到渗透海床顶部满足的边界条件。根据绕射理论,利用满足自由水面条件的格林函数建立了求解渗透海床绕射势的边界积分方程,采用高阶边界元方法求解边界积分方程进而得到自由水面的绕射势和波浪在局部渗透海床上传播过程中幅值的变化情况。通过与已发表的波浪对圆柱形暗礁的时域全绕射结果对比,证明了本文建立的频域方法计算波幅的正确性和有效性。利用这一模型研究了三维矩形渗透海床区域上波浪的传播特性,并分析了入射波波长、海床渗透特性系数等参数对波浪传播的影响。     

波浪诱发松散海床渐进式液化的数值分析

近海区域广泛分布着第四纪新沉积的松散海洋土,波浪荷载作用下松散海床会发生液化进而对近海结构物的稳定性存在巨大威胁。本文采用中国科学院流体-结构-海床相互作用数值计算模型FSSI-CAS 2D,选用Pastor-Zienkiewicz-Mark Ⅲ（PZⅢ）弹塑性本构研究了波浪诱发的松散海床液化问题。分析了波浪荷载引起的松散海床内超孔隙水压力、有效应力以及应力角的时程变化特性,并预测了松散海床的渐进液化过程。计算结果表明,波浪荷载作用下松散海床内残余孔压会累积增长,海床表面最先发生液化,然后逐渐向下发展至液化最大深度。同时指出海床内超孔隙水压力的竖向分布特征和应力角的变化时程均可以作为判断海床液化的间接参数。最后,通过应力状态分析,讨论了海床渐进式液化的发展过程和趋势。     

Subsea pipeline walking with velocity dependent seabed friction

With the increase in demand and supply gap in the oil and gas industry, new developments of oil and gasinfrastructure are moving into deeper water. This requires design and construction of long high temperature and high pressure pipelines from deep sea to shore. These pipelines are subjected to cyclic expansion during operating cycles. Accumulated axial movement due to repeated thermal cycles may lead to global displacement referred to as ‘walking’. Walking rates depend on the restraint associated with seabed friction. In conventional analyses, seabed friction is independent of the rate of thermal loading and expansion but it has been recognised that the sliding resistance between a pipe and the seabed varies with velocity, partly due to drainage effects. In this paper a numerical model is used to explore the effect of velocity-dependent seabed friction. A velocity-dependent friction model is implemented in commercial software ABAQUS and validated via single element and simple (flat seabed) pipeline cases. This model features upper and lower friction limits, with a transition that occurs as an exponential function of velocity. A parametric study is performed using differing rates of heating and cool-down in walking situations driven by seabed slope, SCR end tension and the difference between heat up and cool down rates. The walking behaviour is compared to cases with constant friction and solutions are proposed to express the velocity-dependent response in terms of an equivalent constant friction. These equivalent friction values can then be applied in existing simple solutions or more complex numerical analyses, as a short cut method to account for velocity-dependent friction.     

Wave-induced seabed instability around a buried pipeline in a poro-elastic seabed

The subject of the wave–seabed–structure interaction is important for civil engineers regarding stability analysis of foundations for offshore installations. Most previous investigations have been concerned with such a problem in the vicinity of a simple structure such as a vertical wall. For more complicated structures such as a pipeline, the phenomenon of the wave–seabed–structure has not been fully understood. This paper proposes a finite-difference model in a curvilinear coordinate system to investigate the wave-induced seabed response in a porous seabed around a pipeline. Based on the present numerical model, mechanism of the wave-induced soil response is examined. Employing Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion, the wave-induced seabed instability is also estimated. The numerical results indicate the importance of the effect of pipeline on the seabed response.     

波流联合作用下海底管道侧向运动数值分析

研究旨在提出波流联合作用下海底管道侧向运动数值模拟分析方法。通过建立三维离散刚体模拟海床,梁单元模拟海底管道,设置了两个载荷步模拟管道与土壤接触的过程,解决了实体模型不易收敛的问题。分析了不同管—土法向行为接触刚度、不同管—土切向行为摩擦系数、不同波流参数以及不同单位长度管道水下质量对海底管道侧向运动的影响。研究表明：海底管道的最大等效应力、最大侧向位移、最大接触压力以及最大横向摩擦剪应力对于管—土法向行为接触刚度的变化并不敏感;管道的最大侧向位移随着管—土切向行为摩擦系数增大而减小,呈现出线性变化的关系;当波高一定时,管道的最大侧向位移随着流速的增加而增大,并且波高越小,最大侧向位移随流速增加的速度明显越大;管道最大侧向位移随着单位长度管道水下质量的增加而减小,并且呈现出线性变化的关系。     

An integral swash zone model with friction: an experimental and numerical investigation

Experimental and numerical analyses have been used to assess the validity and potentialities of the integral swash zone model by Brocchini and Peregrine (Proc. Coastal Dynamics '95, ASCE 1 (1996) 221) which is extended to include seabed friction effects previously neglected. Applications of the model to experimental data show it represents a simple and useful tool for modelling swash zone flows. The model allows for computation of integral swash zone properties and shoreline motion from local variables defined at the seaward limit of the swash. For most properties, correlation between local and integral properties is very good (correlation coefficient about 0.80).A suitable parametric form of frictional forces in the swash zone is defined on the basis of both experimental data and analytical investigation. Numerical tests showed that the proposed parameterization models well integral frictional forces within the swash zone. The parametric friction force improves capabilities of the integral swash zone model of representing real swash motions. This is particularly evident when considering the momentum equation: the correlation coefficient between the rate of change of the onshore momentum in the swash zone and its forcings increases from about 0.85 to about 0.95 due to the inclusion of the seabed friction.     

Linearised water wave problems involving submerged horizontal plates

In this paper a number of related linearised water wave problems all involving thin submerged horizontal plates are considered. An integral transform approach is adopted and used to formulate integral equations in terms of unknown functions related to the jump in pressure across the plate. A Galerkin method is applied to the solution of these integral equations leading to elegant expressions for quantities of interest and a rapidly convergent numerical scheme. The focus of the paper is to demonstrate the application of this method in a number of settings including both two-dimensional problems applied to infinitely-long plates of constant width and three-dimensional problems involving circular discs. In the process we present new results including, for example, for wave-free forced oscillations of plates.     

Principal stress rotation and cyclic shear strength for an elliptical rotation stress path

Based on the analytical solutions for wave-induced soil response in an unsaturated anisotropic seabed of finite thickness, an elliptical, i.e., noncircular rotation stress path is proven to be a more common state in a soil element with the cyclic shear stresses due to the traveling linear wave. The influence of an elliptical stress path on the characterization of failure strength is analyzed using three new parameters representing the shape, size, and the orientation of the ellipse. A series of cyclic rotational shear tests on the reconstituted specimens of Chinese Fujian Standard Sand have been performed to investigate the effect of elliptical stress path. A strength function in term of failure cycles is derived to quantify the failure strength of a given sand within a seabed subjected to regular wave loading. The results provide a basis for the evaluation of liquefaction potential of seabed but also point to a unique backbone cycle shear strength curve for soil under principal stress rotation.     

Moving particle method for modeling wave interaction with porous structures

This paper presents a numerical model for simulating wave interaction with porous structures. Incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics in porous media (ISPHP) method is introduced in this study as a mesh free particle approach that is capable of efficiently tracking the large deformation of free surfaces in a Lagrangian coordinate system. The developed model solves two porous and pure fluid flows simultaneously by means of one equation that is equivalent to the unsteady 2D Navier–Stokes (NS) equations for the flows outside the porous media and the extended Forchheimer equation for the flows inside the porous media. Interface boundary between pure fluid and porous media is effectively modeled by the SPH integration technique. A two-step semi-implicit scheme is also used to solve the fluid pressure satisfying the fluid incompressibility criterion.The developed ISPHP model is then validated via different experimental and numerical data. Fluid flow pattern through porous dam with different porosities is studied and regular wave attenuation over porous seabed is investigated. As a practical case, wave running up and overtopping on a caisson breakwater protected by a porous armor layer are modeled. The results show good agreements between numerical and laboratory data in terms of free surface displacement, overtopping rate and pressure distribution. Based on this study, ISPHP model is an efficient method for simulating the coastal applications with porous structures.