“7·22”长江中游暴雨中尺度系统的数值模拟与分析

利用中尺度暴雨模式较成功地模拟了2002年7月22～23日发生在长江中游的暴雨中尺度天气系统，结合地面加密和常规观测资料对暴雨中尺度天气系统进行了较为详细的分析。结果表明：(1)大别山西侧的暴雨由中α尺度切变线上中β尺度低涡造成，湘鄂交界地带的暴雨由切变线上气旋性扰动造成。(2)高空槽前的正涡度平流为暴雨中尺度系统形成提供了启动机制：在正涡度平流的作用下，对流层中低层降压产生变压风辐合造成上升运动，低层暖湿气流抬升促使对流不稳定能量爆发形成局地对流产生暴雨。     

长江中游复杂地形和盛夏局地大暴雨

本文利用武汉WSR-81S数字化天气雷达资料和其它中尺度气象资料分析了1987年8月18日相继发生在长江中游复杂地形区域的两场短历时局地特大暴雨的中尺度演变过程。在没有明显的次天气尺度上升运动直接启动和组织的情况下,两场局地大暴雨暴发的时间和地点都取决于边界层中尺度风场强辐合的出现。复杂地形对边界层气流的热力和机械的综合作用,在一定的大尺度气流背景下,形成有规律的中尺度近地面风场系统。它表现得相对定常并有一定的日变化,当来自临近地区的中尺度对流系统移近时,对流降水中产生的中尺度气流(例如飑锋)参加到由地形影响形成的中尺度边界层流场系统中,便在某些特定地点构成强的辐合。在这类辐合区中心的偏北一侧发展起强大而移动缓慢的复合单体或超级单体,带来局地大暴雨。山谷风环流、平原-山脉环流对盛夏局地暴雨的影响应受到重视。     

局地强对流系统发展多样性的个例研究

在北京"7.18"强降水天气过程中,中尺度对流系统的启动、发展方式较为复杂,造成对流系统发展多样性特征的机制也存在差别。天气尺度动力条件和局地层结不稳定结构都表明,此次局地强天气的发生有良好的环境条件。通过高分辨率中尺度观测的分析表明,怀柔—密云地区存在孤立发展的对流系统,最终发展为多单体雷暴群;而在北京西南部线状对流的不连续传播发展特征十分显著。数值模拟结果表明,地面中尺度切变线的活动对北京东北部怀柔—密云地区对流系统的启动起了关键作用;在环境场与对流的相互作用机制下,北京西南部的中尺度对流系统的发展传播与重力波活动有密切关系。对流系统的表现形式和发展演变的多样性特征,体现了起支配作用的物理机制的差异。     

2004年7月10日北京暴雨的中尺度分析

利用常规探测、地面加密观测、NCEP1°×1°的6小时资料和雷达资料对2004年7月10日北京罕见的局地暴雨进行了天气动力学和中尺度分析。结果表明这次暴雨是在比较有利的天气背景条件下产生的,造成强降水的3个雨团在时空尺度上具有中β尺度系统的特征,不断移入的对流回波是降水的直接制造者,中尺度辐合线和小低压为降水发生提供了有利的触发条件。     

2009年7月7日南京短时暴雨的中尺度特征分析

利用FY-2C卫星红外辐射亮度温度(T_BB)资料、多普勒天气雷达资料、加密自动站资料、NECP再分析资料、常规观测资料对2009年7月7日发生在南京地区的一次短时大暴雨过程的中尺度特征进行分析,结果表明:在有利的天气尺度背景形势下,多个中尺度对流系统在南京地区合并,合并后的中尺度对流系统强度强,移速慢,造成了南京地区的强降水。这次短时暴雨的中尺度特征在云图T_BB资料上表现为对流云团合并后强度和范围显著增强,移速缓慢,T_BB梯度大值区在南京地区停留;在地面风场上体现为南移的中尺度辐合线与南京地区局地生成的中尺度辐合中心合并,使得地面风场辐合显著增强;在雷达回波上表现为,南京地区上空不断有对流单体并入形成大面积高效率降水回波,镶嵌其中的γ尺度对流单体沿着相同方向依次通过南京地区。分析中还发现,低空急流、低空切变线是这次短时暴雨天气过程的重要影响系统,利用多普勒雷达资料可以识别和分析它们的发展、变化特征,为短时暴雨的临近预报提供依据。     

地面辐合线演变与多尺度天气过程的相互作用分析

利用自动气象站、多普勒雷达和探空资料,对2012年7月4日山东半岛地区一次复杂天气背景下的地面辐合线演变过程及其与不同尺度天气过程的相互作用进行分析。结果表明:(1)3次天气尺度过程同地面辐合线发展演变关系密切,地面辐合线起源于渤海对流天气过程所产生的出流边界,辐合线深入内地成为鲁西北对流天气过程的触发系统,鲁西北对流过程和鲁南区域降水过程的产生又促使地面辐合线加强并转向北运动;(2)2次海陆和山谷局地热力环流过程促使地面辐合线南移发展;(3)风暴尺度对流过程与地面辐合线直接作用,首先地面辐合线与对流风暴的阵风锋对应,其次对流系统内多单体在地面辐合线的作用下整体向下游离散传播,而多单体的传播又造成雨带的快速移动。     

一次槽后型大暴雨伴冰雹的形成机制和雷达观测分析

利用常规气象观测资料、新一代天气雷达、自动站、NCEP再分析资料等对西北气流形势下一次局地大暴雨伴多次降雹的强对流天气形成机制和对流系统结构进行了精细化分析。结果表明:(1)局地大暴雨伴冰雹发生在西北气流控制和大气层结极不稳定的形势下,14:00(北京时,下同)CAPE较08:00显著增大,为大暴雨和冰雹提供了不稳定能量;对流层低层的水汽含量大值中心为后向和前向传播新生单体的不断生成提供了充分的水汽条件;地面局地加热不均匀,午后地面温度达到对流温度临界值使地面暖气团自由上升,从而产生初始对流回波。在达到热力对流的条件下,地面中尺度辐合线和露点锋对局地大暴雨伴多次冰雹天气的发生有加强触发作用,地面中尺度低压是辐合维持和水汽集中的重要原因。(2)雷达图上,初始回波在周口附近生成、加强并向东南方向移动的过程中,其后侧和右后侧不断有中γ尺度对流单体生成,新生单体经历了积云生成加强、成熟合并、减弱消散阶段,其传播方向和移动方向近于相反,使周口附近强回波呈准静止动态平衡状态而持续存在。随后,在许昌到太康近东西向带状回波的前侧不断有中γ尺度新对流单体生成,并与周口附近后向传播的对流单体相接,排列成西北—东南向的线状多单体回波带,前向传播和后向传播分别经历了后侧减弱和前侧减弱阶段,中间回波在周口附近发展最旺盛。向前和向后两种传播形式多单体结构中的中γ尺度对流单体形成显著的"列车效应"使周口、西华出现局地大暴雨和多次降雹。在平均径向速度图上有中尺度涡旋,西北—东南向线状对流回波带在中低层有辐合—辐散—辐合相间的结构特征,在高层则与中低层相反,线状雷暴系统的形成和演变与强雷暴下沉气流抬升暖湿空气有较大关系,对流单体生成于低层辐合、高层辐散处。     

一次槽后型大暴雨伴冰雹的形成机制和雷达观测分析北大核心CSCD

利用常规气象观测资料、新一代天气雷达、自动站、NCEP再分析资料等对西北气流形势下一次局地大暴雨伴多次降雹的强对流天气形成机制和对流系统结构进行了精细化分析。结果表明:(1)局地大暴雨伴冰雹发生在西北气流控制和大气层结极不稳定的形势下,14:00(北京时,下同)CAPE较08:00显著增大,为大暴雨和冰雹提供了不稳定能量;对流层低层的水汽含量大值中心为后向和前向传播新生单体的不断生成提供了充分的水汽条件;地面局地加热不均匀,午后地面温度达到对流温度临界值使地面暖气团自由上升,从而产生初始对流回波。在达到热力对流的条件下,地面中尺度辐合线和露点锋对局地大暴雨伴多次冰雹天气的发生有加强触发作用,地面中尺度低压是辐合维持和水汽集中的重要原因。(2)雷达图上,初始回波在周口附近生成、加强并向东南方向移动的过程中,其后侧和右后侧不断有中γ尺度对流单体生成,新生单体经历了积云生成加强、成熟合并、减弱消散阶段,其传播方向和移动方向近于相反,使周口附近强回波呈准静止动态平衡状态而持续存在。随后,在许昌到太康近东西向带状回波的前侧不断有中γ尺度新对流单体生成,并与周口附近后向传播的对流单体相接,排列成西北—东南向的线状多单体回波带,前向传播和后向传播分别经历了后侧减弱和前侧减弱阶段,中间回波在周口附近发展最旺盛。向前和向后两种传播形式多单体结构中的中γ尺度对流单体形成显著的"列车效应"使周口、西华出现局地大暴雨和多次降雹。在平均径向速度图上有中尺度涡旋,西北—东南向线状对流回波带在中低层有辐合—辐散—辐合相间的结构特征,在高层则与中低层相反,线状雷暴系统的形成和演变与强雷暴下沉气流抬升暖湿空气有较大关系,对流单体生成于低层辐合、高层辐散处。     

神农架林区西南坡局地暴雨过程诊断分析

神农架林区西南坡为局地暴雨灾害多发区。利用常规资料、多普勒雷达资料和区域自动站资料,分析了导致神农架林区西南坡2014年8月6日至7日夜间连续两场短时暴雨过程中MCS发生发展的天气背景及结构特征,并探讨了神农架山区复杂地形构造对西南坡暴雨的增幅作用。结果表明:1)中高层天气系统强迫弱时,副高边缘地面暖低压倒槽及850 h Pa气旋性弯曲区与辐合的发生发展可能是造成这类局地强降水天气的触发系统,地面弱冷空气的入侵有利于降水的维持和加强。2)两次局地暴雨过程均是由中β尺度对流系统影响产生的,降水历时短、强度大,雨区移动呈现局地性,具有明显的中尺度强对流系统特征,分别属前导层状云与尾随层状云中尺度对流系统型。3)第一场暴雨过程以对流降水为主,回波较强;第二场暴雨过程回波质心低且层状云特征比较突出,但维持时间相对较长,降水效率更高。4)神农架西南坡坡度大,海拔高度高,地形的动力抬升和辐合作用促使上升运动加强,地形强迫抬升作用显著不仅对局地对流触发、降水增幅有重要作用,而且会影响中尺度对流系统结构,这可能是神农架林区西南坡暴雨高发的重要原因。     

华南局地锋生及对流系统发展的模拟分析研究

2009年3月28日一条东西向的锋面出现在华南25°N附近。伴随着锋面的活动,对流降水回波午后开始在广西的梧州附近发展,并在随后几小时向东移动,组织发展成为中尺度对流系统(MCS),为广东中西部及珠三角地区带来了雷暴、暴雨、冰雹等灾害天气。应用地面自动站、雷达回波、卫星云图以及NCEP-FNL再分析资料和WRF模式的模拟结果,对锋面暴雨形成的天气特征进行了诊断分析,考察了中尺度对流系统的发展演变过程及其与局地锋生的相互关系。结果表明,锋面对流系统形成发展于一个东西向水平尺度约200km的地面中尺度辐合线附近,对流起始发展于具有较大对流有效位能(CAPE)和较小对流抑制位能(CIN)的区域。伴随着对流的发展,锋面强度增强。锋生函数的计算发现,非绝热项和倾斜项分别在由对流引起的次级环流的上升运动支和下沉运动支起锋生作用,是引发中尺度锋生的主要影响因子。而相对来说,水平辐合项和形变项的作用却比较小。这与大尺度的锋生过程不同,中尺度锋生更主要的是由热力直接触发的非地转环流所驱动。涡度场的演变分析还发现,沿着850hPa锋区大的正涡度区与500hPa的强上升运动区对应良好,对流系统发展与中尺度锋生之间存在着类似于第二条件不稳定机制的相互作用,对流增强了锋生过程,锋面则对中尺度对流系统的发展起组织作用。中尺度锋生对对流组织发展的作用作为此类灾害天气形成的原因值得关注。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.