活性污泥和颗粒污泥生物吸附废水中Pb~(2+)的对比研究

采用序批式实验,分别以活性污泥和颗粒污泥为吸附材料,考察接触时间、pH等因素对废水中Pb2+生物吸附效果的影响.结果表明,活性污泥和颗粒污泥对低浓度Pb2+(0～20 mg/L)能在30 min内达到吸附平衡,当Pb2+浓度在20～100 mg/L时,浓度越低,达到平衡时间越快,以被动吸附为主.在Pb2+低浓度条件下(0～20 mg/L),初始pH为4～5时,Pb2+的去除率达99%以上,且初始pH值是影响活性污泥和颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb2+的重要因素.活性污泥和颗粒污泥对Pb2+的生物吸附符合朗缪尔(Langmuir)方程,在pH为4及25 ℃下,活性污泥饱和吸附量为59.88 mg/g,颗粒污泥饱和吸附量为80.65 mg/g.因此,活性污泥和颗粒污泥可作为有效的生物吸附剂处理低浓度(0～20 mg/L)含铅废水,且颗粒污泥比活性污泥的生物吸附效果好.     

壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对活性红染料的吸附热力学研究

采用溶液插层法,利用壳聚糖和蒙脱土制备了壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物,使用红外光谱和X-射线衍射分析对其结构进行了表征;以此复合物为活性红染料RR136的吸附剂,考察了复合物中壳聚糖与蒙脱土的摩尔比、染料溶液pH值和浓度、吸附温度及吸附剂用量等因素对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,吸附反应的最佳条件是以壳聚糖与蒙脱土摩尔比为5∶1的插层复合物为吸附剂,反应温度20℃,RR136溶液pH为3。壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对活性红染料的吸附更符合Langmuir模型,吸附热力学参数ΔGo、ΔHo和ΔSo值分别为-3.338kJ·mol-1(30℃),-37.98kJ·mol-1和-114.77J·mol-1·K-1,表明壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对活性红染料的吸附是自发的、以物理吸附为主的放热反应。     

用硫酸镁和造纸草浆黑液制备吸附剂及其对活性黄ST-4RFN吸附研究

利用硫酸镁和造纸草浆黑液制备含镁氧化合物的吸附剂,通过化学分析、表面性质分析、X射线衍射和红外光谱等对吸附剂进行了表征.考察了吸附剂焙烧温度、投加量、吸附时间以及pH值等因素对活性黄ST-4RFN吸附性能的影响,吸附过程可用Freundlich模型来描述.     

负载镧的EGDE交联壳聚糖微球对氟离子的吸附平衡与吸附动力学

采用负载镧的乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(EGDE)交联壳聚糖微球对含氟水进行吸附处理.该吸附剂的适宜工作条件为:温度30～50℃,pH值7.0,吸附时间30 min.用吸附等温线描述了F-在吸附剂上的吸附平衡,并用动力学模型研究了其吸附动力学机制.结果表明:吸附剂对F-的吸附平衡符合Langmuir吸附等温线和Freundlich吸附等温线,饱和吸附容量为25.7mg·g-1;该吸附剂对F-的吸附既包含化学吸附又包含物理吸附过程,以单分子层的化学吸附为主;吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学方程,吸附过程受化学吸附机理的控制,颗粒内扩散和液膜形成的边界层是其限速步骤.     

海绵铁对不同种类偶氮染料脱色性能及其动力学研究

系统考察了不同脱色条件下海绵铁对偶氮染料的脱色性能及其动力学。研究结果表明,脱色时间在0~40min内海绵铁对酸性媒介黑T、直接兰2B、直接橙S、活性黄X-R和阳离子红X-GRL的脱色率随着脱色时间增加而增加,且脱色反应符合一级反应动力学方程。偶氮染料的脱色率和脱色反应速率常数(k_(obs))随着海绵铁粒径的增大而降低,但是随着海绵铁投加量和反应温度的增加而增大。海绵铁对不同偶氮染料的脱色率和脱色k_(obs)随着pH升高而逐渐降低。由于不同偶氮染料的物理性质、化学性质和化学结构存在差异,海绵铁对不同种类偶氮染料的脱色率和脱色k_(obs)是不同的。     

固定化活性污泥处理海水冲厕污水研究

确定了固定化污泥最佳的包埋剂配比,研究了不同温度、作用时间、pH值、微生物浓度和氯离子浓度条件下固定化污泥对人工海水冲厕污水的处理效果。结果表明,包埋剂最佳配比为聚乙烯醇(PVA)80 g/L、海藻酸钠4 g/L、活性炭10 g/L、SiO210 g/L、CaCO31.25 g/L。在30℃下固定化污泥对NH3-N和CODCr的去除效果最好,12 h时其去除率分别为83.9%和84.2%。固定化污泥在pH4~10之间均有很好的去除效果,其适宜用量为75 g/L,氯离子浓度的增大对NH3-N的去除几乎没有影响,但对CODCr的去除效果降低。曝气试验表明,固定化颗粒运行2个月情况良好,出水NH3-N和CODCr符合二级污水综合排放标准。     

工业级聚乙二醇溶液的吸附脱色研究

以温度、活性炭用量、脱色时间和溶液pH值为实验因素,以脱色率为考察指标,采用正交实验设计对工业级聚乙二醇溶液进行了脱色及优化;以聚乙二醇溶液的吸光度来表征色素浓度,建立了吸光度与色素浓度之间的函数关系和色素吸附等温线。最终确定了聚乙二醇溶液的脱色最佳条件:活性炭用量10%,脱色温度20℃,脱色时间8 h,溶液pH值为6.0,脱色率为82.4%,加入1%氧化剂H2O2后脱色率提升至90%,满足工业聚乙二醇溶液回收的色度要求。     

海洋光合细菌对五种活性染料的脱色研究

实验研究了不同条件下海洋光合细菌的混合菌种对五种活性染料的脱色效果。结果表明,海洋光合细菌耐盐性较好,对五种染料都有很好的脱色效果。温度对各类染料影响不同,但五种染料都在30~35℃时达到最佳脱色效果。菌种适应的PH值范围广,驯化后活性增强。在100mg/L的浓度下,染料X-3B对细菌生长没有明显的抑制作用。     

响应面法优化鱿鱼(Ommastrephes bartrami)皮胶原蛋白提取液脱色工艺研究*

提要 鱿鱼(Ommastrephes bartrami)皮胶原蛋白提取液为红棕色,不利于在食品中广泛地应用。为了进一步利用鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白,本文采用活性炭吸附法脱除鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白提取液中色素,优化脱色条件。在确定该色素特征吸收波长为420 nm条件下,分别研究了活性炭添加量、脱色时间、溶液pH值和吸附温度对鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液色素脱除效果影响。在单因素实验基础上,选择吸附时间30 min,进行活性炭添加量、溶液pH值、吸附温度三因素三水平Box-Behnken中心组合响应面分析试验。结果表明：活性炭吸附鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液色素最佳条件为活性炭添加量4.2%,溶液pH值2.27,脱色温度35 ℃,该条件下鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液的脱色率为45.6%,蛋白质和氨基酸损耗率分别为19.65%和22.93%。脱色后鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白的甘氨酸含量最高(136.02 mg/g,相对含量23.05%),谷氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸含量也较高,而半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸总量不到1%,符合水产蛋白氨基酸和I型胶原蛋白氨基酸特点。     

利用过硫酸盐阴极型微生物燃料电池降解蒽醌燃料活性艳蓝的研究

本研究构建了以二价铁/过硫酸盐体系(Fe2+/PDS)为阴极液,以蒽醌染料活性艳蓝KN-R作为目标污染物的双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),研究了初始Fe2+投加量,初始PDS浓度和pH值对KN-R脱色率和MFC产电性能的影响。结果表明,当初始pH为3,Fe2+的初始浓度为1mmol·L-1,PDS的初始浓度为2mmol·L-1,温度为(30±1)℃时Fe2+/PDS-MFC体系达到最佳状态,此时KN-R的脱色率为96.90%,MFC的最大功率密度为294.07mW·m-2。动力学分析表明KN-R的脱色降解符合二级反应动力学,最佳条件下KN-R降解的反应速率常速为0.001 7mmol·L-1·min-1。紫外-可见光谱分析表明,Fe2+/PDS-MFC体系能够有效的脱色降解KN-R及其中间产物。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.