Principles of Probabilistic Regional Mineral Resource Estimation

Five principal sources of uncertainty in quantitative mineral resource estimation are listed and illustrated by means of a simple example (mosaic model) and a case history study for large copper deposits in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield. Abitibi copper potential originally was estimated on the basis of 1968 estimates of production and reserves totalling 3.12 Mt Cu. This prognostication now could be evaluated on the basis of 2008 copper production and reserves totalling 9.50 Mt Cu. An earlier hindsight study performed on the basis of 1977 data (totalling 5.23 Mt Cu) showed seven new discoveries occurring either in the immediate vicinities of known deposits or on broad regional copper anomalies predicted from the 1968 inputs. By 1977, the global geographic distribution pattern of large copper deposits in the Abitibi area had stabilized. During the next 30 years, new copper was essentially found close to existing deposits, much of it deeper down in the Earth's crust. In this paper, uncertainties associated with copper ore tonnage are analyzed by comparison of 2008 data with 1968 data using (a) log-log plots of size versus rank, and (b) lognormal QQ-plots. Straight lines fitted by least squares on these plots show that 1968 slopes provide good estimates of 2008 slopes but 1968 intercepts are much less than 2008 intercepts. In each linear log-weight versus log-rank plot, the slope is related to fractal dimension of a Pareto frequency distribution, and in a lognormal QQ-plot it is determined by logarithmic variance. The difference between 2008 and 1968 intercepts represents the increase in copper ore production and reserves from 1968 to 2008. The Pareto model fits actual copper and massive sulphides increase over the past 40 years better than the lognormal frequency distribution model for 10 km×10 km cells on favorable environments in the Abitibi area.      

河南禹州与山西太原石炭—二叠纪多重地层划分与对比

河南禹州的本溪组、太原组与山西太原的岩性相似,唯厚度较小;禹州的石盒子组与太原的岩性和厚度差异大,而且太原的煤层厚、层位低,禹州的煤层薄、层位高。由本溪组至山西组呈向南穿时,石盒子组为向北穿时,显示海水先向南侵后又向北回泛的变化趋势。沉积环境由下而上由陆表海经三角洲向大陆体系演化,并向南迁移,反映了该区总体上北部是陆地,南部是海洋的古地理格局。     

豫西南晚白垩世红层时代厘定及其意义

研究区位于豫、鄂、陕三省相邻地带,在秦岭造山带后造山阶段构造体制转换过程中,形成了李官桥、滔河、西峡、夏馆、五里川、召北等一系列近于平行的断陷盆地,盆地内分别沉积了１０００～４０００ｍ的陆相碎屑沉积。根据恐龙蛋、轮藻、孢粉、介形类及一定数量的恐龙骨骼化石、同位素年龄等,将盆地内红层的时代归属为晚白垩世,并对每一盆地红层进一步作了详细划分。     

藏东八宿怒江桥—邦达一带嘉玉桥群研究的新进展

在西藏八宿怒江桥—邦达一带嘉玉桥群中发现较丰富的化石,其中腕足类有：Ｎｅｏｓｐｉｒｉｆｅｒ,Ｓｙｒｉｎｇｏｔｈｙｒｉｓ？Ａｓｙｒｉｎｘｉａ,Ｓｐｉｒｉｆｅｒ;牙形石：Ｐａｌｍａｔｏｄｅｌａｄｅｌｉｃｕｔｕｌａ,Ｐａｌｍａｔｏｌｅｐｉｓｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓｓｉｇ ｍｏｉｄａｌｉｓ,Ｓｐａｔｈｏｇｎａｔｈｏｄｕｓｃｆ．Ｓｔａｂｉｌｉｓ,Ｐｏｌｙｇｎａｔｈｕｓｐｕｒｕｓ;孢子：Ｌｅｉｇａｔｏｓｐｏｒｉｔｉｓｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ,Ｃｒａｓｉｓｐｏｒａｔｒｙｃｈｅｒａ,Ｓｕｌｃａｔｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｏｖａｔｕｓ,Ｌｉｍｉｔｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ,Ｌｅｉｏｔｒｉｌｅｔｅｓ等。据此对嘉玉桥群的划分和时代进行了重新厘定。     

一批地质标准物质通过部级鉴定

一批地质标准物质通过部级鉴定１９９４年５月２０日～２１日全国地质矿产标准化技术委员会岩矿测试标准样品及方法分技术委员会在北京举行会议,组织评审了一批地质标准物质,通过了“黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿４种矿物标准物质的研制”、“铅锌、铅锌铜、镍钴、钨...     

金和铜矿床分类研究的过去、现状和未来

<正>1问题提出在自然科学研究中,为了阐明无数单独个体的共性和个性,对其开展分类研究极为重要,它可以使十分复杂的结构得以简化进而获取有规律性的结果.有鉴于此,与其他自然科学的分类研究一样,金和铜矿床类型的划分不仅是成矿理论研究的永恒主题之一,     

郯庐断裂中段鲁中基底韧性变形带的形成时代

郯庐断裂中段鲁中基底的韧性变形带可分为两类：（１）北东向韧性变形带,以发育中深层次的构造片麻岩为特征,形成于早中元古代花岗质岩体（２４８８Ｍａ）侵位之前;（２）北北东向韧性变形带,以中浅层次糜棱岩为特征,形成于晋宁期（９４１Ｍａ）。文中对以上两类韧性变形带的形成机制和时代进行了初步讨论。     

Geology and mineralization of the Tiegelongnan supergiant porphyry-epithermal Cu (Au,Ag) deposit (10 Mt) in western Tibet,China: A review

The Tiegelongnan Cu(Au,Ag)deposit in central Tibet contains more than 10 Mt of copper ranking 29 th in the world.It is characterized by typical porphyry-epithermal alteration and mineralization.In order to improve the understanding of porphyry-epithermal copper deposit in Tibet,new zircon U-Pb age and sulfur isotope data along with published data in the Tiegelongnan are presented to investigate the formation and preservation mechanism.Ore-related intrusive rocks in the Tiegelongnan including Early Cretaceous(about 120 Ma)granodiorite porphyry and diorite porphyry are closely related to the northward subduction of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean.Sulfur mainly comes from deep magma,and ore-forming fluid is affected by both magmatic and meteoric water.The metallogenic setting of Tiegelongnan is consistent with those of Andean porphyry copper deposits in South America.The cover of the Meiriqiecuo Formation volcanic rocks,Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and India-Eurasian collision have significance in the preservation and uplift of the deposit.The formation,preservation and discovery of Tiegelongnan play an important role in exploration of ancient porphyry-epithermal deposits in Tibet.     

Carbon cycle variability in tropical Atlantic across two Early Eocene hyperthermals

Early Eocene hyperthermals are geologically short-lived global warming events and represent fundamental perturbations to the global carbon cycle and the Earth’s ecosystem due to massive additions of isotopically light carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system.They serve as ancient analogs for understanding how the oceanic carbonate system and surface-ocean ecosystem would respond to ongoing and future climate change.Here,we present a continuous carbonate record across the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2(ETM2 or H1,ca.54.1 Ma)and H2(ca.54 Ma)events from an expanded section at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1258 in tropical Atlantic.The abundant calcareous nannofossils and moderate carbonate content throughout the studied interval suggest this record was deposited above the calcite compensation depth(CCD),but below the lysocline and under the influence of terrestrial dilution.An Earth system model cGENIE is used to simulate the carbon cycle dynamics across the ETM2 and H2 to offer insights on the mechanism of the rapid warming and subsequent recovery in climate and ecosystem.The model suggests moderate changes in ocean pH(0.1–0.2 unit)for the two scenarios,biogenic methane from a rechargeable methane capacitor and organic matter oxidation from thawing of the permafrost.These pH changes are consistent with a recent independent pH estimate across the ETM2 using boron isotopes.The carbon emission flux during the ETM2 is at least an order of magnitude smaller than that during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM)(0.015–0.05 Pg C yr^-1vs.0.3–1.7 Pg C yr^-1).The comparable pre-and post-event carbonate contents suggest the lysocline did not over deepen following the ETM2 at this tropical Atlantic site,indicating spatial heterogeneity in the carbonate system due to strong dilution influence from terrestrial weathering and riverine discharge at Site 1258.     

Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of late Mesoproterozoic mafic and granitic rocks in the southwestern Yangtze Block

Late Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks in the SW Yangtze Block are important for understanding the role of it in reconstruction of the Rodinia supercontinent.In the present study,we report new geochronological,geochemical,and Nd-Hf isotopic data for the Cuoke plagioclase amphibolites and granites in the SW Yangtze Block.Geochronological results show that the plagioclase amphibolites and granites have similar late Mesoproterozoic zircon U-Pb ages of 1168-1162 Ma,constituting a bimodal igneous assemblage.The plagioclase amphibolites have high and variable TiO2 contents(1.15-4.30 wt.%)and Mg#(34-66)values,similar to the tholeiitic series.They are characterized by enrichment in LREEs and LILEs,and have OIB-like affinities with positive Nb and Ta anomalies.The plagioclase amphibolites have positive whole-rockεNd(t)(+3.2 to+4.3)and zirconεHf(t)(+4.3 to+10.7)values,indicating that they were derived from an OIB-like asthenospheric mantle source.The granites belong to the reduced peralkaline A-type series and have negativeεNd(t)value of-6.0 andεHf(t)values of-5.8 to-13.8,indicating a derivation from the partial melting of ancient mafic lower crust.In combination with the~1.05-1.02 Ga bimodal igneous assemblage in the SW Yangtze Block,we propose that the Cuoke 1168-1162 Ma igneous rocks were likely formed in a continental rift basin and argue against the existance of Grenvillian Orogen in the SW Yangtze Block during the late Mesoproterozoic.     

华南两个不同成因系列花岗岩的云母标型特征

研究表明,云母特征可作为两个不同成因系列花岗岩的判别标志和成岩成矿演化的示踪。系列Ⅰ中特征矿物组合为铁质黑云母+白云母+钛铁矿+富铝硅酸盐;系列Ⅱ为镁质黑云母+角闪石+磁铁矿+贫铝硅酸盐。M(M=Mg/Mg+Fe~(2+)+Mn)是一个可靠的判据。系列Ⅰ:M<0.45,系列Ⅱ:M>0.45。两个系列云母的化学组成的明显差别主要受控于物源成分的差异。两个系列云母的差热曲线和红外光谱特征也明显不同。用Li-Mg-Fe~(2+)+Mn三角图可以反映成岩成矿演化趋势。     

准噶尔盆地侏罗纪含煤地层沉积有机相研究

准噶尔盆地侏罗纪煤系是一套良好的生油源岩，其生油潜力取决于沉积有机相。笔者依据有机岩石学研究方法，利用显微组分的多种特性，将侏罗纪沉积期划分成高位沼泽、森林沼泽、流水沼泽和开阔水体４种沉积有机相类型，其中森林沼泽有机相和流水沼泽有机相是主要的生烃有机相，森林沼泽有机相是煤成气的主要源区，流水沼泽有机相则是煤成油的主要源区。     

塔里木南缘浅变质岩系变质矿物特征及变质条件

在塔里木盆地南缘和田地区的阿其克、皮牙曼、杜瓦、康开依、桑株水库一带断续出露一套浅变质岩地层,主要岩石类型有变质杂砂岩、变质钙质砂岩、细粒片岩及少量千枚岩、变质砾岩、大理岩等.岩石中主要变质矿物为绿泥石、白云母、石英、方解石和少量黑云母、钠长石.本文着重就岩石中片状变质矿物绿泥石、白云母、黑云母的发育特点、化学成分特征、变质矿物组合以及它们的晶体化学成分所反映的变质温、压条件进行了研究,并在此基础上推断出该套变质岩属于由区域低温动力变质作用引起的低绿片岩相变质产物.     

六盘山一带下白垩统沉积体系分析及层序地层研究

六盘山一带下白垩统属陆相断陷盆地沉积 ,发育有冲积扇、辫状三角洲及湖泊等三大类沉积体系 ,对应的亚、微相沉积体相互叠置 ,横向上具可追索性。通过陆相层序地层学分析 ,认为六盘山地区早白垩世地层构成一列完整的内陆盆地充填三级层序。根据沉积体系发育特征及空间配置样式 ,在层序内部划分出低水位体系域、湖盆边缘体系域、扩张体系域、收缩体系域等 4种体系域类型 ,记录了盆地从初始充填—湖盆扩张—萎缩消亡的全过程。     

广东凡口矿区泥盆系上统的“台槽相”及其与成矿的关系

通过对广东凡口矿区 2 14线 3号孔剖面岩石结构构造和生物化石组合的初步研究 ,认为该孔自上而下分别显示台地潮间带、台地潮下低能带、台地边缘高能带、深水盆地 (台槽 )、台地潮下低能带相环境。其中台槽所反映出的特点是窄、陡、深 ,它与铅锌矿黄铁矿菱铁矿成矿关系密切。对台槽相的研究 ,对我国南方泥盆系多金属硫化物矿床的找矿工作具有现实意义。     

自然金—银类质同象系列矿物晶胞参数变化规律及其表述方程

本文提出了自然金-银类质同象系列矿物的晶胞参数与金、银原子数百分比成二次函数关系,推导出了表示二者之间函数关系的方程式。利用该方程式,可以用金原子数百分比计算出晶胞参数,反之亦然。并且从金、银二者的电负性出发,对a值的变化作了解释。     

喀喇昆仑地区沉积岩特征及岩相变化

喀喇昆仑地区从二叠纪开始,广泛沉积不同类型的碎屑岩、泥质岩、硅岩、碳酸盐岩和混积岩。沉积层序发育完整,白垩纪之前基本上属于稳定的连续造海建造系列。经初步研究,除西部二叠系出现半深水陆架边缘-岛弧盆地相、陆架区冷水型冈瓦纳相沉积和东部下三叠统有具复理石或重力流性质的外陆架半深水碎屑岩-硅泥质岩建造沉积外,大部分都是以细屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造为主的地台型浅海陆棚相和浅海平原相沉积,直到保罗纪末才形成早白垩世,以红色粗碎屑岩为主的陆相磨拉石建造,从而结束了长达1.5亿年连续沉积历史。     

Genetic model of uranium mineralization in the Permo-Triassic sedimentary rocks of the Stara Planina eastern Serbia

One deposit and four occurrences of uranium minerals in the Permo-Triassic sedimentary rocks of the Stara Planina in eastern Serbia were ascertained using data from years of multidisciplinary geological research. The minerals are the fissure-filling type, and were assigned to the exogenic mineralization group, being mostly epigene in nature. Relevant geological information was used to derive a genetic model of uranium mineralization in the Permo-Triassic sedimentary rocks of the Stara Planina. The model explains the formation of Permo-Triassic rocks and three stages of the complex process of U mineralization. The genetic model treats: (1) the primary sources of the uranium; (2) the mobility of uranium; and (3) accessory metals from the parent rocks to their deposition in host rocks and the postmineral change in ore bodies. A geochemical barrier zone was identified in the sedimentary rocks that contained uranium mineral ore. This geochemical barrier area included crescent-shaped, flat-lens, or vein-like ore bodies. The U-containing mineral described is comparable with those from the relatively common fissure-filling uranium minerals found around the world.     

样品重量在矿物热分析中的作用

目前,热分析的发展趋向于微量化,但样品重量过少时有些矿物差热曲线的形态特征就要发生改变。本文从实践的结果论述样品重量与差热曲线、热量曲线特征之间的关系,以寻求合理的样品重量。     

对沉积混杂作用和沉积混杂岩的再认识

回顾了沉积混杂碉的研究历史，指出了沉积混杂岩的分布位置和形成机制，重新给出了沉积混杂岩的定义，依据沉积混杂作用的不同方式划分为四种类型，重力垮塌和重力汉混杂作用，冰筏混杂作用，古喀斯特混杂作用和损落混杂作用，最后探讨了海底混杂岩块的来源和搬运方式。