The Role of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems in the Construction of China’s National Park System and the Optimisation of the Protected Area System

Conservation-compatible development of rural communities is an important part of nature conservation objectives. Understanding the role of agriculture, which is often practiced in or bordering the protected areas in rural China, is critical for managing conservation networks considering that limited spatial areas are available for enclosed protected areas. Important Agricultural Heritage Systems stand out for their multi-functionality, and some of their values are compatible with nature conservation. This paper examined the concept, management objectives and resource management characteristics of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) by analysing their interactions with national parks in terms of community development. The results reveal that management strategies of dynamic conservation, integrated protection and adaptive management of the IAHS can contribute to those national park management objectives concerning conservation-compatible livelihood. However, the typology of the protected area system, including the traditional agricultural system as a new type, needs further consideration.     

英国乡村发展政策演变及启示

诸多成功案例表明,全球化有助于加快经济发展知识与实践的国际转移,将国际知识转移至地区经济发展实践中,为地区发展战略问题提供国际上相关解决方案。英国在其乡村发展历程中也曾经历过与目前中国相类似的发展阶段并遇到相似的发展问题,涉及乡村经济的多样化转型、对新技术和市场扩张的适应和基础设施改善等方面。因此,借鉴英国解决这些问题的经验和教训有助于解决目前中国乡村发展过程中遇到的诸多问题。本文分析了英国乡村发展政策的演变及其阶段性特征,其政策变化的特点主要体现在政策制订由"自上而下"转向"自下而上"、强调政策的综合性、注重乡村发展计划的长远性和可持续性、重视运用法律和市场手段等方面,最后从政策制订、乡村发展计划的实施以及发展项目选择等方面探讨了其对我国乡村发展的政策启示。并指出,考虑到国际乡村发展政策的趋同与差异,任何国际乡村发展政策和模式的采纳均需要根据我国特殊的文化、经济、政治传统和环境予以调整。     

Progress of research on urban-rural transformation and rural development in China in the past decade and future prospects

Urban-rural transformation and rural development are issues at the forefront of research on the topic of the urban-rural relationship in the field of geography, as well as important practical problems facing China’s new urbanization and overall planning of urban and rural development. The Center for Regional Agricultural and Rural Development, part of the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, was established in 2005. The Center has laid solid foundations for integrating research in the areas of agricultural geography and rural development in China over the past decade. The paper aims to review the major achievements in rural geographical research in China during the past decade, analyze innovative developments in relevant theories and methods, and suggest prospects and countermeasures for promoting comprehensive studies of urban-rural transformation and rural geography. The research shows that innovative achievements have been made in rural geography studies of China in the past decade as major national policy development, outputs of result and decision making support; new breakthroughs have been achieved in such major research projects as geographical integrated theory, land remediation projects and technology demonstration projects, new urbanization and urban-rural integration; significant progress has been made in actively expanding the frontiers of rural geography and pushing forward theoretical innovations in land and resource projects; and, with China’s development goals of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieving modernization in mind, future innovative developments in agricultural and rural geography should aim to make research more strategic, systematic, scientific and security-oriented, with attention given to promoting systematic scientific research on international cooperation and global rural geography.     

近十年中国城乡转型与乡村发展研究进展和展望（英文）

Urban-rural transformation and rural development are issues at the forefront of research on the topic of the urban-rural relationship in the field of geography, as well as important practical problems facing China's new urbanization and overall planning of urban and rural development. The Center for Regional Agricultural and Rural Development, part of the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, was established in 2005. The Center has laid solid foundations for integrating research in the areas of agricultural geography and rural development in China over the past decade. The paper aims to review the major achievements in rural geographical research in China during the past decade, analyze innovative developments in relevant theories and methods, and suggest prospects and countermeasures for promoting comprehensive studies of urban-rural transformation and rural geography. The research shows that innovative achievements have been made in rural geography studies of China in the past decade as major national policy development, outputs of result and decision making support; new breakthroughs have been achieved in such major research projects as geographical integrated theory, land remediation projects and technology demonstration projects, new urbanization and urban-rural integration; significant progress has been made in actively expanding the frontiers of rural geography and pushing forward theoretical innovations in land and resource projects; and, with China's development goals of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieving modernization in mind, future innovative developments in agricultural and rural geography should aim to make research more strategic, systematic, scientific and security-oriented, with attention given to promoting systematic scientific research on international cooperation and global rural geography.     

Rethinking corporate‐community engagement in the petro‐economy of the Niger Delta

This study applies the political ecology perspective in reframing corporate‐community engagement and adapts the community‐directed intervention (CDI) strategy using Global Memorandum of Understanding (GMoU) framework in relation to 30 rural communities that are likely to be affected by gas exploration and production activities in the Niger Delta region. The study draws attention to the indigenous structures and capacities of communities to implement CDI initiatives for possible replication in areas facing similar development challenges. Adopting the CDI framework as represented by the GMoU model could reconfigure social relations of power between companies and communities and fast‐track development and prevent or, at least, reduce corporate‐community tensions and conflicts in the petro‐economy of the Niger Delta.     

THE IMPACT OF DE-COLLECTIVISATION ON WOMEN IN RURAL CHINA

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Regulation, Land Development and the Contested Countryside

This paper attempts to reorientate locality specific studies of counterurbanisation within the wider processes of global and national socio-economic change. It draws on concepts of Regulation Theory and begins with an explanation of the global and national influences associated with rural restructuring. These influences, together with the emergence of a reconstituted rurality, are traced through to the local level using Bridgetown in the south-west of Western Australia as a vehicle for conceptual analysis.     

大都市乡村发展比较及其对乡村振兴战略的启示

乡村振兴与城市发展带动能力密切相关,大都市推进乡村振兴的条件最为成熟。论文选取14个国家中心城市与潜在中心城市,从农业强、农村美、农民富3个方面构建指标体系,采取改进熵权法与Pearson相关分析法,比较分析了2000年以来我国大都市的乡村发展水平及其影响因素,进而挖掘其对实施乡村振兴战略的政策含义。研究表明：南方都市的乡村发展水平普遍高于北方城市,高低不一的乡村发展水平意味着较高的城市发展阶段并不必然实现真正的城乡融合发展。乡村发展水平与经济发展阶段、地方财政能力、农户生计分化、农业产业结构等因素高度相关,因此,乡村振兴是一个循序渐进的推进过程,需要立足自身发展基础制订科学的乡村振兴目标与振兴措施;也需要立足农业、跳出农业,一方面通过转移支付保障粮食主产区、传统农区的发展权益,另一方面“接二连三”拓展乡村产业增值空间;尤需打破城乡治理分割现状,在理念、规划、政策、法规等多个方面将农业农村优先发展真正落到实处。     

武汉市新城区乡村发展水平评价及规模等级结构研究

论文以行政村为研究单元,从乡村聚落、土地、人口、经济和人居环境5个维度出发,构建乡村发展水平的评价指标体系,运用空间自相关、热点分析和位序-规模法则等分析和评价乡村发展水平的空间格局及规模等级结构。结果显示：① 武汉市新城区乡村发展水平空间分异明显,存在显著的空间集聚特征。乡村发展水平高的行政村集中分布在黄陂区南部与东西湖区东部的交界处、汉南区东部和江夏区北部,发展水平一般及以下的行政村广泛分布。② 新城区乡村发展规模符合位序-规模法则,且高位次行政村发育不足,中低位序行政村广泛发育,乡村规模较为分散,城镇化水平有待提高。③ 新城区乡村聚落等级体系呈现出金字塔结构,并与按市场原则(K=3)分布的中心地理论模型相接近,中心地等级较低。最后基于研究结果提出乡村发展的政策建议。     

中国乡村地理学研究的主要热点演化及展望

以地理学主要中文期刊近40年来刊发的有关乡村研究的文献为分析对象,采用Citespace软件文献计量分析及文献归纳方法,对中国乡村地理学研究主要热点进行识别和阶段性划分,并梳理其主要热点的研究进展。结果发现,伴随20世纪80年代的乡镇工业和21世纪初以乡村旅游业兴起的乡村两次产业结构调整,以及国家乡村发展和建设的战略和政策不断调整,乡村地理学的研究热点演化大致可分为3个阶段：①1978-2000年,主要聚焦于乡村城市化、城乡关系、乡村聚落、农业发展、农村经济等研究,为国家和地区的农业与农村发展做出了基础性和战略性贡献。②2000-2008年,开始转向以乡村旅游、农村居民点、新农村建设、村庄规划、空心村等研究热点话题,中国乡村地理学发展改变了“重城轻乡”的学科格局,逐渐走向繁荣。③2008年至今,研究热点转向多元化,涉及乡村转型、乡村重构、乡村性、空间重构、乡村社区、乡村治理等,研究主题逐渐接轨于国际乡村地理学。未来中国乡村地理学的研究应以建设乡村地理学学科基础理论和方法体系为核心目标,服务于国家实施乡村振兴战略需要,积极关注乡村发展、转型、分化、重构与治理等核心话题,深化乡村多元空间价值理论研究,形成独具中国特色的乡村地理学理论框架和研究范式。     

基于乡村振兴战略的乡村旅游地可持续发展评价体系构建

乡村旅游已成为乡村振兴战略中耀眼的着力点和突破点,因此构建兼顾标准性和灵活性、理论性和实践性的中观尺度乡村旅游地可持续发展评价体系具有重要意义。本研究使用“属性解析-系统整合”逻辑框架构建基于乡村振兴战略的乡村旅游地可持续发展评价体系。首先,将乡村旅游地解析出社区、遗产和旅游3个基本属性,分别对应社区发展、遗产保护和旅游发展子系统。依据旅游系统模型,采用层次分析法、德尔菲法和专家判断矩阵,重点构建旅游发展子系统指标体系,涵盖目的地、客源市场、旅游通道和旅游支持系统4个一级指标和具有较强操作性、聚焦乡村尺度的31个二级指标。进而,将子系统整合并引入耦合协调发展模型,使用综合评价指数和协调发展度进行乡村旅游地可持续发展水平评价。最后,通过测评广东10个乡村旅游地,验证该体系具有较好效度和区分度。     

Community collaboration and climate change research in the Canadian Arctic

Research on climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation, particularly projects aiming to contribute to practical adaptation initiatives, requires active involvement and collaboration with community members and local, regional and national organizations that use this research for policy-making. Arctic communities are already experiencing and adapting to environmental and socio-cultural changes, and researchers have a practical and ethical responsibility to engage with communities that are the focus of the research. This paper draws on the experiences of researchers working with communities across the Canadian Arctic, together with the expertise of Inuit organizations, Northern research institutes and community partners, to outline key considerations for effectively engaging Arctic communities in collaborative research. These considerations include: initiating early and ongoing communication with communities, and regional and national contacts; involving communities in research design and development; facilitating opportunities for local employment; and disseminating research findings. Examples of each consideration are drawn from climate change research conducted with communities in the Canadian Arctic.     

Rural restructuring in China: Theory,approaches and research prospect

Rural restructuring is a process of reshaping socio-economic morphology and spatial pattern in rural territory in response to the changes of elements both in kernel system and external system of rural development, by optimally allocating and efficiently managing the material and non-material elements in the two systems. It aims at ultimately optimizing the structure and promoting the function within rural territorial system as well as realizing the coordination of structure and complementation of function between urban and rural territorial system. This paper establishes a theoretical framework of rural restructuring through elaborating the concept and connotations as well as analyzing the mechanism pushing forward rural restructuring based on the evolution of “elements-structure-function”, and probes the approaches from the three aspects of spatial restructuring, economic restructuring and social restructuring. Besides, the authors argue that the study of rural restructuring in China in the future needs to focus on the aspects of long-term and multi-scale process and pattern, mechanism, regional models, rural planning technology system and standard, policy and institutional innovations concerning rural restructuring as well as the impacts of globalization on rural restructuring, in order to serve the current national strategic demands and cope with the changes of rural development elements in the process of urban-rural development transformation.     

苏南小城镇发展与现代乡村社区变迁研究

乡村社区是指一定乡村地域上具有相对稳定和完整的结构、功能、动态演化特征以及一定认同感的社会空间,是乡村社会的基本构成单元和空间缩影。通过乡村社区研究可以较为全面地洞察乡村社会的组织结构、空间特征与过程及其变迁的动力机制。苏南是中国乡村经济最发达的地区之一,其小城镇的蓬勃发展促进了现代乡村社区的变迁。本文回顾了苏南现代小城镇发展历程与特点, 从乡村社区观念、经济、文化、聚落和保障5 个方面剖析了小城镇发展对苏南现代乡村社区变迁的作用, 并系统分析了苏南现代小城镇建设与乡村社区的发展趋势。     

遗产地农村社区参与旅游发展的制度嵌入性——丹霞山瑶塘村与断石村比较研究

基于制度嵌入性理论,采用质性研究方法,采取主位的研究立场,揭示正式制度与非正式制度对农村社区参与旅游发展的约束与影响。研究发现：遗产地农村社区参与旅游发展是一个制度约束下的理性行动过程,同时嵌入在多层正式制度和非正式制度中;不同农村社区在参与旅游发展过程中,由于制度嵌入的差异,导致相异的行动决策和发展结果,社区内部非正式制度嵌入的差异是主要影响因素;当社区内部非正式制度脱嵌时,外部正式制度的有效嵌入是协调遗产地与社区发展的关键因素。研究认为,制度嵌入性范式可以深入地解释不同农村社区参与旅游发展的差异性,为中国农村社区参与旅游发展的增权行动、制度设计和监督管理提供有益参考。     

中国乡村重构——理论、方法和研究展望（英文）

Rural restructuring is a process of reshaping socio-economic morphology and spatial pattern in rural territory in response to the changes of elements both in kernel system and external system of rural development,by optimally allocating and efficiently managing the material and non-material elements in the two systems.It aims at ultimately optimizing the structure and promoting the function within rural territorial system as well as realizing the coordination of structure and complementation of function between urban and rural territorial system.This paper establishes a theoretical framework of rural restructuring through elaborating the concept and connotations as well as analyzing the mechanism pushing forward rural restructuring based on the evolution of"elements-structure-function",and probes the approaches from the three aspects of spatial restructuring,economic restructuring and social restructuring.Besides,the authors argue that the study of rural restructuring in China in the future needs to focus on the aspects of long-term and multi-scale process and pattern,mechanism,regional models,rural planning technology system and standard,policy and institutional innovations concerning rural restructuring as well as the impacts of globalization on rural restructuring,in order to serve the current national strategic demands and cope with the changes of rural development elements in the process of urban-rural development transformation.     

中国乡村振兴与乡村功能优化转型

基于乡村功能与乡村振兴之间的双向互动关系,建立基于“三生”空间系统的乡村功能与乡村振兴之间的逻辑关系,探讨乡村功能优化转型的方向,并提出乡村功能优化转型的策略。乡村功能的优化转型,可以为乡村振兴战略提供动力和活力;乡村振兴战略的实施,可以为乡村功能优化转型提供方向引导和政策支持。研究表明：① 生产功能优化转型可推动乡村产业振兴;生活功能、文化传承功能优化可推动乡村文化振兴;生态功能强化可推动乡村生态振兴;组织功能复兴可推动乡村组织振兴;乡村整体功能优化需要乡村人才振兴。② 乡村振兴必须优化乡村“三生”空间布局,按照不同类型乡村发展特点,分类推进乡村发展;乡村功能优化转型的终极价值是实现“人与自然生命共同体”“人类命运共同体”目标。③ 以乡村产业新业态带动乡村功能优化转型过程中,要有效发挥乡村振兴政策和制度的支撑作用。