PARTICLE DYNAMICS IN EUPHOTIC ZONE ELUCIDATED FROM 234TH/238U DISEQUILIBRIA: A REVIEW

真光层是海洋浮游生物活动最为活跃的区域,其间发生的颗粒动力学过程及其机制对于海洋碳的生物地球化学循环有着重要影响,利用放射性核素示踪海洋真光层颗粒动力学过程成为近年来海洋科学的前沿课题。 介绍了该领域     

海洋微塑料源汇搬运过程的研究进展

海洋微塑料是全球性的环境问题和挑战,受到了国际社会的广泛关注。然而,现阶段研究主要集中在调查海洋表层微塑料丰度及生态效应,对深海环境中微塑料的分布和沉积搬运过程认识不足。通过总结近10年海洋微塑料的相关研究,综述了海洋微塑料来源、分布以及从源到汇的搬运过程。实地调查表明,海洋表层和水柱都是海洋微塑料的重要聚集区,而深海表层沉积物却是海洋微塑料最终沉积聚集的汇。海洋微塑料搬运到深海沉积汇的过程包括2种方式:垂向沉降和侧向搬运。实验室模拟表明,海洋中微塑料颗粒沉降速率为300～1 000 m/d,沉降过程除了受控于颗粒密度等物理学性质外,还受海洋动力过程、生物作用和海洋雪聚集等因素的影响。沉积在海底的微塑料则可以随再悬浮沉积物向深海侧向运移,该过程与内波、深海浊流或气候事件等因素有关。但是,微塑料向深海搬运的速率和数量等问题远未解决,不利于全面理解海洋微塑料从源到汇的搬运和沉积过程。因此,建议利用分层沉积物捕集器原位观测微塑料的沉降通量,以便开展深海微塑料源汇搬运过程研究。     

科学与技术并进——近20年来海底峡谷浊流观测的成就和挑战

自1993年至今,美国地质调查局的科学家及其合作伙伴在美国西海岸的Monterey海底峡谷进行了针对现代浊流过程的一系列基础性研究,并成功地在世界上首次实地测量到高精度浊流流速及粒度参数.近20年来的数据和知识积累为解释海底峡谷内沉积物和其他颗粒物质输运的机理,以及浊流在维持深海峡谷中生机勃勃的生态系统所起的重要作用提供了直接依据.通过展示把海底观测应用于海洋沉积动力学研究过程中的成果、经验、教训,以及介绍目前还在讨论中的研究计划,以期达到以下宏观论点:在海洋科学里,只有科学与技术不脱节的科研团队才有希望获得成果和突破.     

中国近海生态系统动力学研究进展

全球海洋生态系统动力学是全球变化和海洋可持续科学研究领域的重要内容,当今海洋科学最为活跃的国际前沿研究领域之一。以国家重点基础研究发展计划（973计划）项目“东、黄海生态系统动力学与生物资源可持续利用(1999—2004)”的研究成果为主,介绍中国近海生态系统动力学研究进展及其发展趋势。     

纳米物质测量的液态捕集剂研究

利用等离子体质谱技术,对已知矿区井下进行了纯水和不同浓度的盐酸、硝酸和王水等液态捕集剂的捕集吸附性能试验研究,获得了不同液态捕集剂中元素含量随浓度变化的规律.在已知隐伏矿区,选用3%硝酸、3%王水为捕集剂的纳米物质测量试验获得良好效果.     

放射性同位素^32Si及其研究进展

放射性同位素＾３２Ｓｉ的半衰期介于常用的环境同位素＾３Ｈ和＾１４Ｃ之间，能测定５０￣１０００ａ之间水的年龄，是一个其它同位素所不能替代的测年工具，本文介绍了＾３２Ｓｉ的起源、在水圈各部分的分布规律，影响因素、测试方法及其在海洋学、冰川学和水文地质学方面的应用研究。     

我国马尾藻金潮生态动力学研究进展

马尾藻金潮作为一种新兴的海洋生态灾害在国内外频发,我国近些年近海防灾减灾形势愈发严峻.简介了马尾藻的主要危害;对国内外马尾藻金潮的溯源研究、基础生物和生态学研究、监测预警研究现状进行了梳理,对金潮生态动力学研究的发展现状与独特优势进行了讨论,认为未来我国金潮生态动力学会立足于多学科多手段融合,开展突出关键物理、化学和生物过程及其耦合作用的系统性研究,开展金潮与其他海洋生态灾害如绿潮、赤潮等联合暴发的驱动机制及其关联性研究,在研究思路上要注重基于海洋环境监测与海洋立体观测的早期预警、基于分子生物学和生态学手段的快速鉴种溯源、基于统计模型的生物量初级生产力评估以及基于数值模型的漂移轨迹与生消关键过程的趋势预测与风险评估相结合,为开发具备业务化预报能力的金潮生态动力学数值预警报系统不断努力,以便进一步提升我国大型海藻生态灾害的预警报技术和防灾减灾能力.     

高速远程滑坡颗粒流研究进展

颗粒流是高速远程滑坡物质演化过程的一个重要阶段,也是从细观角度揭示其超常运动特性的重要手段.颗粒流所采用的主要研究方法以及取得的重要理论成果,可以为高速远程滑坡动力学机理的研究提供重要的技术手段和理论支持.本文聚焦颗粒流研究进展,从颗粒流基本概念、流态特征及流变本构模型、颗粒流粒径分选机制等方面进行了系统梳理;进而,从理论、实验及数值计算模型3个方面对高速远程滑坡研究中颗粒流理论及方法的应用进行了系统性述评;在此基础上,提出了从颗粒流角度研究高速远程滑坡动力学机理涉及的关键科学问题:高速远程滑坡高流动性的起源涉及哪些物理过程？如何量化和模拟其多分散性和破碎过程？如何量化描述颗粒尺寸分布的时空演变及其与流动的耦合？如何从其沉积特征中探究流动的传播机制？针对这些问题,从基于沉积学特征的颗粒流物理力学过程、考虑尺度效应的颗粒流动力学特性研究、基于颗粒流力学过程的滑坡运动机理及其本构模型、新技术新方法的应用4个方面提出下一步应重点开展的研究工作.      

钾长石、斜长石及石英单矿物的快速分离方法

根据矿物表面物理化学性质的不同,用氢氟酸作活化剂,混合胺作捕集剂,利用粒浮法分离出长石（钾长石和斜长石）及石英后,使用密度为２．５９ｇ／ｃｍ＾３的重液进一步分离出钾长石及斜长石。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中挥发酚的方法研究

文章研究了吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中挥发酚的方法,分析了吹扫捕集各参数对挥发酚测定的影响,优化了吹扫捕集条件和气相色谱-质谱条件。通过与索氏提取技术对比,证明吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法在实际样品检测中具有操作简便、分析周期短、试剂用量少、干扰小等优点,适用于测定沸点较低、溶解度较小的挥发酚,推荐选择经典的索氏提取技术测定沸点较高、溶解度较大的挥发酚。     

Natural radionuclides in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal: Distribution and evaluation of particle scavenging processes

Vertical and temporal variations in the activities of²³⁴Th,²¹⁰Po and²¹⁰Pb have been measured, in both dissolved and paniculate phases, at several stations in the eastern Arabian Sea and north-central Bay of Bengal. A comparative study allows us to make inferences about the particle associated scavenging processes in these two seas having distinct biogeochemical properties. A common feature of the²³⁴Th profiles, in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, is that the dissolved as well as total (dissolved + particulate) activity of²³⁴Th is deficient in the surface 200 m with respect to its parent,²³⁸U. This gross deficiency is attributed to the preferential removal of²³⁴Th by adsorption onto settling particles which account for its net loss from the surface waters. The scavenging rates of dissolved²³⁴Th are comparable in these two basins. The temporal variations in the²³⁴Th-²³⁸U disequilibrium are significantly pronounced both in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal indicating that the scavenging rates are more influenced by the increased abundance of particles rather than their chemical make-up. In the mixed layer (0–50 m), the scavenging residence time of²³⁴Th ranges from 30 to 100 days. The surface and deep waters of both the seas show an enhanced deficiency of dissolved²¹⁰Po relative to²¹⁰Pb and that of²¹⁰Pb relative to²²⁶Ra. The deficiencies of both²¹⁰Po and²¹⁰Pb in the dissolved phases are not balanced by their abundance in the particulate form indicating a net loss of both these nuclides from the water column. The scavenging rates of²¹⁰Po and²¹⁰Pb are significantly enhanced in the Bay of Bengal compared to those in the Arabian Sea. The mean dissolved²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb and²¹⁰Pb/²²⁶Ra activity ratios in deep waters of the Bay of Bengal are ∼ 0.7 and 0.1, respectively, representing some of the most pronounced disequilibria observed to date in the deep sea. The Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea appear to be the regions of most intense particle moderated scavenging processes in the world oceans. This is evidenced by the gross disequilibria exhibited by the three isotope pairs used in this study.     

确定砂岩型铀矿矿化地段的铀、钍同位素证据

根据铀、钍同位素地球化学基本原理,对新疆伊梨盆地５１２矿床含矿砂岩的Ｕ、Ｔｈ含量及其＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ、＾２３０Ｔｈ／＾２３２Ｔｈ进行了测试,并在此基础上对含矿砂岩的氧化带、还原带和氧化还原过渡带特征进行了研究。研究表明,与氧化带、还原带相比,氧化－还原过渡带具有较高Ｕ含量和＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ比值,较低Ｔｈ／Ｕ比值;矿石样品中的＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ、＾２３０Ｔｈ／＾２３８Ｕ比值位于过渡带     

高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铀矿石样品中234U/238U、230Th/232Th和228Ra/226Ra同位素比值 

采用氢氟酸-硝酸-盐酸混合酸密闭消解含铀矿石样品,用阴离子交换树脂、阳离子交换树脂和锶特效树脂逐级分离富集铀、钍和镭。使用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱(HR-ICPMS)测定分离纯化液中234U/238U2、30Th/232Th和228Ra/226Ra同位素。比值的测量精密度取决于比值的大小和对应核素浓度的大小。对质量浓度为10 ng/mL天然铀测量液,234U/238U的测量精密度优于1.2%;对230Th质量浓度为0.6ng/mL且230Th和232Th质量浓度接近的测量液,230Th/232Th的测量精密度为1.2%;对228Ra质量浓度为0.48 pg/mL且228Ra和226Ra质量浓度接近的测量液,228Ra/226Ra的测量精密度为4.0%。     

TIMS测定铀矿石样品中^234U/^238U、^230Th/^232Th、^228Ra/^226Ra的方法研究

研究了TIMS测定铀矿石样品中234U/238U、230Th/232Th、228Ra/226Ra的方法。建立了铀矿石密闭混酸一次溶样的方法和采用阴离子、阳离子和Sr特效树脂逐级离子交换分离纯化U、Th和Ra的流程,满足了TIMS测量要求。测定结果表明：100～1000 ng的天然铀中234U/238U,其测量精密度从静态多接收的2.34%提高到动态多接收的0.47%;对230Th与232Th丰度接近、质量为1μg左右的钍,采用三带点样技术和法拉第多接收技术测定230Th/232Th,其内精度平均值为0.0048%,外精度为0.028%;采用单带加钽发射剂,ETP跳峰测定50～100 fg镭-228稀释剂中的228Ra/226Ra,其内精度小于0.10%,外精度小于0.20%。比较TIMS和HR-ICP-MS、α能谱法测定234U/238U、230Th/232Th、228Ra/226Ra结果,三者结果相吻合。TIMS测量法样品用量少、快速、准确、精密度高,是U、Th、Ra同位素比值测定方法的又一补充。     

U-238 series radioactive disequilibrium in groundwaters: implications to the origin of excess U-234 and fate of reactive pollutants

The concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³⁴Th, ²²⁶Ra, ²²²Rn and ²¹⁰Pb and ${}^{234}\text{U}{}^{238}\text{U}$ activity ratios have been measured in several groundwater samples from Gujarat, India. In the aqueous phase the abundances of ²³⁴Th and ²¹⁰Pb are grossly deficient relative to their parents, ²³⁸U and ²²²Rn respectively. The deficiency is ascribable to the impact adsorption of ²³⁴Th and ²¹⁰Pb atoms onto particle surfaces which are very abundant in the groundwater regimes. The scavenging residence times for both these nuclides is about a day, suggesting that irreversible removal of ‘reactive’ metals and pollutants in groundwaters can occur on very short time scales. The fast removal of ²³⁴Th onto particles necessitates that in these groundwaters ²³⁴U ‘excess’ has to originate through leaching of soil grains rather than through in situ decay of dissolved ²³⁴Th in the water.     

Using short-lived nuclides of the U- and Th-series to probe the kinetics of colloid migration in forested soils

The recent chemical dynamics of a podzolic forest soil section (from the Strengbach watershed, France) was investigated using U- and Th-series nuclides. Analyses of (²³⁸U), (²³⁰Th), (²²⁶Ra), (²³²Th), (²²⁸Ra) and (²²⁸Th) activities in the soil particles, the seepage waters, and the mature leaves of the beech trees growing on this soil were performed by TIMS or gamma spectrometry. The simultaneous analysis of the different soil (sl) compartments allows to demonstrate that a preferential Th leaching over Ra must be assumed to explain the (²²⁶Ra/²³⁰Th), (²²⁸Ra/²³²Th) and (²²⁸Th/²²⁸Ra) disequilibria recorded in the soil particles. The overall Ra- and Th- transfer schemes are entirely consistent with the prevailing acido-complexolysis weathering mechanism in podzols. Using a continuous open-system leaching model, the (²²⁶Ra/²³⁰Th) and (²²⁸Ra/²³²Th) disequilibria measured in the different soil layers enable dating of the contemporary processes occurring in this soil. In this way, we have determined that a preferential Th-leaching from the shallow Ah horizon, due to a strong complexation with organic colloids, began fairly recently (18 years ago at most). The continual increase in pH recorded in precipitations over the last 20 years is assumed to be the cause of this enhanced organic complexation. A lower soil horizon (50-60 cm) is also affected by preferential Th leaching, though lasting over several centuries at least, with a much smaller leaching rate. The migration of Th isotopes through this soil section might hence be used as a tracer for the organic colloids migration and the induced radioactive disequilibria demonstrate to be useful for assessing the colloidal migration kinetics in a forested soil.Ra and Th isotopic ratios also appear to be valuable tracers of some mineral-water-plant interactions occurring in soil. The (²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra) ratio enables discrimination of the Ra flux originating from leaf degradation from that originating from mineral weathering in shallow −10 cm seepage soil waters. It appears that, at least in some cases, the Ra-isotopic ratio measured in forest-soil seepage waters may not be representative of the Ra-isotopic ratio released from mineral weathering, indicating that the different origins of the dissolved ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra must be taken into account.     

水－岩反应的铀系不平衡判别

天然体系中水－岩反应的铀系不平衡判别,是基于水－岩反应使岩石中天然铀衰变系子体核素＾２３４Ｕ,＾２２６Ｒｂ和六价铀的选择性溶失,造成原始放射性平衡遭到不同程度破坏,因而可利用现今测得的岩石中３组核素放射性活度比值Ａ（＾２３４Ｕ）／Ａ（＾２３８Ｕ）,Ａ（＾２３０Ｔｈ）／Ａ（＾２３４Ｕ）和Ａ（＾２２６Ｒａ）／Ａ（＾２３０Ｔｈ）反演判别该岩石曾经历了近代水－岩反应的大致强度和出现,持续时间,这是近十余年     

Mixing and cycling of uranium,thorium and 210Pb in Puget Sound sediments

Activity profiles of excess ²³⁴Th, excess ²¹⁰Pb, ²³²Th, ²³⁰Th, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U, and ^228/232Th ratios determined in eight box cores of sediment from six sites in central Puget Sound provide new insights into the dynamic nature of solid phase mixing in surface sediments, the exchange of ²²⁸Ra and other soluble species across the sediment-water interface, and the cycling of U, Th and ²¹⁰Pb in this coastal zone.Comparison of excess ²³⁴Th inventories in sediments with its production rate in the overlying water column indicates a mean residence time of at most 14 days for particles in the central Puget Sound water column.Surface sediment horizons with excess ²³⁴Th have no excess ²²⁸Th which might be used to ascertain sediment accumulation rates over the past decade. Instead, deficiencies of ²²⁸Th due to loss of soluble ²²⁸Ra from pore water to the overlying water persist to 20–30 cm, revealing that exchange of soluble chemicals between pore and overlying waters reaches these depths in the extensively bioturbated sediments of Puget Sound.Solid phase U isotope concentrations tend to increase by up to a factor of two with depth in sediments, as a result of dissolved U being biologically pumped down into sediments where it is partially removed when conditions become mildly reducing. ²³²Th and ²³⁰Th activities and ^230/232Th ratios are constant with depth in sediments, indicating constant detrital phase compositions and essentially no authigenic ²³⁰Th. Steady state ²¹⁰Pb depositional activities in and fluxes to Puget Sound sediments average only about onehalf those for sediments of the open Washington coast north of the Columbia River mouth, primarily because of a much lower supply of dissolved ²¹⁰Pb in sea waters adverting into Puget Sound.Excess ²³⁴Th profiles in sediments reveal much more detail about the depth dependency, dynamic nature and recent history of solid phase mixing processes than excess ²¹⁰Pb profiles. At least six of eight ²³⁴Th profiles show that mixing within the ²¹⁰Pb-defined surface mixed layer is depth dependent. In three profiles, ²³⁴Th-derived mixing rates are fastest several centimeters below the sediment-water interface, indicating greater macro-benthic activity at these depths. Depth dependent mixing coefficients derived from the best fit of a four layer, advection-diffusion-decay model to the ²³⁴Th data are consistent with ²¹⁰Pb profiles determined for the same sediments, strongly suggesting that ²³⁴Th and ²¹⁰Pb are mixed equivalently and in a multilayered manner.     

Transport of radionuclides in an unconfined chalk aquifer inferred from U-series disequilibria

U-series disequilibria measured in waters and rocks from a chalk aquifer in France have been used as an analog for long-term radionuclide migration. Drill core samples from a range of depths in the vadose zone and in the saturated zone, as well as groundwater samples were analyzed for ²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, ²³²Th and ²³⁰Th to determine transport mechanisms at the water/rock interface and to quantify parameters controlling the migration of radionuclides. Isotope measurements in rocks were done by TIMS, whereas (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) and (²³⁰Th/²³²Th) activity ratios in water samples were measured by multi-collector-ICP-MS. Both depletion and enrichment in ²³⁴U relative to ²³⁸U were observed in carbonate rock samples resulting from chemical weathering in the unsaturated zone and calcite precipitation in the zone of water-table oscillation, respectively. The correlation between (²³⁰Th/²³²Th) activity ratios and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios found in the chalk samples indicates that thorium is mainly contained in a minor silicate phase whose abundance is variable in chalk samples. Water samples are all characterized by (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) > 1 resulting from α-recoil effect of ²³⁴Th. Groundwaters are characterized by a more radiogenic signature in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr than the rocks. Moreover, (²³⁰Th/²³²Th) activity ratios in the waters are lower than in the rocks, and increase with distance from the water divide, which suggests that Th transport is controlled by colloids formed during water infiltration in the soil. A 1-D transport model has been developed in order to constrain the U-series nuclide transport considering a transient behavior of radionuclides in the aquifer and a time-dependent composition for the solid phase. This model permits a prediction of the time scale of equilibration of the system, and an estimation of parameters such as weathering rate, distribution coefficients and α-recoil fractions. Retardation factors of 10-35 and from 1 × 10⁴ to 2 × 10⁵ were predicted for U and Th, respectively, and can be used to predict the migration of radionuclides released as contaminants in the environment. At the scale of our watershed (∼32 km²), a characteristic migration time from recharge to riverine discharge of 200-600 yr for U and 0.2-3.7 Myr for Th was obtained.     

Distribution of natural uranium,thorium, lead,and polonium radionuclides in tidal phases of a Delaware salt marsh

Natural radionuclides in the uranium and thorium series were measured in solid tidal phases (suspended particles, bottom sediment, surface microlayer colloids) of a salt marsh in lower Delaware. The purpose was to identify potential processes responsible for trace element cycling (sources, redistribution and exchange) in salt water marshes and with their coastal waters. Generally, concentrations of U, Th,²¹⁰Pb, and²¹⁰Po on the tidal solid phases suggest a general mechanism by which tidal marshes appear to be trapping the nuclides into their interiors. The processes may include transport of enriched fine particles into the marsh, capture by salt marsh grass and chemical fixation by redox processes at the sediment surface. Specifically, the uranium contents of most of the samples are similar with activity ratios²³⁴U²³⁸U≧1, indicating a mixture of detrital and nondetrital (authigenic) uranium inputs such as seawater or ground water. Since the²³⁰Th daughter is generally deficient by about 50%, the authigenic enrichment process appears to favor uranium and is potentially linked to the extensive diagenetic sulfur redox cycle of salt marsh sediments. The²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb activity ratio is less than one on Spartina adsorbed solids, and could suggest a general process in salt marshes which favors²¹⁰Pb enrichment by atmospheric fallout over enrichment of²¹⁰Po on time scales of weeks which correspond to complete tide marsh exchange. A²²⁸Th/²³²Th activity ratio of less than unity on the solids adsorbed onto marsh grass suggests a net process whereby diffusive loss of the intermediate daughter²²⁸Ra from the adsorbed solids to tidal waters dominates over potential²²⁸Th scavenging by suspended sediment.