斜压/斜张带中变形的简单图解方法

为了确定边界斜向聚合或离散的构造带中无限小应变椭球的主轴方位,本文提出了一种简单的作图方法。这种作图方法也可用来确定斜压/斜张的无限小应变和有限应变椭球的形状及主轴相对大小。本文的分析使挤压、平移和引张这些不严格的使用术语有更加严谨的涵义。最后,用简短的例子说明这种简便的作图和图解方法的应用。     

西南三江造山带火山岩—构造组合及其意义

岩石构造组合是指表示板块边界或特定的板块内部环境特征的岩石结合。中国西南“三江”造山带的火山岩可划分为五种火山岩－构造组合：洋脊型／准洋脊型组合，岛弧及陆缘弧组合，碰撞型组合，碰撞后组合及陆内拉张型组合。阐述了各种火山岩－构造组合的特点及构造含义。对在造山带火山岩岩石－构造组合分析中经常遇到的一些问题，如“构造岩片”研究方法、地球化学判别图解的使用条件、准洋脊型火山型组合的构造含义、蛇绿岩带－火山弧的成对性、岩浆作用的同步性和滞后性、以及火山岩的深部“探针”作用等问题进行了讨论。     

滇西北金沙红结合带霞若—托顶地区两类中—基性火山岩的多元地球化学示踪

应用常量元素、微量元素对火山岩进行构造环境、成因及岩源示踪时，首先必须在宏观区域地质、地球化学调查基础上，结合当时所形成的各类地质体岩石类型组合来恢复，它是宏观构造环境判别的基础；其次，由于构造环境时空复杂性，需采用“两结合”的研究方法，一是多元地球化学信息示踪，二是不同岩类的时空配套；第三，在选择判别图解时，弄清前人图解的应用前提、适用范围和条件，切忌乱套瞎投，在此思想指导下，侧重对滇西北金沙江结合带霞若－拖顶地区两类中－基性火山岩进行了多元地球化学示踪，获得了较好的效果：（1）金沙江蛇绿混杂岩带东侧的基性火山岩产于大陆裂谷环境，而西侧中－基性火山岩具岛弧火山岩特征；（2）两者火山溶浆均源自富集地幔，东侧来自均一的富集地幔，而西侧富集地幔具不均一性；（3）在此基础上讨论了它们形成的演化特征。     

岩石有限应变测量的莫尔圆图解网法

通常进行的应变测量需经过繁杂的数学计算或莫尔圆作图才能获得应变结果。本文介绍了笔者新设计的莫尔圆图解网及其使用方法。它可以快速准确地作出莫尔圆,进而求得应变结果,也可用于求解应力莫尔圆问题。     

多层电测深曲线的定量解释方法

本文主要介绍了用于多层电测深曲线解释的切线法(图解作图法)和曲线拟合法。对图解切线法的应用条件、简单原理和操作步骤作了简单介绍。较详细介绍了实测曲线和理论曲线的拟合法。对于水平均匀的多层介质条件,目前计算电测深曲线多采用数字滤波法,在解反演问题时将实测曲线和理论曲线进行拟合。本文给出了应用实例。作者认为曲线拟合法可提高计算精度。在今后应是主要的方法之一。     

构造岩浆地球化学辨别图解中高强场元素亏损的成因及辨别图解的局限性讨论

该文对Ｐｅａｒｃｅ的构造－岩浆地球化学辨别图解，尤其是两维的蛛网图进行了分析，对高强场元素亏损原因和辨别图解的多解性进行了讨论，指出在应用这种图解时应注意的问题。     

鄂尔多斯盆地伊利石K-Ar等时线图解与年龄

根据伊利石４０Ｋ－４０Ａｒ和４０Ｋ／３６Ａｒ－４０Ａｒ／３６Ａｒ等时线图解与年龄验证了利用常规Ｋ－Ａｒ测年法所确定的鄂尔多斯盆地的两期成岩作用时代。分析结果表明，伊利石Ｋ－Ａｒ时钟是一个封闭体系，故能够用来确定沉积岩的成岩作用时代；常规Ｋ－Ａｒ年龄所揭示的侏罗纪（１７０～１６０Ｍａ）和志留—泥盆纪（４２０～３７０Ｍａ）成岩作用时代是可靠的；Ｋ－Ａｒ等时线图解与年龄是检验常规Ｋ－Ａｒ测年法的有效的补充性测年手段     

弯曲结构面几何条件的图解方法及其应用

分析岩体和山体稳定性的主要问题也就是确定结构面及临空面之间的相对位置关系及组合方式。坐标投影作图法是一种以正投影为基础,以分析岩石工程中结构面的几何关系及由其切割出来的块体的稳定性为目的的图解方法。对于弯曲结构面,采用“以直代曲”的原理,将其简化为有限个小平面的集合体进行分析。以蛇蟠岛国际旅游度假村清风洞室群1号洞为例,采用坐标投影作图法对弯曲结构面进行分析,来解决弯曲结构面几何条件的描述和确定问题。     

Rn－Hg气体地球化学测量在拉尔玛金矿找矿中的应用

通过对拉尔玛金矿区矿物－矿石－岩石中气汞热释谱曲线的对比及矿区岩石－土壤－壤中气综合“Ｖ”型异常的分析研究，认为在拉尔玛炭硅泥岩含铀建造型金矿普查中，土壤Ｒｎ－Ｈｇ气体异常具有强度高、规模大、迁移距离小、指示作用强的特点，是该类型金矿普查我矿中较好的方法之一。此外，矿体各部位矿石中气汞热释谱曲线的变化规律还可用于深部我矿预测及矿体剥蚀程度评价。     

铅－1－苯基－3－甲基－4－苯甲酰基－吡唑啉酮－5络合物吸附波研究

在ｐＨ４．０的ＨＡｃ－ＮａＡｃ介质中，Ｐｂ（Ⅱ）与１－苯基－３－基－４－苯甲酰基－吡啉酮－５（ＰＭＢＮ）生成络合物，于一０．５６Ｖ（ｖｓ．ＳＣＥ）处出现一尖锐、灵敏的极谱峰。Ｐｂ浓度在４．８３×ｌ０￣－９～１．６９×１０￣－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ与峰高呈线性关系。用多种电化学方法研究了极谱波的性质及反应机理，证明－０．５６Ｖ处的极谱波为络合物吸附波，峰电流由中心离子Ｐｂ（Ⅲ）还原产生。用直线法测得络合物组成比为ｌ：ｌ。试验了３０多种离子对峰电流的影响。方法已用于矿石中痕量ｐｂ的测定。     

二元系相图中的数学方法

本文介绍绘制二元系各类相图的数学方法。它是把确定相图中分溶曲线的问题,转化为通过确定平面动力系统来确定初值的一条轨线的问题。这样,可以用计算机来绘制二元系的相图。同时也为从相图来研究二端元的活度和活度系数提供了一个新的途径。     

A proposed new diagram for geochemical classification of natural waters and interpretation of chemical data

 A new hydrochemical diagram is proposed for classification of natural waters and identification of hydrochemical processes. The proposed diagram differs from the Piper and expanded Durov diagrams in that the two equilateral triangles are omitted, and the shape of the main study field is different. In addition, the proposed diagram can be constructed on most spreadsheet software packages. The proposed diagram is constructed by plotting the difference in milliequivalent percentage between alkaline earths and alkali metals, expressed as percentage reacting values, on the X axis; and the difference in milliequivalent percentage between weak acidic anions and strong acidic anions, also expressed as percentage reacting values, on the Y axis. The milliequivalent percentage differences from the X and Y co-ordinates are extended further into the main study sub-fields of the proposed diagram, which defines the overall character of water. Examples of hydrochemical analyses of groundwater are given from Karnataka, India, for each of the three types of diagrams, illustrating the applicability of the proposed diagram in four case histories having different hydrogeochemical aspects. A comparison indicates that the proposed new diagram satisfies the basic requirement for a suitable classification of natural waters, and it also can be effectively used for studies of hydrochemical processes. Received, April 1998 / Revised, February 1999 / Accepted, April 1999     

内蒙古东南部含锡花岗岩体成矿性研究

内蒙古东南部花岗岩类岩体分为壳源酸性岩类和幔源中基性岩类.有已知43个花岗岩类岩体都存在一定的锡矿化.对分布于含锡花岗岩类岩体外围的28个可能含锡岩体进行科勒-拉兹图解、SiO2-Al2O3+Na2O+K2O-CaO+MgO+FeO图解、Fe-Na+K-Mg图解和K-Na-Ca图解判别后发现,壳源酸性花岗岩类完全可以用四图解进行含锡性判别,并且完全符合实际地质特征,大部分都有希望找到伴生壳源型锡矿床;而幔源中基性花岗岩类的含锡性却不适用上述四个图解进行判别.这一结论对该区壳源花岗岩体的含锡性判定具有重要意义.     

MATPLOT:一款基于MATLAB的地球化学数据分析成图软件

地球化学数据统计分析图解是目前岩石地球化学研究工作中常用的手段。目前常用的软件或多或少都存在一些不足之处。本文提出的MATPLOT是一款应用MATLAB编写而成的地球化学数据成图软件,可以在Windows/Mac OS/Linux多种操作系统平台中运行。与现有常用软件相比,该软件更具优势:可以更方便地实现较大地球化学数据量的导入,无需对数据进行繁琐的格式整理;更便捷地对数据进行二元散点图、三角图、标准化折线图、柱状图、概率密度图和同位素演化图等6种常用图解类型的成图,以及对数据图的展示内容和效果进行各种调整。此外,MATPLOT还可以对数据进行多种平均值计算(普通平均值、图基双权加权平均值和误差相关加权平均值)和相关性分析。     

Significance of CM diagrams of sediments deposited by suspensions

CM grain-size diagrams of clastic deposits were introduced in 1957. Since that time a large number of diagrams representing most environments were constructed. Discussions of parameters C and M by the writer and by others showed that these parameters are indicators of hydraulic conditions under which sediments were deposited. In a 1975 paper Vandenberghe discussed the CM diagram of the Boom Clay, Belgium, and excluded that CM diagrams gave indications on the mechanism of sediment deposition. In order to answer Vandenberghe's assertions, the writer systematically compared the numerous CM diagrams representing suspension deposits with the characteristics of the environments. Result of this comparison is that CM diagrams give coherent indications on deposition which agree with the known environment characteristics. The Boom Clay diagram is no exception. Another result of the present study is that, in environments as a whole, two types of currents can be recognized, distinguished by the relation between bottom turbulence and grain-size of sediment in suspension. Deposits of these two current types and distribution of bottom turbulence are indicated by CM diagrams. Characteristics of these currents vary with the environment and help the reconstruction of ancient environments. Information given by CM diagrams has limits and should be integrated with other evidence on the environment. However, contrarily to the information given by ecology or sedimentary structures, the evidence provided by grain-size has the advantage of being universal, as it can be obtained in all clastic deposits. This evidence therefore is a means for comparing and classifying clastic deposits as a whole.     

The validity of pearce element ratio analysis in petrology: an example from the Uwekahuna laccolith,Hawaii

Chemical variation diagrams formed from ratios with a common denominator exhibit induced correlations which can obscure the effects of true compositional variations. Nevertheless, important conclusions have been obtained using Pearce element ratio (and isochron) diagrams, even though these diagrams are formed from axes ratios with a common denominator. In this paper, we consider two approaches to mitigate the effects of induced correlation, and in doing so, demonstrate the validity of geochemical analysis using diagrams formed from ratios with a common denominator. First, we propagate analytical error onto Pearce element ratio diagrams to distinguish chemical variations associated with analytical error from chemical variations related to geological processes. Second, we consider an alternative diagram formed from ratios with different denominators which does not exhibit any induced correlation. We demonstrate both theoretically and by example that results produced using this diagram are identical to those using diagrams with a common denominator. These two lines of evidence confirm that Pearce element ratio (and isochron) diagrams are useful and valid tools in the analysis of geochemical variations.     

Understanding Perturbation on the Simplex: A Simple Method to Better Visualize and Interpret Compositional Data in Ternary Diagrams

Perturbation is an operation defined on the simplex and can be used for centering compositional data in a ternary diagram, applying objective criteria. Because a straight line in the original diagram is still astraight line in the perturbed diagram, gridlines or compositional fields defined by straight lines can easily be included in the operation. Simultaneous perturbation of data, gridlines, and/or compositional fields is shown to improve both visualization and graphical interpretation of compositions in ternary diagrams. This is illustrated by some examples using simulated as well as real data.     

基于大数据的元素协变图自动绘制软件的设计与实现

元素协变图作为研究地球化学元素之间相关关系的重要方法之一,直观的显示出元素在岩浆演化过程中的变化趋势.但现有元素协变图在处理和分析地球化学大数据时,无法体现不同演化阶段元素地球化学行为的差异性,难以揭示大数据背景下地球化学元素之间的相关关系,限制了地球化学大数据的进一步分析和应用.为适应面向岩石地球化学大数据的元素协变...     

关于岩石微量元素构造环境判别图解使用的有关问题

针对目前应用愈来愈广泛的不同岩石,特别是岩浆岩的微量元素构造环境判别图解使用过程中存在的问题,从这些判别图解建立的原理,介绍了微量元素构造环境判别图解的使用原则。强调指出所采集的样品必须新鲜(无蚀变或极弱蚀变)、非堆晶的岩石;选择的判别图解必须与判别的岩石类型相一致,即对花岗岩类要用花岗岩的判别图解,不能用玄武岩的判别图解;对特殊类型岩石要选择专门用于该类型岩石的判别图解,如碱性花岗岩,钾质火成岩;要应用多种图解综合判断;不能用单个样品,而应作多个样品分析;要注意所选择判别图解的特别说明等。此外,一些构造环境判别图解还能给出岩石的成岩过程和源区。     

Calculating phase diagrams involving solid solutions via non-linear equations, with examples using THERMOCALC

Phase diagrams involving solid solutions are calculated by solving sets of non-linear equations. In calculating P–T  projections and compatibility diagrams, the equations used for each equilibrium are the equilibrium relationships for an independent set of reactions between the end-members of the phases in the equilibrium. Invariant points and univariant lines in P–T  projections can be calculated directly, as can coordinates in compatibility diagrams. In calculating P–T  and T–x / P–x pseudosections – diagrams drawn for particular bulk compositions – the equilibrium relationship equations are augmented by mass balance equations. Lines in pseudosections, where the mode of one phase in the lower variance equilibrium is zero, and points, where the modes of two phases are zero, can then be calculated directly. The software, THERMOCALC, allows the calculation of these and a range of other types of phase diagram. Examples of phase diagrams and phase diagram movies, with instructions for their production, along with the THERMOCALC input and output files, and the Mathematica^TM functions for assembling them, are presented in this paper, partly in hard copy and partly on the JMG web sites (http://www.gly.bris.ac.uk/www/jmg/jmg.html, or equivalent Australian or USA sites).