1:500万国际亚洲地质图空间数据库

1∶500万国际亚洲地质图（IGMA5000）是由世界地质图委员会（CGMW）的4个分会,亚欧20个国家的100余名地质学家合作完成的。它是第一幅全面反映亚洲大陆及相邻海域地质的IGMA5000;第一幅按CGMW和IUGS国际标准编制的IGMA5000;第一幅在ArcGIS平台上建有空间数据库并采用计算机辅助编图方法编制的IGMA5000。图幅西起阿尔卑斯,东到马里亚纳海沟,北起北冰洋,南到爪哇海沟,空间数据库的数据量达到2.14 GB。本文介绍了IGMA5000空间数据库的基本建设情况。IGMA5000的完成,为亚洲大地构造、成矿规律和资源环境研究建立了坚实的基础。     

1:500万国际亚洲地质图

1:500万国际亚洲地质图(IGMA5000)是由世界地质图委员会(CGMW)的4个分会、亚欧20个国家的100余名地质学家合作完成的。这是CGMW旗下,第一份IGMA5000;第一份以亚洲为主体,又包括邻区,既表示大陆地质,又表示海底地质的IGMA5000;第一份按国际标准,在ArcGIS平台上编制的数字化IGMA5000。图幅西起阿尔卑斯,东到马里亚纳海沟,北起北冰洋,南到爪哇海沟。从这张图上,不仅可以解读亚洲地质,而且可以研究亚洲与相邻大陆和海洋的地质构造关系。IGMA5000的完成,为亚洲大地构造、成矿规律和资源环境研究建立了一个坚实的基础。     

Geological map of land and seaareas of northern Europe

The Geological Survey of Norway, in cooperation with the Geological Surveys of 22 other countries and under the aegis of the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW), has compiled a geological map of northern Europe at the 1:4 million scale.For the first time the geology of both land and sea areas of this large region is displayed in a single document. The area covered extends     

世界磁异常图

第一版的世界磁异常图,此前称为世界数字化磁异常图(WDMAM),于2007年7月在第24届IUGG大会上正式公布。这幅图的编制工作是由国际地磁学与大气物理学协会(IAGA)和世界地质图委员会(CGMW)合作完成,得到联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)赞助,由UNESCO和CGMW出版。这幅图表示的地壳磁异常数据,是50多年来全世界积累的航空、海上和卫星磁测所获得的,汇合成5 km×5 km网格,换算到大地水准面上5 km。WDMAM的公布将进一步推动地壳和上地幔地质构造的研究,并且有助于资源的勘查。第二版WDMAM正在编制中。     

Loess in Europe—its spatial distribution based on a European Loess Map,scale 1:2,500,000

The paper focuses on the concept, mapping and discussion of loess distribution in Western, Central and Eastern Europe at a scale of 1:2,500,000. The research work is based on studies and data compilation primarily carried out in the 1970s and 1980s [Fink, J., Haase, G., Ruske, R., 1977. Bemerkungen zur Lößkarte von Europe 1:2,5 Mio. Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 2(77), 81–94; Fink, J., 1969 Les progres de l’ etude de loess en Europe. Bulletin de l’ Association française pour l’ etude du Quarternaire 3–12. Haase, G., Ruske, R., Fink, J., 1983. Conception, preparation and some results of the Loess Map of Europe on a scale 1:2,5 Million. INQUA Newsletter 1983(1), 7–10] and completed recently by additional material and literature references. Reference is also made to recent GIS-based data processing and visualisation techniques that were utilised for the final version of the European Loess Map.The paper provides an overview of the history of the conceptualisation of the map as well as on the loess study in Europe, and than considers the cartographic data on loess sediment formation and distribution in Europe. The classification of loess and loess-like sediments and their distribution throughout Europe as reproduced in the map are discussed [Haase, G., Lieberoth, I., Ruske, R., 1970. Sedimente und Paläoböden im Lössgürtel. In: Richter, H., Haase, G., Lieberoth, I., Ruske, R. (Eds.), Periglazial-Löß-Paläolithikum om JUngpleistozän der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik; Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 274, 99–212]. The paper illustrates the final state of the loess distribution map of Europe at a scale of 1:2,500,000 and the digital data references on which it is based. Some applications of the map are suggested.     

Geoscientific maps for planning in semi-arid regions: Valencia and Gran Canaria, Spain

Two case studies of the application of geoscientific maps for planning in semi-arid regions are presented, one for the Mediterranean province of Valencia and another for the island of Gran Canaria (Canaries). Both regions are very dynamic from the point of view of population growth and urban-touristic-industrial development, and they suffer from a serious degree of environmental degradation. The provincial/ island governments have undertaken programmes of geoscientific mapping and assessment to serve as a basis for the establishment of guidelines for future planning.

Two map sets have been made (1:200,000 in Valencia and 1:50,000 in Gran Canaria), based on initial maps of homogeneous integrated units. These represent a series of hierarchical land subdivisions, progressively smaller and more detailed (morphodynamic environments, systems, units, elements), defined on the basis of morphostructure, climate, lithology, surficial deposits, landforms, topography, active processes, soils, vegetation and human influence.

Each individual map unit is described by means of a form which includes 114 items, summarising its environmental features.

Morphodynamic units have been evaluated in terms of qualities significant for planning, and a series of derivative maps has been developed (geologic hazards, soil capability, present degree of erosion, potential erodibility, quality for conservation).

A final map shows the most advisable types of uses and the main limitations for human activities, mainly due to engineering geological factors. This is a synthesis document which can be used directly by planners.     

山东省莱芜市幅1:50 000水文地质图数据集

本数据集选取山东莱芜市幅1：50 000地形图空间数据库、莱芜市幅1：50 000地质图部分数据作为底图,采用本次水文地质调查取得的最新数据编制而成。除水文地质图外,数据集还包括机（民）井、泉、钻孔、水质分析及水量计算等数据表,主要分类及数据量为机（民）井209个、泉14个、水库13个、长期监测点13处（监测数据936点次）、地下水水位及水量统测100点次、环境地质点6个、样品采集（全分析、同位素及岩石）90组等。本数据集主要使用MapGIS 6.7平台辅助制图,数据量约169 MB,坐标系为CGCS 2000国家大地坐标系,投影方式为高斯-克吕格投影（6度带）。数据集不仅用二维方式标注了关键水文地质信息,还在主图及部分镶图引入三维地势表达方式。     

A computational procedure for joining separate map sheets

Map sheets have been often used as a basic spatial unit for managing spatial data produced from paper maps. This often results in incompatibility between adjacent map sheets, because spatial objects do not cross the boundaries smoothly and even the boundaries themselves do not match their neighbors exactly. To solve the problem this paper proposes a computational procedure for joining separate map sheets to obtain seamless spatial data. Line objects digitized separately in different map sheets are considered, which are frequently used to represent road networks, gas pipelines, and boundaries of polygon objects. The procedure consists of three steps: (1) extraction of end nodes, (2) detection of matching nodes, and (3) transformation of the map sheet. Each step goes interactively so that unexpected errors can be avoided by human observation. To test the validity of the procedure, map sheets are combined containing the road network data of Tokyo 23-ku area, Japan. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

1:5万比例尺区域地质调查系列成果图件修编方法探讨——以安徽省39幅区调成果图件修编为例

地质图是基础地质工作成果展示的核心载体,但不同时期完成的地质成果图件编制标准不统一,同时还存在相邻图幅接边等问题,难以及时更新升级,给使用者带来诸多不便。为此,安徽省采用了统一地层划分、图面表达及标注,对本省1:5万比例尺区域地质调查成果进行了数字化系统整理修编。提出了“尊重原著、遵循规范、不漏信息、表达统一、清晰易读、美观和谐”的修编原则,分析了修编过程中常见的问题,创建了“数字化→整理校验与问题处理→说明书更新”的修编流程,解决了地质图修编过程中缺少行业规范指导的难题。修编后的地质图得到了升级,集成了最新地质成果,消除了错漏,实现了规范统一且美观易读,提升了“地质云”基础地质数据共享平台的服务能力,满足了成果资料系统化管理、使用、共享的需求。     

Discussion on the revision method of 1:50 000 regional geological survey achievement maps: Take the revision of 39 regional geological survey maps of Anhui Province as an example

Geological map is the core carrier of the display of basic geological work. However, the compilation standards for geological maps in different periods are not uniform, and there are also problems of adjacent sheets junction. Thus it is necessary to update these maps, which otherwise will bring considerable inconvenience for users. In order to solve these problems, unified stratigraphic classification, expression and marks were adopted during the process of systematically revising the 1:50 000 regional geological survey maps in Anhui Province. The revision principles were put forward as ‘respecting the original work, following the norms, not leaking information, unitary expressing, reading clearly and easily, revising beautifully and harmoniously’. The common problems in the process of revision were analyzed, and the revision process was created as ‘digitization →verification and problem processing→explanatory notes update’, which solved the problems of lacking detailed process guidance during the geological map revision. The geological map has been upgraded after revision, and the latest geological achievements have been integrated without mistakes and omissions, which makes these maps unitary and easy reading. The revised maps improved the service capacity of the “geological cloud” basic geological data sharing platform, and meet the needs of systematical managing, using and sharing of results data.     

Mio–Pliocene to Pleistocene paleotopographic evolution of Brittany (France) from a sequence stratigraphic analysis: relative influence of tectonics and climate

The Mio–Pliocene in Western Europe is a period of major climatic and tectonic change with important topographic consequences. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct these topographic changes (based on sedimentological analysis and sequence stratigraphy) for the Armorican Massif (western France) and to discuss their significance. The Mio–Pliocene sands of the Armorican Massif (Red Sands) are mainly preserved in paleovalleys and are characterized by extensive fluvial sheetflood deposits with low-preservation and by-pass facies. This sedimentological study shows that the Red Sands correspond to three main sedimentary environments: fluvial (alluvial fan, low-sinuosity rivers and braided rivers), estuarine and some rare open marine deposits (marine bioclastic sands: “faluns” of French authors). Two orders of sequences have been correlated across Brittany with one or two minor A/S cycles comprised within the retrogradational trend of a major cycle. The unconformity at the base of the lower cycle is more marked than the unconformity observed at the top, which corresponds to a re-incision of the paleovalley network. A comparison of the results of the sequence stratigraphy analysis with eustatic variations and tectonic events during the Mio–Pliocene allows (1) to discuss their influence on the evolution of the Armorican Massif and (2) to compare the stratigraphic record with other west-European basins. The unconformity observed at the base of the first minor cycle may be attributed to Serravallian–Tortonian tectonic activity and/or eustatic fall, and the unconformity of the second minor cycle may be attributed to Late Tortonian–Early Messinian tectonic activity. The earlier unconformity is coeval with the development of a “smooth” paleovalley network compared to the jagged present-day relief. A single episode of Mio–Pliocene deformation recorded in Brittany may be dated as Zanclean, thus explaining the lack of the maximum flooding surface except in isolated areas. From this study, five paleogeographic maps were drawn up also indicating paleocurrent directions: three maps for the lower cycle (Tortonian retrogradational trend, Late Tortonian to Early Messinian maximum flooding surface and Messinian progradational trend) and two for the upper cycle (Pliocene retrogradational trend and Piacenzian maximum flooding surface). These maps show (1) the variations of paleocurrent directions during the Mio–Pliocene, (2) the extent of estuarine environments during the maximum flooding intervals and (3) a paleodrainage watershed oriented NNW–SSE following the regional Quessoy/Nort-sur-Erdre Fault during the retrogradational trend of the upper cycle and possibly during the progradational trend of the lower cycle. The present-day morphology of the Armorican Massif is characterized by (1) incised valleys and jagged topography, in contrast with the “smooth” morphology described for Mio–Pliocene times and (2) a main East–West drainage watershed, located to the north, separating rivers flowing towards the English Channel from rivers flowing towards the Atlantic Ocean. The Mio–Pliocene/Pleistocene paleotopographic changes seem to be controlled by climatic effects. These can be related to the change in runoff associated with warmer and wetter conditions during the Mio–Pliocene, which control the river discharge and lead to the development of extensive fluvial sheetflood deposits. Tectonic or eustatic factors exert a second-order control.     

A general geomorphological map of Romania on the scale of 1:25,000, Zlatna sheet

All of the General Geomorphological Map of Romania on the medium scale of 1:200,000, with 50 sheets was elaborated in the Institute of Geography during the 1976--1990 period. A new general geomorphological map, this time on a large scale -- 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 -- is being worked out since 1991. The legend of the last two maps lists 250 geomorphological elements, grouped by ten large categories: 1. geological substrate; 2.denudational relief; 3. fluviatile relief; 4. lacustrine and marine relief; 5. glacial and periglacial relief; 6. karst relief; 7. eolian relief; 8. volcanic relief; 9. structural relief and, 10. anthropic relief. The general geomorphological maps of Romania on large scale (1:25,000 and 1:50,000) are accompanied by two auxiliary maps, i.e. a map of relief units and a morphostructural map, as well as by three geomorphological cross-sections. These show, beside landforms and geological structure, also rock composition and inclination of the strata. As an illustration, there is Zlatna sheet, on the scale of 1:25,000, which covers an area situated in the south-eastern part of the Romanian Western Carpathians (Apuseni Mountains). The work expounds on the location, division of the relief, relief energy and landforms, rock structure and make-up, current modelling processes, terraces, minor channel-beds, distribution of volcanic funnels and anthropic relief.     

1:250万月球地质图符号库的设计与实现

为解决1:250万月球数字地质图在多单位协同编图过程中缺乏统一、规范的地质图符号、制图模板造成不同图件之间信息不统一的问题,通过ArcGIS平台,和其他矢量图形软件,参照我国第一幅1:250万月球地质图（虹湾幅）的符号,设计编制了一套月球地质图符号,其包含月球撞击坑物质、盆地建造、构造和岩石特性等地质信息.并建立了分类存储、可移植的符号库和统一的编图模板.该套标准化符号、符号库、编图模板有利于多单位共同规范的开展1:250万数字化月球地质图编图项目,提高编图效率,同时也为我国开展其他类地行星地质编图的国际合作,编制统一、规范化的地质图奠定基础.      

新编华南花岗岩分布图及其说明

展示了新编的<华南花岗岩分布图(1:250万)>,并作了简要说明.该图在前人相关图件的基础上,收集了近15年来华南花岗岩研究的新的主量元素和年代学资料修编而成.此外,该图反映了华南不同时代花岗岩的富铝程度.     

Maps of the natural environment''s potential in West Germany and Norway as an aid for mineral resources management and protection

Mattig, U., 1990. Maps of the natural environment's potential in West Germany and Norway as an aid for mineral resources management and protection. Eng. Geol., 29: 321–331.

The applied geosciences are of increasing importance for finding an answer to many current problems in spatial management and environmental protection.

Based on the problem of an intelligent use of the geopotential, the paper deals with the achievement and optimization of an appropriate concept for designing geoscientific maps of the natural environment's potential, relevant to areal planning, by comparing a densely populated country like Germany and a more sparsely populated country like Norway. The study carried out is following the example of a map for reserve areas for mineral resources/near surface raw materials—sand and gravel—which enables a comparison and an assessment of the translation of information, relevant to land-use planning, in both countries.

The appropriateness of the interpretation of geoscientific information is ensured by drafting a comprehensive, clearly arranged cartographic presentation, for which uniform and comparable methods, criteria and standards will be developed. The basic concepts of areal planning have to be simple, distinct, adaptable and capable of development. They should enable the geoscientist to contribute his complex and expert knowledge to decisions of regional planning and spatial management.     

多模态数据的地质图关联网络构建及知识服务

地质图件及其附属资源（如描述文本）作为地质知识的重要存储媒介,蕴含着大量的地学知识及专家经验知识及隐式知识。快速精准地对多模态地质数据进行知识规范化定义、形式化表达、语义化关联和精准化推理是目前地学知识抽取及挖掘的前沿。当前,海量的地学数据中图件及附属描述信息知识分布零散,图件中的信息无法有效地与描述信息进行关联并提供知识服务。本文以多模态地质数据为数据源,建立了多源数据驱动下的地质图知识表达模型,通过地质基础知识、规则知识及决策知识来表达图件中蕴含的显隐式地质知识,从语义、空间、属性三个维度表示地质对象间的关系;并基于领域知识针对地质图件及描述信息开展了地质实体及关系的精准抽取及存储研究,最后以江西省于都县银坑幅G50E011007图幅150000矿产地质调查矢量数据为例进行了验证与分析,实验结果验证了本文所提出的知识表达模型及知识抽取方法, 能够较好地解决地质知识建模中图文关联弱、知识挖掘不充分等问题。     

Simulation of the climate of 18,000 years BP: Results for the North American/North Atlantic/European sector and comparison with the geologic record of North America

The large ice sheets in North America and Europe and the extensive sea-ice cover in the North Atlantic at the time of the last glacial maximum must have greatly modified the surface temperature patterns and, in turn, the location and intensity of the surface winds and jet streams. A general circulation model was used to simulate the January and July patterns of temperature, precipitation, and wind for 18 ka BP. Boundary conditions for the model, consisting of ice-sheet location and height, sea-ice location, and sea-surface temperature were prescribed from CLIMAP (1981). The model results are illustrated and described for the North American/North Atlantic/European sector. The jet stream splits around the North American ice-sheet, and the southern branch strengthens considerably (compared to present) over the southern portion of the United States, the sea-ice margin of the North Atlantic, and the southern edge of the European ice-sheet. Geologic evidence, principally from North America, of wind, temperature and moisture conditions is assessed from sand dune and loess records, estimates of snowline depression, pollen records and lake-level studies. The geologic evidence is generally compatible with the model simulation.     

Landslide databases in the Geological Surveys of Europe

Landslides are one of the most widespread geohazards in Europe, producing significant social and economic impacts. Rapid population growth in urban areas throughout many countries in Europe and extreme climatic scenarios can considerably increase landslide risk in the near future. Variability exists between European countries in both the statutory treatment of landslide risk and the use of official assessment guidelines. This suggests that a European Landslides Directive that provides a common legal framework for dealing with landslides is necessary. With this long-term goal in mind, this work analyzes the landslide databases from the Geological Surveys of Europe focusing on their interoperability and completeness. The same landslide classification could be used for the 849,543 landslide records from the Geological Surveys, from which 36% are slides, 10% are falls, 20% are flows, 11% are complex slides, and 24% either remain unclassified or correspond to another typology. Most of them are mapped with the same symbol at a scale of 1:25,000 or greater, providing the necessary information to elaborate European-scale susceptibility maps for each landslide type. A landslide density map was produced for the available records from the Geological Surveys (LANDEN map) showing, for the first time, 210,544 km² landslide-prone areas and 23,681 administrative areas where the Geological Surveys from Europe have recorded landslides. The comparison of this map with the European landslide susceptibility map (ELSUS 1000 v1) is successful for most of the territory (69.7%) showing certain variability between countries. This comparison also permitted the identification of 0.98 Mkm² (28.9%) of landslide-susceptible areas without records from the Geological Surveys, which have been used to evaluate the landslide database completeness. The estimated completeness of the landslide databases (LDBs) from the Geological Surveys is 17%, varying between 1 and 55%. This variability is due to the different landslide strategies adopted by each country. In some of them, landslide mapping is systematic; others only record damaging landslides, whereas in others, landslide maps are only available for certain regions or local areas. Moreover, in most of the countries, LDBs from the Geological Surveys co-exist with others owned by a variety of public institutions producing LDBs at variable scales and formats. Hence, a greater coordination effort should be made by all the institutions working in landslide mapping to increase data integration and harmonization.     

High-Resolution Climate Simulations of Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 in Europe

Oxygen isotope stage 3 (OIS 3) climate and its variations are the focus of the Stage 3 Project. The objective of the OIS 3 modeling effort is twofold: (1) to explore the importance of different boundary conditions on the climate of Europe and (2) to develop climate simulations that best reproduce the wealth of OIS 3 observations. Given the complexity of the topography and coastlines, the modeling effort is based on a “nested” General Circulation Model (GCM) and mesoscale model (RegCM2) with climate simulations for Europe on a 60-km grid spacing. The key conclusions are as follows: (1) The mesoscale model, driven by GCM output, does a reasonable job of reproducing the modern European climate. (2) OIS 3 variations in orbit, CO₂, and ice-sheet size are of little significance in explaining the observed climate variability. (3) The model results focus attention on North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures (SST) as a major factor in explaining OIS 3 climates. (4) Experiments for different SST values capture a number of systematic changes in sea-level pressure and precipitation. (5) Climate models simulate substantial European cooling and significant changes in precipitation, but they do not explain large differences between OIS 3 warm and cold episodes.