美国UNOLS海洋调查船队发展及运行管理现状研究

美国是世界上拥有海洋调查船舶最多的国家。1971年,美国建立了大学-国家海洋学实验室系统(UNOLS),实现海洋调查船舶的统一协调。由此,美国成为世界上最早以成立船队的方式对海洋调查船舶及设施进行统筹管理、协调使用的国家。文章介绍了UNOLS的成立历史,通过调查研究UNOLS海洋调查船队组织机构、船舶特点、船舶使用情况等,总结其在海洋调查船队运行管理方面的做法和经验,并在此基础上提出了值得我国国家海洋调查船队学习和借鉴的建议。     

我国海洋调查船舶使用服务质量评估分析研究

实现我国海洋调查船舶的科学、高效管理是顺利开展海洋调查工作的重要保障。文章通过梳理国外海洋调查船舶服务质量评价方法,研究我国海洋调查船舶使用服务质量评估方式,基于国家海洋调查船队船舶的数据信息,从船舶服务质量的角度对海洋调查船的管理使用现状进行分析,并对我国海洋调查工作的开展提出几点建议。     

国内外海洋调查船现状对比分析

海洋调查船是专门进行海洋调查研究的工具,研究内容囊括了海洋气象、水声、物理、化学、生物、地质和水文等诸多学科,是我国海洋强国战略以及"一带一路"顺利实施的重要保障。海洋调查船按照使用的目的分为综合调查船、渔业调查船和极地调查船等。文章在各类调查船中分别选取了国内外具有代表性的船舶进行对比分析,总结了国内各类型调查船的优势和不足,对我国各类调查船的发展方向具有较好的借鉴意义。同时,文章根据对国内外调查船调查能力的对比,提出了我国调查船发展的建议:(1)完善调查船类型;(2)提高各类型船舶调查能力;(3)增加相应类型船舶数量,达到我国海洋调查需求;(4)推动海洋调查仪器设备的国产化进程;(5)加强国家海洋调查船队运行管理职能。     

海洋调查船业务化运行保障关键技术进展

海洋科学的发展和海洋战略重要性的日益凸显对海洋调查船的业务化运行提出了新的要求。从国内外海洋调查船运行和关键技术两方面的发展现状和趋势出发,提出了我国"十三五"期间海洋调查船业务化运行保障关键技术的发展建议。为解决海洋调查船需求不断增大与船舶建造运行成本限制的矛盾,世界各主要海洋国家均采取措施提高调查船的使用效率,组建海洋调查船队,实行船时统一调配。另一方面,多学科多任务的海洋调查方式的发展,以及新型调查观测设备的应用,促使调查船运行保障关键技术趋向于普适性和更强的现场支持功能。据此,在我国海洋调查船业务化运行发展原则、关键技术发展方向等方面提出了建议。     

建立国家海洋调查船队的思考

实现我国海洋调查船的合理、科学管理对我国海洋科学事业具有重要的战略意义。文章将美国、欧洲与我国的海洋调查船管理与使用现状进行对比,总结目前我国海洋调查船管理使用中的突出问题,为着力解决问题,探索了组建国家海洋调查船队工作的总体目标和思路并提出几点建议。     

海洋调查船的发展趋向和经济效果

五十年代以来,世界各国十分重视海洋调查和海洋开发,并形成了一支庞大的海洋调查船队。据初步统计,世界各国共有各类海洋调查船1491艘,其中美国293艘,苏联297艘,日本199艘,中国居第四位。解放以来,我国从无到有建立了为数可观的海洋调查船队,有综合性和专业性的调查船;海底资源和水产资源勘探船;海道测量、仪器试验和其他辅助船等。按性能和吨位分,性能较好的和一般的调查船各占1/3,大部分属中小型船舶。其他辅助性调查船大都吨位     

美国海洋调查船现状与发展趋势分析

海洋调查船是进行科学调查的平台和必要工具,它的建设、管理与一个国家海洋事业的发展密切相关。文章通过对美国调查船以及调查船管理机构的调研,分析其海洋调查船的基本特征、发展趋势以及调查船队的管理经验,提出值得我国海洋调查船学习和借鉴的建议。     

美国UNOLS海洋科考船管理模式探究

近几年我国海洋科考船的建造速度明显加快,必将进一步提升我国海洋综合探测能力与研究水平。但同时也存在着船舶和调查装备使用缺乏统筹安排、船舶更新易出现重复建设等问题。文章通过对美国UNOLS海洋科考船管理模式的探究,详细分析其工作程序及其优势,提出我国海洋科考船在管理方面借鉴的意义。     

美国犝犖犗犔犛海洋科考船管理模式探究

近几年我国海洋科考船的建造速度明显加快,必将进一步提升我国海洋综合探测能力与研究水平。但同时也存在着船舶和调查装备使用缺乏统筹安排、船舶更新易出现重复建设等问题。文章通过对美国 UNOLS 海洋科考船管理模式的探究,详细分析其工作程序及其优势,提出我国海洋科考船在管理方面借鉴的意义。     

国外海洋调查船发展历史和趋势以及对我国的启示

海洋调查船是专门进行海洋调查研究的工具,涉及船舶设计、建造、海洋调查技术、航海管理和海洋调查实验管理等领域,是我国海洋强国战略和"一带一路"战略构想顺利实施的重要保障。文章梳理欧美自大航海时代以来海洋调查船的发展历程,选取各时期具有代表性的船舶,总结其特点和最新发展趋势,以期为我国海洋调查船的设计建造思路提供启示。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.