城市地下空间开发的战略需求

开发利用城市地下空间资源是城市可持续发展的必然选择,也是我国城市发展进入新时代的重要标志。本文从我国城镇化发展态势及面临的问题出发,剖析我国地下空间的战略需求及其驱动因素。同时进一步从不同发展阶段城市人均地下空间需求的角度出发,通过层次分析法确定影响地下空间开发需求的因子,并通过对未来我国城市对地下空间的需求等级划分以及不同等级城市人口容量的研究,推算不同等级城市的人口总量和人均需求量,并对我国中远期城市地下空间需求进行了预测分析。     

北京地下水资源与城市协调发展的思考

北京是严重缺水的城市,地下水在城市供水中起到非常重要的作用。在城市化过程中,水资源的有限性和用水需求的不断增长已成为无法回避的矛盾,如何协调城市化的加速发展和地下水资源短缺的矛盾,是实现北京可持续发展的关键所在。本文介绍了北京市地下水资源现状,分析了城市发展过程中地下水资源开发利用存在的问题,提出了北京地下水资源与城市协调发展的对策与措施。     

Investment and regional development in Post-Mao China

This paper investigates China's changing investment systems, investment patterns and their impact on regional development. It reveals that the reforms have brought profound changes to Mao's investment system and investment allocation. Investment decentralization has given localities considerable autonomy and incentives in economic development. Budgetary investment has declined dramatically while enterprise funds, bank loans and foreign investment have increased significantly in China. An increasing amount of these new sources of fixed investment have been channeled to more profitable non-state sectors. In terms of regional changes, China's coastal provinces, particularly Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang have recorded more rapid investment growth and have much higher per capita investment than many interior provinces. In addition, investment in the coastal provinces relies less on the state and is more profitable than that in the poorer interior. The sectoral and regional unevenness of fixed investment has significantly contributed to the uneven regional development in China. This research also has important theoretical implications, as it shows that regional investment is neither a cumulative causation process nor a convergent process, but influenced greatly by government policy, local states and local conditions, and foreign capital. An analysis of these factors should improve the understanding of investment allocation and regional development, especially for the transition economy in which the control and capacity of the central state has declined, while local and global forces have emerged as equally important forces shaping spatial change.     

乐山城市地质灾害分区评价及管理体系研究

随着城市化进程的加快,城市人口不断增多,城市工程建设活动日趋活跃,对城市地质环境影响也越来越大.本文通过对乐山市人口、地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、区域稳定性等的综合分析,实现对乐山市城市环境地质中的地质灾害危险性分区评价,给出乐山城市地质灾害管理建议,为乐山城市安全运行及可持续发展提供依据.     

The spatial dimension of Chinese urbanization

This paper focuses on four interrelated aspects of the spatial dimension of city development. Attention is paid initially to the basic geography of urbanization, before turning to an analysis of recent trends in the pattern of urbanization. Spatial biases throughout the present-day hierarchy are then investigated and, finally, the relationships between urbanization patterns and economic planning belts are considered.     

宁波市地下空间开发利用地质环境适宜性评价

随着城市化建设快速推进,地下空间资源开发是解决城市土地资源紧张的合理途径,而地质环境适宜性评价对地下空间的开发利用具有至关重要的作用。本文分析了城市地下空间开发利用地质环境适宜性评价的影响因素,运用层次分析法确定岩土体特征、水文地质条件、环境地质问题、技术经济等指标因素的权重,建立模糊综合评价模型,定量评价宁波东部新城浅层(-15~0m)和中层(-30~-15m)的地下空间开发利用地质环境适宜程度。评价结果显示,东部新城地下空间开发地质环境适宜性等级分为Ⅱ级较适宜和Ⅲ级较不适宜,并根据不同的适宜等级提出了地下空间开发利用方式,为宁波东部新城的地下空间开发利用提供依据。     

Brutal presence or convenient absence: The role of the state in the politics of flooding in informal Accra,Ghana

This paper argues that human vulnerability to flood hazards in urban slums in developing countries is greatly affected by the positioning and activities of their city governments. As a result, the paper explores the central role of city authorities in the production of flood vulnerability in selected informal settlements in Accra, Ghana. Using a case study research design, the study draws on multiple qualitative methods to gather evidence including: document review, focus group discussions, flood victims’ interviews, institutional consultation and field observation. The paper reveals two main positions of state and city authorities in Accra’s perennial floods: first, being present and complicit in informal urbanization through their involvement in the politics of land management in flood prone zones; and second, being absent through their inaction in informal growth in flood-risk areas. To each of these positions of the urban state, there are emerging responses from residents and other non-state actors operating within and outside these informal communities. The paper proposes a re-examination of the current structure and processes of urban governance, state-community engagements and urban citizenship in informal communities.     

Urbanization process and induced environmental geological hazards in China

Urbanization is a common development trend of countries all over the world, which is a mark of civilization and progress of human beings. The number of urbanization-induced environmental geological hazards has grown steadily in recent years and is receiving increased attention throughout the world. The purpose of this paper is to generalize China’s urbanization process and induced environmental geological hazards. Driving forces and characteristics of urbanization are briefly introduced in this study; specifically, the distribution of urban agglomerations is principally related to water resources, transportation and energy. Common geological hazards and particular ones in mountain city, mining city and coastal city are also summarized. The type and severity of hazards are different due to the differences of natural conditions and various urban functions. Main environmental geological hazards in cities are land subsidence, landslide and seawater intrusion, etc. Accordingly, reasons for these urbanization-induced geological hazards in different type of cities are analyzed and discussed. The research results may provide a clear perspective for urban geological hazard prevention, and suggestions for urban geological hazard control are pointed out.     

快速城市化背景下的西安市城市水资源安全问题研究

快速城市化为城市发展带来巨大的推动力,但同时也使得城市水资源面对巨大的挑战。本文从水资源安全形势出发,在分析了城市化与水资源安全相互关系的基础上,对西安水资源安全进行测度,结果显示西安在城市化进程中存在水资源安全问题,最后提出解决问题的对策。     

吉林省水资源可持续利用研究

选取吉林省9城市具有代表性的7项指标,对吉林省水资源可持续利用情况进行了定量分析,采用因子分析(FA)法筛选出3个主因子——水污染排放、水环境质量和水资源,并采用层次分析(AHP)法对3个主因子的协调程度进行了可持续性评价.在分析评价的基础上,对吉林省各城市的水资源可持续利用提出了建议.     

日照市水资源利用现状及可持续利用研究

分析了日照市的水资源现状以及在开发利用方面存在的问题,提出了解决水资源危机、确保城市可持续发展的策略和途径：实行地表水、地下水、城市雨水以及过境水的优化分配、联合调度;发展节水农业;配套高效、健全的保障体系;建设污水处理与中水回用工程;改善水库周边环境,提高水资源保护意识;采取有效的海水入侵防治措施等。     

简述城市的格子状分布

基于城市的等级体系,城市可以分为超大城市、特大城市、大城市、中等城市、小城市和集镇。分形结构是城市体系的特征,同一级别的城市有平行四边形的格子状分布,格子的两个方向与区域的大地构造线的方向一致。分别以中外特大城市和大、中、小城市为例,分析了城市格子状分布特征。认为在一个区域内,除了格子状对称分布,还可能具有更高的对称形式。城市形成与分布的复杂系统,对于城市化和区域发展具有研究意义,应建立相应的数学模型。     

Brussels, a truncated metropolis

This paper describes and analyses the geographical development and the governmental, budget and administrative structure of Brussels. It defines the place Brussels occupies among the cities of Europe and assesses the value of its Regional Development Plan. Brussels appears to be highly successful in international inter-city competition, but it also appears to be unable to develop a strategy for dealing with the problems of the divided city it has become in the late-20th century. Key factors in explaining this paradox are a discrepancy between the political delimitation of the Brussels Capital Region (a member state of the federal state of Belgium) and the geographical urban region, and the administrative fragmentation of the Brussels Capital Region. These factors are strongly related to the reform of the Belgian state and the forces behind this reform. In the absence of a strategy based on solidarity within the metropolitan community, one has to fear for the development towards a repressive city. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

徐州市水资源开发利用现状及可持续利用研究

通过介绍徐州市的水资源情况,剖析了该市在城市化进程中水资源开发利用方面存在的问题以及造成这些问题的主要原因,提出了解决水资源危机、确保城市可持续发展的策略和途径：实行地表水、地下水、矿井水、城市雨水以及过境水的优化分配、联合调度的可持续利用战略;配套高效、健全的保障体系等。     

菏泽市国土资源工作存在的问题及解决措施

菏泽市在山东省是经济欠发达地区,尽快摆脱落后的局面是全市人民的迫切愿望。为此,菏泽市委、市政府提出以工业兴市的发展思路,大力加快工业化步伐,推进城镇化建设,依据当地优势重点发展＂四大基地、一大产业＂建设,对国土资源工作提出了更高的要求。针对节约集约用地、土地执法、矿产资源管理、基础测绘等方面存在的问题,提出了针对性建议。     

上海城市地下工程环境地质效应的几个关键问题

城市工程环境地质效应是随着城市化快速进程中的一种自然与人为作用下的新型地质作用,这种作用的持续发展,造成人员和财产的损失,即质变为城市地质灾害。随着上海城市建设进程加快,地下空间的开发所引起的环境地质问题,成为上海城市工程环境地质效应的关键问题;上海地铁M4号线建设重大事故发生后,对地下工程潜在的环境地质作用的研究显得特别重要。本文在大量调查、分析与研究的基础上,结合上海市城市地下空间快速发展面临的一系列工程环境地质灾害,采用自然科学与社会科学相互交叉的方法,剖析了上海市地下工程建设中的主要环境和地质灾害问题;针对城市地下空间引起的工程环境地质灾害具有突发性、潜在性、隐蔽性、社会性的特点．归纳出城市地质灾害的成灾原因,提出防治对策;根据城市发展的实际情况和2004年以后的远景目标,因地制宜地提出了整治城市地下空间工程环境地质效应的基本对策与管理措施．为制定城市地下空间发展远景规划和奋斗目标提供基本思路。这对深化地下工程环境地质问题的认识,推动城市地下工程环境及岩土工程问题的研究有积极意义。     

贵州岩溶山区城镇化进程中地下水的资源功能评价

地下水是岩溶山区现代城镇化发展的战略性基础资源,为了解城镇化进程中地下水资源功能的支撑作用,通过构建地下水资源功能评价指标体系,对贵州省9个市（州）岩溶区域城镇化进程中地下水的资源功能进行定量评价.评价结果表明:地下水的资源功能在城镇化进程中呈现明显的差异性特征,城镇化水平较高的贵阳市对地下水的依存性高达79.08%,地下水的资源功能较强;城镇化水平较低的地区对地下水的依存性较小,地下水的资源功能相对较弱.随着城镇化水平的提升,地下水资源的可持续性受地下水污染和超采等因素制约,其资源功能存在弱化甚至丧失的风险.      

Siting MSW landfills with a weighted linear combination methodology in a GIS environment

Landfill has been taken to the bottom of the hierarchy of options for waste disposal but has been the most used method for urban solid waste disposal. However, landfill has become more difficult to implement because of its increasing cost, community opposition, and more restrictive regulations regarding the siting and operation of landfills. Land is a finite and scarce resource that needs to be used wisely. Appropriate allocation of landfills involves the selection of areas that are suitable for waste disposal. The present work describes a type of multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method called weighted linear combination (WLC) in a GIS environment to evaluate the suitability of the study region for landfill. The WLC procedure is characterized by full tradeoff among all factors, average risk and offers much flexibility than the Boolean approaches in the decision making process. The relative importance weights of factors are estimated using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). In the final aggregated suitability image, zones smaller than 20 hectares are eliminated from the allocation process. Afterwards, the land suitability of a zone is determined by calculating the average of the suitability of the cells belonging to that zone, a process called zonal land suitability. The application of the presented method to the Gorgan city (Iran) indicated that there are 18 zones for landfill with their zonal land suitability varying from 155.426117 to 64.149024. The zones were ranked in descending order by the value of their zonal land suitability. The results showed the use of GIS as a decision support system (DSS) available to policy makers and decision makers in municipal solid waste (MSW) management issues.     

21世纪中国的城市化特点及其生态环境挑战

城市化是世界范围的历史进程。中国的城市化虽然起步较晚,但是由于速度快、规模大、资源能源消耗高,从而带来一系列水环境和热环境问题。系统梳理了在全球气候变化和城市化的双重压力下,中国城市面临的水资源短缺与水污染、日益严重的城市热岛和生态水文灾害等生态环境挑战,提出要以城市生态水文学的理论和手段,解决城市生态环境问题,提升中国的城市化质量,实现宜居城市。     

China's Urbanization and Its Ecological Environment Challenges in the 21st Century

Urbanization is a worldwide historical process. Although China's urbanization started late, it is fast, large in scale, high in resource and energy consumption, and leads to a series of water and thermal environment problems. This paper systematically sorted out the ecological environment challenges faced by Chinese cities under the dual pressures of global climate change and urbanization, such as water shortages and water pollution, increasingly serious urban heat island issues and ecological hydrological disasters. It proposed to solve the problem of urban ecological environment with the theory and means of urban ecohydrology, improve the quality of urbanization in China, and realize livable cities.