THE MULTIFRACTAL CHARACTER OF LINEAMENT DENSITY ON THE KOLA PENINSULA

Analysis of data on the lineament network of the Kola Peninsula obtained through interpretation of space images at different scales provides an indication of the multifractality of lineament densities and the possibility of the geologic interpretation of the spectrum of fractal dimensions. The invariance of the distribution of densities of images of the lineament network at small and large scales reveals the scaling properties of these structural elements, and objectively reflects the heterogeneity of the geologic medium.     

LOCAL ERRORS IN RELATION TO ANALYTICAL METHODS OF AIR TRIANGULATION

Abstract

In view of the limitations of the use of plotting machines in air triangulation a detailed investigation of the practical possibilities of the analytical methods has become necessary, especially now that inexpensive means of reducing the labour of calculation is in course of realisation.

In analytical methods it is practically possible to correct the measured photographic coordinates for determinable errors. Also, the use of a reseau as developed by the Ordnance Survey facilitates the reduction of several distortions. It is however argued and demonstrated that some errors of a local character remain without effective checking.

A discussion of the nature of local errors shows that the number of points usually employed for relative setting is too small to be effective in disclosing them. An increase of the number of observed points is therefore suggested, and should be expected to improve the accuracy in the meanwhile.

An assessment of the value of doubling the number of minor control points and of the improvement resulting from the use of reseau is made from a statistical analysis of data kindly provided by the Ordnance Survey.

Comparison of 89 overlaps carrying one centimetre reseau and 100 overlaps without the reseau shows that the use of reseau reduced the root mean square error of evaluation of want of correspondence by 13 per cent., which just passes the 10 per cent. point of significance. The use of double minor control on the reseau overlaps gave an improvement which is about equal to that due to the use of the reseau. Doubling the number of minor control points is shown to increase the effective number of degrees of freedom from one to an average of four, which should reduce effectively the chances of large errors passing unnoticed through the stages of relative setting.

Work on the frequency of local errors of various sources is in hand, and will probably be published in later issues of the Review.     

改进了系统差附加条件的半参数回归与模型精化

系统差之和∑si≠0时,利用附加系统差之和∑si＝0的半参数模型往往得不到较好的数据处理结果,文中从理论上对系统差附加条件进行了改进,并基于改进前、改进后的半参数模型以及经典最小二乘平差模型对系统差之和∑si≠0时的算例进行处理.结果表明,改进后的半参数模型大大提高了数据处理精度.     

融合嫦娥一号CCD影像与DEM数据的月球撞击坑自动提取和识别

针对现阶段月球撞击坑定量信息提取不足和误提取的问题,本文提出了一种融合CCD影像和DEM数据进行撞击坑的自动提取及识别的算法。（1）在太阳光照下,撞击坑的影像特征满足特定的规律,通过条件匹配在CCD影像中提取撞击坑;（2）在DEM中,利用撞击坑坑壁点的坡向值的连续性,对影像中误提取的撞击坑进行剔除;（3）在DEM中,利用撞击坑边缘点法向量的突变性,提取撞击坑边缘点并进行拟合,计算撞击坑的参数,通过坑底点云所占比例以及剖面线特征识别撞击坑的类型。经过“嫦娥一号”影像与DEM数据的验证,该算法在高纬度月球撞击坑分布均匀的区域应用效果较好。     

线状要素多尺度表达质量评价模型研究

本文立足于线状要素多尺度表达的实现过程,利用线状要素多尺度表达的目的,将线状要素多尺度表达的质量需求分解为"4准则",将影响线状要素多尺度表达的质量因素概括为"6因素"。并图表出"6因素"与"4准则"的对应关系。由此推导并建立了线状要素多尺度表达质量评价的概念模型,为线性数据多尺度表达的质量评价问题提供必要的理论依据。     

多尺度表达中线状要素的综合不确定性评价模型

在考虑节点化简的基础上建立了节点数据不确定性评价模型,基于曲线光滑模型建立了线元模型不确定性评价模型,在此基础上,根据不确定性传播律构建了由数据不确定性和模型不确定性合成的线状要素多尺度表达不确定性的综合评价模型。实验表明,综合不确定性指标值作为线状要素多尺度表达不确定性的量化指标是有效的。可将其用于计算线元不确定带的宽度,解决线状要素多尺度表达不确定性空间分析和推理问题;并用于线状要素多尺度表达的质量评价与控制。     

武汉市数字化房产分丘图测绘若干技术探讨

房产分丘图是房产分幅平面图的局部图,是绘制和核发房屋权证附图的基本图。根据武汉市房产管理有关规定,分丘图测绘分实测和预测。＂丘＂是房产测绘和房产调查的一个最基本单元,是测量和管理中的重要编码,也是档案管理中的重要索引。标准化、规范化的分丘图测绘有利于为房产行政管理部门履行职能,服务社会提供强有力的技术支撑;对武汉市房产...     

遥感技术在我国水电建设前期工作中的应用

80年代以来,我国先后在雅砻江二滩、长江三峡、红水河龙滩、黄河龙羊峡、金沙江溪落渡、白鹤滩等地开展了大规模的水电站建设前期遥感调查。采用多种类、多时相、多平台遥感资料的综合解译,并辅以一定量现场验证的工作方法,进行了区域地质背景、库岸稳定性、库岸土地利用、淹没损失、库区环境等项调查,为电站可行性论证提供了更加全面和科学的资料。我国水电遥感工作的特点是：规模宏大、内容广泛、方法合理、协同攻关。随着遥感技术的进步及水电事业的发展,我国水电遥感应用存在的问题也日益突出,有待于研究解决,遥感应用水平也待不断提高。     

基于语义的地理概念范例构造方法

跨领域地理信息的语义共享的实现依赖于对地理概念的明确理解,而由于文字的模糊性,仅从地理概念的文字描述或定义来理解往往会有一定歧义。从认知原理看,地理概念的形成更多是对其外延进行归纳,并在大脑中构建出概念范例来完成。探索了一种在地理信息领域中构造地理概念范例的方法,即通过在概念文字描述中提取确定概念范畴及外延的本体属性,通过外延和实体属性来选择实例作为表达概念显著特征的范例。通过两个构建范例的案例验证了该方法的有效性。     

Optimum estimation in a growth curve model with a priori unknown variance components in geodetic networks

Summary Time varying coordinates of points of a geodetic network are indirectly measured by a group of measurement devices with different characteristics of accuracy in several epochs. The design of the measurement is the same in all epochs. The ratio of the characteristics of accuracy is a priori unknown. The aim is to determine an estimator of the parameters of functions modelling changes of the coordinates, confidence regions of these functions and to construct a procedure for testing linear hypotheses on time varying coordinates of a geodetic network. As the characteristics of accuracy are a priori unknown, the problem of their estimation has to be solved simultaneously. The research of rules of recent crustal movements leads to studying the mentioned model.     

南京市城乡一体化地籍信息系统建设的若干关键技术研究

本文通过对城镇地籍信息系统和土地利用现状管理信息系统运行方式和存在问题的分析，提出了建设城乡一体化地籍信息系统的目标；进而研究了建设城乡一体化地籍信息系统的几个关键技术，并根据南京市的系统建设现状，在进行城乡一体化信息系统建设过程中进行了实践。     

A criterion matrix for the second order design of control networks

This paper proposes an original method of constructing a criterion matrix for the optimal design of control networks by means of the contraction of the eigenvalues and the rotation of the eigenvectors of a covariance matrix. The rotation of the eigenvectors is carried out by two different methods, that is through independent rotations of the pairs of the eigenvector matrix components and through a procrustean transfomation of the same matrix. The required criterion is that the “essential eigenvector components” must be as orthogonal as possible to the predicted direction of deformation. A Second Order Design problem is then resolved, that is the optimization of the precision of the observations of a local free distance network to be constructed for the study of recent crustal movements in the seismogenetic area of Friuli (Italy). The results obtained show a high degree of correspondence for the two proposed methods of rotation if limited rotations of the eigenvectors are considered.     

An evaluation of sampling and full enumeration strategies for Fisher Jenks classification in big data settings

Large data contexts present a number of challenges to optimal choropleth map classifiers. Application of optimal classifiers to a sample of the attribute space is one proposed solution. The properties of alternative sampling‐based classification methods are examined through a series of Monte Carlo simulations. The impacts of spatial autocorrelation, number of desired classes, and form of sampling are shown to have significant impacts on the accuracy of map classifications. Tradeoffs between improved speed of the sampling approaches and loss of accuracy are also considered. The results suggest the possibility of guiding the choice of classification scheme as a function of the properties of large data sets.     

面向对象的基态修正模型改进及查询方法

空间和属性随时间变化规律的研究是时态GIS核心问题。引入面向对象方法,把地理实体抽象成为具有空间、属性和时间特性的空间对象,以空间对象的变化状态为基础,探讨了地理实体时空信息连续变化对基态修正模型的影响。通过引入基态距影响因子研究了基态修正模型改进方法,重点研究了基于面向对象基态修正模型的基态距确定、基态的建立过程和模型的存储;并具体设计了基于时间点和时间段的查询方法,为空间对象的时空数据存储、查询和历史回溯提供了基础。     

试论地图的艺术性

主要研究地图的艺术性 ,为使广大读者对地图的艺术性有一个全面的了解和认识 ,主要从以下三方面进行论述 :①地图的艺术性在现代地图发展中的重要意义 ;②地图艺术性的表现形式 ;③地图艺术性的形式及其发展趋势     

地理信息系统课程教学团队建设

地理信息系统是一门综合性学科,实现GIS创新人才培养应从转变教育观念入手,团队教学是传统教学理念向现代教学理念转变的一种变革。本文在分析国内外教学团队建设现状基础上,提出了GIS课程教学团队的体系结构,阐述了团队工作中GIS课程体系的建设内容,研究了如何对GIS课程教学团队中教师角色进行定位,从创新平台共享、学科带头人培养、交流平台搭建和内部管理体制等方面探讨了GIS教学团队的运行机制。认为创建一支高绩效的教学团队,是GIS专业发展的动力源泉。     

Accuracy of gravimetric deflections of the vertical and optimization of gravity networks

In order to solve the problems of determining the shape of a part of the earth of national or continental extent, that is, of rigorous constituting and computing of the astrogeodetic network, it is required to determine gravimetric deflections of the vertical with an accuracy of, say, 0″.3. For this it is adequate to carry out additional gravity surveys in the neighborhoods of computation points, in addition to a given uniform gravity survey (normal density gravity survey). The study offers a method to determine the optimal distribution of gravity stations in such a gravity survey, which guarantees a given accuracy of computed gravimetric deflections of the vertical for a given statistical condition which characterizes the variation of the gravity field. The approach used here is based on the concept of the error of representation and the error propagation of Vening Meinesz integrals.     

低轨卫星与星间链路增强的北斗卫星联合定轨精度分析

为提升区域地面监测站条件下北斗卫星定轨精度,面向日益丰富的北斗星载数据和即将实现的星间链路技术,提出了联合运用地面监测站数据、低轨卫星星载数据与星间链路数据的北斗卫星精密定轨方法。讨论了低轨卫星星载数据与星间链路数据增强对于导航卫星精密定轨的影响,重点从低轨卫星数量、轨位分布及星间链路等方面进行了仿真分析。结果表明:加入少量低轨卫星与区域监测站联合定轨即可显著提高导航卫星定轨精度约73%,钟差解算精度略有改进但不明显;同等数量且均匀分布的低轨星座,其轨位分布对联合定轨精度影响不大;加入星间链路数据可大幅提升导航卫星定轨精度,且改进效率高于低轨卫星。     

卫星信息在垂直气候特征值空间分布数据库中的应用

本文提出了利用遥感影像与常规数据建立垂直气候特征数据库的方法,给出了气候遥感模拟方程及小地形订正方法。初步讨论了NOAA-AVHRR热红外数据与气候特征值是否存在相关。