结构抗震设计中的强度折减系数研究

借助于单自由度弹塑性动力时程分析程序，对延性结构的强度折减系数进行了研究，在统计平均和回归分析的基础上，建立了平均强度折系数的函数形式，本文所建立的平强度折减系数函数，从理论上明确了结构具有延性对弹性地震力的折减关系，研究成果可供结构抗震设计规范采纳应用。     

剪切型结构的抗震强度折减系数研究

为了研究剪切型结构抗震强度需求的变化规律,本文基于单自由度体系的非线性时程分析,研究了不同场地条件下延性折减系数与位移延性系数和结构自振周期的关系;采用修正等效单自由度体系位移延性折减系数的方法,研究了剪切型多自由度体系的延性折减系数;以基于中国建筑抗震规范设计的代表不同抗震能力要求的RC框架结构为分析对象,通过静力弹塑性分析,研究了RC框架结构的体系超强能力。分析结果表明场地类别、位移延性水准和结构振动周期对单自由度体系的延性折减系数有显著的影响;多自由度体系的抗震延性折减系数明显比其相应的等效单自由度体系的抗震延性折减系数小;RC框架结构的超强系数一般随结构楼层数的增加而减小,随抗震设防烈度的增大而减小,内框架的超强系数比边框架的超强系数大。     

抗震规范应用强度折减系数的现状及分析

世界上大多数的抗震规范都采用了基于强度的设计方法,强度折减系数是基于强度的抗震设计中确定设计地震力的关键因素,提高强度折减系数的可靠性已经被认为是提高现有抗震规范可靠性的有效途径。本文主要介绍了抗震研究处于世界先进水平的美国(UBC97)、欧洲(EC8)、日本、墨西哥、加拿大、中国等国家抗震规范中强度折减系数取值的有关规定,然后给出了各国学者关于规范规定的强度折减系数的一些重要讨论和分析,最后指出了世界各国应用强度折减系数过程中存在的不足,指出了需进一步研究的问题。     

连梁刚度折减系数对剪力墙结构的影响研究

剪力墙结构在进行地震计算时,按照相关规范要求连梁的刚度可折减,折减方式的不同对剪力墙结构整体刚度和构件内力等结果影响较大。设计人员通常给定全楼统一的连梁刚度折减系数,这种简化做法会导致结构刚度和构件受力与实际不符。本文对9栋典型剪力墙结构进行了非线性分析,研究了连梁刚度折减系数对剪力墙结构整体指标和构件内力的影响,并给出了剪力墙结构设计时连梁刚度折减系数的确定方法建议。     

考虑设计地震分组的强度折减系数的研究

强度折减系数既是基于强度的抗震设计中确定设计地震力的关键因素,又是基于性态的抗震设计理论中确定非弹性反应谱的主要依据. 本文结合我国抗震设计反应谱的形式和特点,应用823条国内外水平向地震动记录（充分利用了我国取得的强震记录）,给出了一种考虑设计地震分组和场地类别的强度折减系数模型,研究了结构周期、延性、场地类别、设计地震分组、震级、震中距等因素对强度折减系数的影响. 结果表明:场地条件对强度折减系数的影响是不可忽略的,特别是对延性较大的短周期结构更应注意场地条件的影响;设计地震分组是影响强度折减系数的一个重要因素,在应用我国规范设计反应谱构造非弹性反应谱所用的强度折减系数必须考虑设计分组的影响;震级对强度折减系数的影响较小;如不考虑近场大脉冲地震动记录的影响,震中距对强度折减系数的影响是可以忽略的.      

两种强度折减法确定边坡稳定系数适用性探讨

强度折减法确定边坡稳定性系数比传统极限平衡方法优势明显,但是两种常用的强度折减法哪种更适合一直存在争议。本文针对某工程算例分别采用两种强度折减法进行了边坡稳定性系数计算,并把计算结果和传统极限平衡方法进行了对比,结果表明快速拉格朗日分析法更适合应用在边坡稳定性系数确定方面。该法的计算结果和传统计算方法极其接近,并可以克服传统方法人为指定滑动面的重大缺点。     

利用FRP材料的钢筋混凝土桥墩震后修复效果影响因素分析

为研究基于FRP材料的钢筋混凝土桥墩震后修复技术,以Seible等提出的基于FRP材料的桥墩抗震加固设计计算公式为基础,分析了填补材料、箍筋等因素对震后破坏桥墩修复效果的影响.提出以折减系数k表示箍筋震后抗剪承载力损失;采用高流动性早强混凝土作为填补材料时,混凝土强度应比原桥墩混凝土强度适当提高;为使修复后的钢筋混凝土桥墩承载力和延性得到较好地恢复,需考虑FRP用量及粘贴形式、桥墩纵筋、长细比、截面形式、轴压比等因素对修复效果的影响.     

屈曲约束支撑滞回曲线模型和刚度方程的建立

针对屈曲约束支撑,本文根据其反复荷载作用下的滞回特征,提出了一种滞回模型,并建立了屈曲约束支撑的弹塑性刚度方程。根据这种模型编制程序模拟绘制了屈曲约束支撑的滞回曲线,将模拟计算曲线与试验所得曲线进行对比,对比结果表明本文所提模型是准确、有效的。     

边缘约束构件对钢筋混凝土剪力墙抗震性能的影响

钢筋混凝土剪力墙是高层建筑中的主要抗侧力构件,边缘约束情况是影响剪力墙抗震性能的一个重要因素。为研究边缘约束构件对钢筋混凝土剪力墙抗震性能的影响,本文进行了三片边缘约束情况不同的钢筋混凝土剪力墙的低周反复试验,并对试验结果进行了分析,分析内容包括：破坏形态、水平承载力、位移延性系数、刚度退化、抗震耗能能力等方面。研究结果表明,合理地设置边缘约束能够扩大塑性破坏区域,提高试件的水平承载力,改善其抗震耗能性能。研究进一步发现,边缘纵筋配筋率在提高试件的水平承载力,改善其抗震耗能性能和刚度退化程度方面影响显著,而边缘配箍率对抗震性能的贡献在本次试验分析中表现得并不明显。     

基于损伤的累积滞回耗能与延性系数

从地震损伤评价出发, 通过分析与推导, 建立了基于位移延性系数的损伤评价模型。 采用四个柱的破坏性试验数据, 运用推导出来的模型进行了柱的损伤程度评价。 考虑到延性系数计算的困难以及其与累积滞回耗能的关系, 通过分析建立起累积滞回耗能与位移延性系数的关系曲线。     

Scaling of strength reduction factors for degrading elasto‐plastic oscillators

The inelastic (design) spectra characterizing a seismic hazard are generally obtained by the scaling‐down of the elastic (design) spectra via a set of response modification factors. The component of these factors, which accounts for the ductility demand ratio, is known as the strength reduction factor (SRF), and the variation of this factor with initial period of the oscillator is called an SRF spectrum. This study considers scaling of the SRF spectrum in the case of an elasto‐plastic oscillator with strength and stiffness degradation characteristics. Two models are considered: one depending directly on the characterization of source and site parameters and the other depending on the normalized design spectrum characterization of the seismic hazard. The first model is the same as that proposed earlier by the second author, and is given in terms of earthquake magnitude, strong‐motion duration, predominant period, geological site conditions, ductility demand ratio, and ductility supply‐related parameter. The second model is a new model proposed here in terms of the normalized pseudo‐spectral acceleration values (to unit peak ground acceleration), ductility demand ratio and ductility supply‐related parameter. For each of these models, least‐square estimates of the coefficients are obtained through regression analyses of the data for 956 recorded accelerograms in western U.S.A. Parametric studies carried out with the help of these models confirm the dependence of SRFs on strong‐motion duration and earthquake magnitude besides predominant period and site conditions. It is also seen that degradation characteristics make a slight difference for high ductility demands and may lead to lower values of SRFs, unless the oscillators are very flexible. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Strength and stiffness reduction factors for infilled frames with openings

Framed structures are usually infilled with masonry walls. They may cause a significant increase in both stiffness and strength, reducing the deformation demand and increasing the energy dissipation capacity of the system. On the other hand, irregular arrangements of the masonry panels may lead to the concentration of damage in some regions, with negative effects; for example soft story mechanisms and shear failures in short columns. Therefore, the presence of infill walls should not be neglected, especially in regions of moderate and high seismicity. To this aim, simple models are available for solid infills walls, such as the diagonal no-tension strut model, while infilled frames with openings have not been adequately investigated. In this study, the effect of openings on the strength and stiffness of infilled frames is investigated by means of about 150 experimental and numerical tests. The main parameters involved are identified and a simple model to take into account the openings in the infills is developed and compared with other models proposed by different researchers. The model, which is based on the use of strength and stiffness reduction factors, takes into account the opening dimensions and presence of reinforcing elements around the opening. An example of an application of the proposed reduction factors is also presented.     

Damage index based on stiffness degradation of low‐rise RC walls

Widely used damage indices, such as ductility and drift ratios, do not account for the influences of the duration of strong shaking, the cumulative inelastic deformation or energy dissipation in structures. In addition, the formulation and application of most damage indices have until now been based primarily on flexural modes of failure. However, evidence from earthquakes suggests that shear failure or combined shear‐flexure behavior is responsible for a large proportion of failures. Empirical considerations have been made in this paper for evaluating structural damage of low‐rise RC walls under earthquake ground motions by means of a new energy‐based low‐cycle fatigue damage index. The proposed empirical damage index is based on the results of an experimental program that comprised six shake table tests of RC solid walls and walls with openings; results of six companion walls tested under QS‐cyclic loading were used for comparison purposes. Variables studied were the wall geometry, type of concrete, web shear steel ratio, type of web shear reinforcement, and testing method. The index correlates the stiffness degradation and the destructiveness of the earthquake in terms of the duration and intensity of the ground motions. The stiffness degradation model considers simultaneously the increment of damage associated to the low‐cycle fatigue, energy dissipation, and the cumulative cyclic parameters, such as displacement demand and hysteretic energy dissipated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A preliminary prediction of seismic damage‐based degradation in RC structures

Estimation of structural damage from a known increase in the fundamental period of a structure after an earthquake or prediction of degradation of stiffness and strength for a known damage requires reliable correlations between these response functionals. This study proposes a modified Clough–Johnston single‐degree‐of‐freedom oscillator to establish these correlations in the case of a simple elasto‐plastic oscillator. It is assumed that the proposed oscillator closely models the response of a given multi‐degree‐of‐freedom system in its fundamental mode throughout the duration of the excitation. The proposed model considers the yield displacement level and ductility supply ratio‐related parameter as two input parameters which must be estimated over a narrow range of ductility supply ratio from a frequency degradation curve. This curve is to be identified from a set of recorded excitation and response time‐histories. Useful correlations of strength and stiffness degradation with damage have been obtained wherein a simple damage index based on maximum and yield displacements and ductility supply ratio has been considered. As an application, the proposed model has been used to demonstrate that ignoring the effects of aftershocks in the case of impulsive ground motions may lead to unsafe designs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

外伸端板螺栓连接节点的强度和刚度研究

介绍了多层钢框架外伸端板连接半刚性节点在荷载作用下的试验过程和破坏结果,并根据试验结果,分析三种不同连接类型的强度和刚度特性及影响因素,对外伸端板厚度的计算方法和增强外伸端板连接半刚性节点刚度的构造措施进行了探讨并提出建议。     

反复荷载作用下PRC结构竖缝强度及刚度的退化

为了了解PRC结构竖缝的抗震性能,并进行合理的设计,以试验结果及理论分析为基础,对竖缝在反复荷载作用下强度和刚度的退化进行分析,认为接缝混凝土强度的退化率随接缝宽度的增大而减小;接合筋强度退化率仅与剪切摩擦系数有关;接缝强度的退化率随接缝宽度增大而减小,与接合筋的关系呈非线性;接缝刚度退化率随缝宽增大而减小,与接合筋关系不大。     

基于FENAP平台的RC高桥墩破坏过程模拟及分析

为精细模拟钢筋混凝土高桥墩在静力推覆荷载作用下的破坏过程,本文基于钢筋混凝土精细化纤维梁柱单元模型分析平台FENAP,对一实际的西部山区空心截面高桥墩进行了Pushover分析,通过对构件、截面和纤维层次的力-位移关系曲线分析,模拟了桥墩从墩底混凝土开裂、纵筋屈服到受压区混凝土压碎的完整破坏过程。并将FENAP平台与OpenSees计算结果进行对比,结果表明,FE-NAP平台可有效地模拟高墩在静力推覆荷载下的破坏过程和软化行为,具有较高的求解精度。进一步比较了不同轴压比、是否考虑约束混凝土效应及纵筋屈曲效应等因素对分析结果的影响,得出结论,轴压比和约束混凝土效应对高桥墩的破坏过程发展有较大影响,而纵筋屈曲效应影响较小,可忽略不计。     

钢筋混凝土圆截面桥墩抗震加固方式对比分析

为研究不同加固方式对钢筋混凝土(RC)圆截面桥墩抗震性能的影响,利用OpenSees有限元软件建立了普通RC桥墩以及分别采用钢套管、碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)、体外预应力筋进行加固的桥墩数值分析模型,对模型输入远断层地震动,进行增量动力分析。以墩顶峰值位移角与震后残余位移角为指标,对比分析了桥墩加固前后的地震响应。结果表明:采用钢套管、体外预应力筋和CFRP加固后,RC桥墩的峰值位移与震后残余位移均减小,钢套管加固方式对桥墩峰值位移的降低幅度最大,体外预应力筋加固方式对抑制桥墩震后残余位移的效果最好;随着剪跨比的增大,3种加固方式对桥墩在地震动作用下位移响应的抑制作用均逐步减小;随着轴压比的增大,3种加固方式对RC桥墩峰值位移的抑制作用逐步降低。