奇异值分解技术及地球化学块体方法在南黄岗—甘珠尔庙成矿带找矿中的应用

以黄岗—甘珠尔庙成矿带南部1∶20万化探扫面数据为基础,借助奇异值分解技术及地球化学块体方法,提取了该区地球化学综合异常及评价该区锡、锌矿的成矿潜力。通过研究得出如下结论:(1)不同方向构造的交汇部位、构造截切地球化学异常的部位或不同方向异常的叠加部位,是寻找钼、锡、钨、铜、铅、锌等矿床的有利地段;(2)区内多数矿床的赋存状态与二叠纪地层有密切的空间关系,特别是二叠纪地层与岩体的接触带或二叠纪地层与其他时代地层的接触带并发育断裂构造的部位;(3)研究区内共圈定了Sn地球化学块体1个,区域异常1个,局部异常8个;Zn地球化学亚块体1个,区域异常1个,局部异常7个。并以1 000 m作为块体厚度,计算了该区潜在锡资源量为211.92万t,潜在锌资源量为146.42万t;(4)通过对该区地球化学块体及异常结构的分析,并根据该区锡、锌矿的成矿条件来确定远景区的等级,本文共圈定了Sn成矿Ⅰ类远景区3个,Ⅱ类远景区4个,Ⅲ类远景区2个;Zn成矿Ⅰ类远景区3个,Ⅱ类远景区2个,Ⅲ类远景区2个。     

黔西北地区多元素地球化学特征与找矿标志

黔西北地区是一个裂谷盆地构造区,盆地内发育铅锌矿床,矿化受断裂和地层的联合控制。从区域地球化学、水系沉积物地球化学、地层地球化学以及地球化学块体等几个方面的特征进行了较为系统的研究。断裂两侧及断裂交汇处、岩体接触带、Pb-Zn组合异常区以及地球化学块体的浓集中心为该区的主要找矿标志,应注重多元素组合异常区内的研究。另外,该区具条带状的地球化学块体浓集带和高强度的Pb、Zn元素化探组合异常之特点,具有良好的Pb、Zn元素成矿背景;建议进行综合研究,尽早发现大型甚至超大型铅锌矿床。     

地球化学块体的方法技术在山东金资源潜力预测中的应用

山东的化探扫面工作已经结束了13a，积累了数十万的化探资料。作者尝试用地球化学块体的方法技术来挖掘这些资料的潜在价值。因此，对山东全省Au的资源潜力进行了预测，确定了圈定山东地球化学块体的下限值为2.5ng／g，圈出了2个地球化学块体和数十个区域异常。统计计算了2个地球化学块体和8个区域异常的参数特征，计算出1000m厚岩块总的Au供应量为419236t，根据所确定的成矿率0.90%来预测500m和1000m深度内这2个地球化学块体和8个区域异常所覆盖的15631km^2的范围内的Au的资源潜力为1249t和2522t。     

贵州东部地球化学块体特征及找矿潜力分析

运用地球化学块体理论,在贵州省1∶20万区域化探数据基础上,利用10km×10km窗口数据,对贵州省东部进行了地球化学块体的圈定及内部结构的剖析。分析了各成矿元素的地球化学块体各级含量水平所对应的面积、可供金属量、浓集度等参数特征,并对集中几个重点的Au、Ag、Pb、Zn的地球化学块体作了预测评价。指出在这些地球化学块体内还存在巨大的寻找金、银、铅、锌矿产资源的潜力。     

紫金山矿集区地球化学异常特征及找矿潜力预测

运用地球化学块体理论,在福建省1∶20万区域化探数据基础上,利用10km×10km窗口数据,圈定了紫金山矿集区金地球化学异常,依据大型矿床地球化学定量评价模型和方法计算出金的找矿潜力。本文尝试在该块体中通过提高分级值,对紫金山矿集区区域地球化学异常进行了圈定并勾绘出内部结构的谱系树图。分析了金地球化学块体各级含量水平所对应的面积、可供金属量、浓集度等参数特征。探索金元素地球化学块体的内部结构,揭示金在地球化学块体中逐步浓集的轨迹,最终指出找矿方向。     

湘西茶庵铺地区地球化学特征及找矿方向

在1∶5万水系沉积物测量的基础上,初步总结了湘西茶庵铺地区的地球化学特征。通过元素含量特征、变异系数等分析探讨了元素的成矿可能性,通过相关分析得出了多种元素组合,进而圈定了19处综合地球化学异常。AS10异常区经初步查证发现了3条较大规模的金多金属矿体。通过成矿地质条件和区域成矿规律分析,确定了沃溪式金多金属矿和沉积型钼钒多金属矿为主要矿产预测类型,圈定了3处找矿远景区。结果表明:水系沉积物测量方法在湘西地区有较好的金多金属矿找矿效果。     

青海沟里园以地区地球化学测量信息提取与远景区划分

青海沟里园以地区位于东昆仑造山带的东段,根据水系沉积物地球化学测量信息提取发现多个矿床（点）,具有较好的找矿潜力。文章以沟里园以地区1：5万水系沉积物地球化学测量数据为研究对象,对数据剔值处理来确定元素异常下限并圈定单元素异常与组合异常,结合区内地质找矿特征对圈定的元素异常进行解释与推断。通过对元素地球化学特征、元素组合特征及单元素异常特征综合研究表明,Au、Ag、Pb、Zn、Cu、Co等元素与成矿关系密切;提取出2个元素组合,确定套合性和相关性好的Ag-Bi-Pb-Zn与Cu-Co组合异常为预测对象;结合区内成矿地质条件,进一步圈定3个找矿远景区。     

贵州凯里-都匀地区铅锌矿化规律与找矿靶区

湘西—黔东铅锌成矿带是我国重要铅锌资源基地之一,凯里—都匀地区是该成矿带贵州境内中铅锌分布最为集中区域,其铅锌矿床(点)成群成带分布。由于相关地质地球化学研究程度较低、矿床成因认识不清等因素造成该区铅锌地质勘探尚未有较大突破。本文总结了该区铅锌矿化特征、铅锌资源潜力和控矿因素等,认为今后地质勘探提供思路和依据。研究表明,凯里-都匀地区铅锌矿床与典型MVT铅锌矿床地质地球化学特征基本一致,地层岩性(下寒武统清虚洞组白云岩)和构造(背斜和NE向断层)是最重要控矿因素,Pb、Zn地球化学异常是重要找矿标志之一,牛角塘地区、独牛背斜核部和龙井街—柏松地区是该区有利铅锌找矿靶区。     

内蒙古自治区大型金矿地球化学标志与预测

利用1:20万区域化探扫面数据和中蒙边界1:100万地球化学填图数据编制了内蒙古自治区1:100万金地球化学图, 发现内蒙古已知大型金矿与地球化学异常具有良好的对应关系。以内蒙古四个典型大型金矿为例, 建立了1:100万尺度大型金矿地球化学预测指标: (1)异常具有3层套合结构, 即局部异常被区域异常所包裹, 区域异常被地球化学省所包裹; (2)异常面积通常大于1 000 km2; (3)地球化学块体的异常衬度大于2.2; (4)常伴生有Ag、As、Sb、Bi等元素的异常; (5)异常区或周边常具有区域性深大断裂及其次级断裂等构造; (6)异常区或周边一般发育有火成岩。根据建立的大型金矿预测指标, 圈定了大型金矿集区14个, 为下一步在内蒙古选择重点地区开展大型金矿勘查提供了远景区。     

青海省西确涌地区地球化学特征

基于西确涌地区1∶5万地球化学普查和1∶1万土壤剖面成果、地质特征,分别对西确涌地区地球化学特征、元素共生组合关系、综合异常特征进行研究分析,从而推断解释AP-1、AP-2、AP-3、AP-4为矿致异常,再通过异常查证,圈定出多条矿体。最终确定该地区元素异常分布主要受喷流沉积岩和构造共同控制,确定该地区具有寻找Pb、Zn、Au、Ag等多金属矿的潜力。     

Transition enthalpies and entropies of high pressure zinc metasilicates and zinc metagermanates

The enthalpies of transition at T= 298 K between zinc metasilicate assemblages, measured by molten oxide solution calorimetry, are:

Calculation of equilibrium stable isotope partition function ratios for aqueous zinc complexes and metallic zinc

The goal of this study is to determine reduced partition function ratios for a variety of species of zinc, both as a metal and in aqueous solutions in order to calculate equilibrium stable isotope partitioning. We present calculations of the magnitude of Zn stable-isotope fractionation (^66,67,68Zn/⁶⁴Zn) between aqueous species and metallic zinc using measured vibrational spectra (fit from neutron scattering studies of metallic zinc) and a variety of electronic structure models. The results show that the reduced metal, Zn(0), will be light in equilibrium with oxidized Zn(II) aqueous species, with the best estimates for the Zn(II)-Zn(0) fractionation between hexaquo species and metallic zinc being Δ^66/64Zn_aq-metal ∼ 1.6‰ at 25 °C, and Δ^66/64Zn_aq-metal ∼ 0.8‰ between the tetrachloro zinc complex and metallic zinc at 25 °C using B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory and basis set. To examine the behavior of zinc in various aqueous solution chemistries, models for Zn(II) complex speciation were used to determine which species are thermodynamically favorable and abundant under a variety of different conditions relevant to natural waters, experimental and industrial solutions. The optimal molecular geometries for [Zn(H₂O)₆]²⁺, [Zn(H₂O)₆]·SO₄, [ZnCl₄]²⁻ and [Zn(H₂O)₃(C₃H₅O(COO)₃)]⁻ complexes in various states of solvation, protonation and coordination were calculated at various levels of electronic structure theory and basis set size. Isotopic reduced partition function ratios were calculated from frequency analyses of these optimized structures. Increasing the basis set size typically led to a decrease in the calculated reduced partition function ratios of ∼0.5‰ with values approaching a plateau using the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set or larger. The widest range of species were studied at the B3LYP/LAN2DZ/6-31G^∗ level of theory and basis-set size for comparison. Aqueous zinc complexes where oxygen is bound to the metal center tended to have the largest reduced partition function ratios, with estimated fractionations ranging from 2.2 to 2.9‰ (⁶⁶Zn/⁶⁴Zn) at 25 °C relative to metallic zinc. The tetrahedrally coordinated tetrachloro zinc complex, where zinc is bound exclusively to chloride, had the lowest reduced partition function ratio for a Zn(II) species (Δ^66/64Zn_aq-metal ∼ 1-1.3‰ at 25 °C). Increasing the number of waters in the second shell of solvation of the above complexes led to variable results, most commonly leading to a decrease of ∼0.2 to 0.3‰ in calculated Δ^66/64Zn_aq-metal at 25 °C.These estimates are useful in the interpretation of observed fractionations during the electrochemical deposition of zinc, where aqueous-metal fractionations of up to 5.5‰ are observed. The models show these are not caused by an equilibrium fractionation process. These results suggest that the redox cycle of zinc during industrial processing may be responsible for isotopically distinct reservoirs of zinc observed in polluted environments. The leaching of metallic zinc or zinc tailings from industrial sites could lead to the observed heavy signature in river systems, the magnitude of which will be reliant on the source material and the aqueous species that form.     

Ion-exchange fractionation of copper and zinc isotopes

Whether transition element isotopes can be fractionated at equilibrium in nature is still uncertain. Standard solutions of Cu and Zn were eluted on an anion-exchange resin, and the isotopic compositions of Cu (with respect to Zn) of the eluted fractions were measured by multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It was found that for pure Cu solutions, the elution curves are consistent with a ⁶³Cu/⁶⁵Cu mass fractionation coefficient of 0.46‰ in 7 mol/L HCl and 0.67‰ in 3 mol/L HCl between the resin and the solution. Batch fractionation experiments confirm that equilibrium fractionation of Cu between resin and 7 mol/L HCl is ∼0.4‰ and therefore indicates that there is no need to invoke kinetic fractionation during the elution. Zn isotope fractionation is an order of magnitude smaller, with a ⁶⁶Zn/⁶⁸Zn fractionation factor of 0.02‰ in 12 mol/L HCl. Cu isotope fractionation results determined from a chalcopyrite solution in 7 mol/L HCl give a fractionation factor of 0.58‰, which indicates that Fe may interfere with Cu fractionation.Comparison of Cu and Zn results suggests that the extent of Cu isotopic fractionation may signal the presence of so far unidentified polynuclear complexes in solution. In contrast, we see no compelling reason to ascribe isotope fractionation to the coexistence of different oxidation states. We further suggest that published evidence for iron isotopic fractionation in nature and in laboratory experiments may indicate the distortion of low-spin Fe tetrahedral complexes.The isotope geochemistry of transition elements may shed new light on their coordination chemistry. Their isotopic fractionation in the natural environment may be interpreted using models of thermodynamic fractionation.     

Adsorption of copper and zinc by oil shale

 Oil shale is able to remove appreciable amounts of copper and zinc ions from aqueous solutions. It was noted that an increase in the adsorbent concentration with constant copper or zinc concentration resulted in greater metal removal from solution. An increase in the copper or zinc concentration with a constant sorbent concentration resulted in higher metal loading per unit weight of sorbent. For both metals, copper and zinc, equilibrium was attained after 24-h contact time. Increase in the initial pH or temperature of the metal solution resulted in an increase in the metal uptake per unit weight of the sorbent. Freundlich isotherm model was found to be applicable for the experimental data of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺. The results showed that oil shale could be used for the adsorption of the Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ with higher affinity toward Zn²⁺ ions. Addition of sodium salt to the metal solution influenced copper removal positively, but inhibited zinc removal. Received: 3 January 2000 · Accepted: 27 June 2000     

Efficient separation of zinc from zinc containing copper sulfide concentrate by chemical leaching

As the most abundant copper containing resource and zinc containing resource, chalcopyrite and sphalerite/marmatite commonly coexist as Cu-Zn mixed ores in deposits. However, it is difficult to completely separate sphalerite and chalcopyrite by flotation, thus resulting in the existence of zinc impurity in copper concentrate. Sphalerite/marmatite existed in copper sulfide concentrate as impurity may lead to severe damage of the smelting equipment, and cause the waste of copper and Zn resources, it will also decrease of the sale price of copper concentrates. Therefore, the deep separation of zinc from zinc bearing copper sulfide concentrate is of great significance. In this work, selective chemical leaching was developed to efficiently remove zinc from zinc containing copper sulfide concentrate. Under the optimal condition (i.e., sulfuric acid concentration exceed 100 g/L, temperature of 80 °C, pulp density of 10%, leaching time of 48 h), over 85% Zn was extracted into the leaching solution together with only about 10% Cu and Fe, according to the leaching experiment. Leaching slurry had good solid-liquid separation characteristics, and zinc can be further effectively recovered from the leaching solution. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS) analysis, chalcopyrite was the main mineralogical phase in the residues, which can be regarded as high quality copper concentrate for metallurgy. Accordingly, a new process for deep and efficient separation of Cu-Zn mixed ores has been proposed.     

Present-day precipitation of lead and zinc from groundwaters

Small quantities of galena and sphalerite are currently precipitating 26m below the surface, at the Vinemount quarry, Ontario, Canada from sulfurous spring waters, issuing from carbonates of the Lockport Formation. At the spring orifices, these sulfides are present in both fracture coatings and an associated black sludge. These precipitates are overlain by a crust rich in native sulfur. The mineralogy of the precipitates, and the chemistry of waters taken from three consistent spring horizons, indicates that downward-moving meteoric groundwaters leach metals from the host rocks and precipitate galena and sphalerite on encountering H₂S-rich waters at the water table. While our observation of the transport and deposition of lead and zinc by shallow groundwaters lends support to intra-karstic models for the direct precipitation of galena and sphalerite, it also enables us to propose that many carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits, of differing theories of origin, may have been enriched during periods of uplift.     

The abundance of cadmium and zinc in meteorites

A stable isotope dilution technique using solid source mass spectrometry has been used to accurately determine Cd and Zn in a wide range of materials. The abundance of Cd has been determined in 19 iron, 28 stone and 1 stony-iron meteorites, together with a number of other samples. The abundance of Zn has also been determined for most of these samples. This has enabled the relationship between Cd and Zn to be examined in iron and stone meteorites. The abundance pattern of Zn in iron meteorites supports the existence of chemical groups.     

四川省邻水县土壤锌地球化学特征及玉米水稻籽实锌含量预测

[研究目的]锌(Zn)是一种人体所必需的微量元素.利用区域地球化学调查数据,准确预测农作物中Zn含量,从而开展富Zn农产品开发规划仍存在较大难度.[研究方法]本文选择四川省邻水县为研究区,依据土地质量地球化学调查所获得的表层土壤、农作物及根系土中地球化学指标数据,系统研究了土壤与农作物中Zn含量和空间分布特征,分析了玉...