大变形黏土防渗层中的污染物迁移和转化规律研究

国内湖泊疏浚污染底泥堆场一般以较厚的黏土层作为主要防渗层,由于在上覆底泥作用下黏土层会发生较大的固结变形,因此,在研究黏土防渗层中的污染物运移和转化规律时,应该考虑土体变形的影响。基于Gibson一维大变形固结理论和饱和多孔介质中的污染物对流扩散方程,建立了二者耦合的可变形多孔介质中污染物的运移和转化模型,其中首次考虑了土体自重和生物降解作用的影响。利用所建立模型的数值解,研究了在可变形黏土防渗层中的污染物运移和转化规律,同时分析了模型中不同项和主要参数的作用和影响。研究结果表明,土体大变形对黏土防渗层中污染物的运移有着较复杂的影响,一方面土体变形会加速污染物的运移;另一方面土体固结带来的渗透性减小会增加污染物的穿透时间,二者的不同作用取决于众多的影响因素,如土层厚度和吸附作用等。研究结果对于评估天然黏土防渗层对污染物的阻隔作用有重要的指导意义。     

考虑成层弹性地基固结的污染物运移模型

文章在多层地基固结理论与污染物运移理论相结合的基础上,提出了污染物在成层弹性地基中运移的一维数学模型,其最大特点是考虑了土体受力变形对污染物运移的影响,然后给出了所建模型的解析解,并将计算结果与太湖疏浚污染底泥堆场的实测结果作了比较分析。结果表明堆场的地基土层对太湖疏浚底泥中的污染物具备足够的阻隔能力,在堆场的使用年限内不会对周围环境造成二次污染。实际天然防渗层中以成层土居多,故推导出的污染物在成层土中运移模型具有重要的工程价值和现实意义。     

地下水开采引发的土体变形对污染物迁移影响研究

地下水开采引发的土体变形对污染物迁移具有重要影响。结合地下水渗流理论、太沙基一维固结理论和溶质运移对流-弥散理论,建立了变形土体中污染物迁移三维耦合数值模型,考虑了孔隙度、渗透系数和水动力弥散系数随有效应力的动态变化。通过对实际案例进行模拟,分析了地下水开采引发的土体变形对污染物迁移规律的影响。结果表明,地下水位下降,土体有效应力增加,土体骨架压缩变形,使得孔隙度、渗透系数减小,导致水动力弥散系数增幅减小,从而延缓了污染物迁移的对流扩散过程。     

一维大变形主、次固结耦合新模型

针对传统一维大变形固结理论不能考虑土体次固结变形的缺点,在连续介质力学有限变形理论和土力学固结理论基础上,提出了全新的一维大变形主、次固结耦合模型。该模型采用超静孔压为控制变量,可以分别表述为欧拉坐标、拉格朗日坐标和固相体积坐标等三种形式,其中均可以显式地反映出土体重度变化、固相速度、地表沉降速度、地下水位变化、荷载变化和次固结等6个因素的影响。在不同简化条件下,新模型可以分别退化为以往学者提出的相关模型。当不考虑次固结效应时,新模型与经典的Gibson大变形固结模型完全等价。从便于工程应用的角度而言,新模型中仅考虑次固结和外荷载变化的退化形式更便于求解,可作为一种供参考的实用模型。     

考虑非达西渗流和应力历史的土体非线性固结研究

黏土在低水力坡降下偏离达西定律的现象及应力历史对土体变形的影响已为人们所认识,但能够同时考虑非达西渗流及应力历史影响的土体固结理论还很鲜见。在传统太沙基一维固结理论基础上,引入经典的Hansbo渗流模型,并考虑土体在不同应力状态下的变形特性,建立实际变荷载作用下土体的非线性固结模型。利用有限差分法对模型进行数值求解。在保证数值解可靠性的基础上,着重分析非达西渗流对超固结土固结性状的影响及非达西渗流下应力状态对固结性状的影响,并分析比较其异同点。结果表明:非达西渗流下超固结土的固结速率要比达西定律下慢,且随非达西渗流模型参数m、i_1值的增大,固结速率的减慢愈加明显;对考虑非达西渗流的不同应力状态土体而言,超固结土的固结速率最快,且超固结土在外荷载作用下产生的地基最终沉降值最小;对考虑非达西渗流的超固结土而言,前期固结压力越大、回弹再压缩指数越小,则土的固结速率越快,地基土的最终沉降值越小。     

考虑循环变温的软土热固结模型

在能源岩土工程发展需求背景下,土体工程特性的温度效应研究受到了国内外学者的广泛关注。针对现有关于循环变温热固结理论研究的不足,提出考虑循环变温条件下土体先期固结压力随温度循环次数变化的关系式,计算多次循环变温后软土的固结压缩量。在此基础上,推导考虑循环变温的太沙基固结修正公式,分析整个循环变温过程中孔压和固结沉降的变化规律。最后通过与单元体测试结果进行对比,验证该计算模型的可靠性。研究结果表明,在循环变温和瞬时荷载的耦合作用下,土体的沉降变形和孔压随温度循环次数的变化而变化,且影响程度与循环次数相关;新型热固结模型为涉及循环变温的岩土工程问题分析提供了一定的理论支撑。     

考虑温度影响的改进西原流变模型及一维固结解

随着我国热能源开发,热力管道工程大规模应用,由此带来的岩土体应力、变形、渗流和温度耦合作用问题已经成为岩土工程领域的研究热点。在长期荷载作用下,岩土体的变形和强度随时间而变化,尤其是软土,具有明显的流变特征。传统的各流变模型并未考虑升温方式和温度对其各参数的影响。为了能更好地反映流变固结特性,考虑软黏土的黏弹塑性,在西原模型基础上,引入温度膨胀系数,建立了热力耦合作用下的改进西原模型,给出了其应力-应变关系,并利用Laplace变换和逆变换求解了一维热固结方程,得到了其解析解。计算结果表明:固结压力一定时,温度升高加快土体固结;温度一定时,土体中孔压随固结压力增大而减小;改进西原模型的弹性模量越大,孔压消散速率越大,土体固结越快;土颗粒受温度影响而产生的热膨胀对于孔压消散的作用非常小;黏滞系数越小,孔压消散更快,土体固结越快;试验结果与考虑土体的黏弹塑性的热力耦合改进西原模型计算结果吻合,改进西原模型可以较好地描述土体的热力耦合特性。     

土工有限元计算中如何剔除先期固结变形

土体在重力作用下的固结变形历史上大多已经完成,土体内的自重应力场和重力场处于相互平衡状态。以此为初始条件的土工有限元计算,如果直接在模型上施加重力作外载,将产生一个较大固结变形,而这个变形对土体来说是先期完成了的,所以计算会产生不合理的结果。为此,先把初应力作为一种载荷进行理论推导,并据此提出一个如何剔除先期固结变形的方法,即先加重力,通过求解,导出土体自重应力场;然后重新开始分析,把自重应力场当初始应力导入土体单元中,再加重力进行求解,这样就剔除了先期固结变形;最后进行了算例对比分析,证明其是一种合理的方法。     

路堤荷载下刚性桩复合地基桩侧负摩阻力分析研究

分析了路堤荷载下刚性桩复合地基中负摩阻力问题,对土体沉降采用Terzaghi一维固结理论,在假设桩及桩周土体变形规律的基础上得到了桩体轴力和变形的计算公式,与一个工程实例的测试结果具有良好的一致性;并讨论了负摩阻力随各种因素变化的影响规律。     

饱和软土大变形非线性自重固结模型

基于分段线性方法,建立了饱和软土一维自重固结模型（简称SWC模型）。该模型能考虑自重固结过程中土体的大变形效应和材料参数的非线性变化。将该模型的计算结果与相关解析解、现场试验及室内试验结果进行了对比验证,证明了SWC模型能准确计算出大变形和非线性条件下饱和软土的自重固结过程,包括沉降量、平均固结度、孔隙比分布和超孔隙水压力分布等参数随时间的变化过程。随后,以现场试验为基础,采用SWC模型对饱和软土自重固结的4个主要影响因素（即土体初始高度、边界排水条件、初始孔隙比和土粒相对密度）进行了参数分析。结果表明,上述4个参数对软土自重固结过程均具有重要影响：土体初始高度越高,则自重固结沉降量和最终平均应变值越大;边界排水条件对土体自重固结的速度有重要影响,但不影响自重固结的最终沉降量;初始孔隙比越大,则自重固结沉降量越大,其完成自重固结所需时间越短;土粒相对密度越大,则土体的最终沉降量越大,完成自重固结所需时间越短。     

Theoretical investigation of the effects of consolidation on contaminant transport through clay barriers

Consolidation of clayey contaminant barriers such as landfill liners has been postulated as a cause of early breakthrough of contaminants. In this paper we theoretically investigate this proposition. For this purpose a sophisticated one‐dimensional, large‐deformation model of coupled mechanical consolidation and solute transport is employed. This new model is a generalization of existing coupled consolidation and solute transport models described in the literature. It takes into account both non‐linearities in geometry as well as constitutive relations. The latter relate the compressibility, hydraulic conductivity and coefficient of effective diffusivity to the deformation of the soil. The model is applied to a case study of a clay liner and geomembrane system. Results obtained from numerical solution of the model equations are compared with those from various simplified models, including a ‘diffusion only’ (i.e. a rigid soil) model traditionally used in contaminant barrier design. For barriers incorporating low compressibility soils (as for many well compacted clays), there is little difference between contaminant transit (i.e. breakthrough) times predicted by the two models. However, for contaminant barriers incorporating more compressible soils, consolidation is shown to significantly accelerate transport. These results indicate the potential importance of accounting for the effects of soil consolidation and highlight the limitations of existing models when modelling solute transport through composite barriers utilizing soft soils. Based on these limited results, we suggest a possible way of taking into account soil consolidation using simplified models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

软黏土层一维有限应变固结的超静孔压消散研究

根据土力学固结理论计算分析软黏土层固结过程的超静孔隙水压力值,确定软黏土体固结过程的强度增长,对排水固结法处理软土地基至关重要。软黏土层固结过程中土体变形较大时,有限应变固结理论和小应变固结理论计算分析软黏土固结所得结果差异较大。利用非线性有限元法及程序,通过对软黏土层固结工程算例的计算结果分析,研究了有限应变固结理论和小应变固结理论计算分析软黏土层一维固结超静孔压值消散的差异;探讨了软黏土体一维固结过程中,几何非线性、土体渗透性变化和压缩性变化对超静孔隙水压力消散的影响。研究结果表明,当土体的变形较大时,有限应变固结理论计算出的超静孔压要比小应变固结理论得到的值消散的更快。考虑土体固结过程中渗透性的变化时,超静孔压消散变慢;可用软黏土渗透性变化指数ck 反映渗透性变化对超静孔压消散的影响,渗透性变化指数ck值越小、超静孔压消散越慢。固结过程中软黏土压缩性的大小及变化也影响超静孔压的消散,可用软黏土的压缩指数cc反映固结过程中压缩性的大小及变化对超静孔压消散的影响,软黏土的压缩指数cc越小,固结过程软黏土层中的超静孔压消散越快。     

基于混合物理论的水力-化学-力学污染物输运模型研究

由于废弃物的堆积以及填埋场上覆盖层的重量,衬垫因此承受一定的压力,发生力学固结;由于黏土本身的结构特性,当污染物通过黏土垫层时可能会发生化学固结,而固结作用可直接对污染物的对流输运产生影响,也会引起土层体积和结构的变化,从而改变其固有的输运性质。从混合物理论出发,建立了水力-化学-力学作用下的溶质输运理论框架,统一地描述了水力-化学-力学作用下变形、水的吸附或解吸附、对流和扩散现象。将输运系数考虑为有效孔隙率的函数,由此反映固结对输运参数的影响。对所建立的数学模型进行无量纲化处理,并使用有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics进行求解,最后进行了参数分析。研究结果表明,垫层土体中吸附水和自由水之间的化学势差异越大,层间吸附水的解吸附量越大;当土体的软硬性质不同时,当层间吸附水解吸附后,土体固结程度不同,从而对污染物输运过程的影响不同。而当垫层上覆荷载增大时,土体宏观孔隙的扩张的限制作用增强,从而对土体产生一种修复作用,抑制污染物在土体中的输运。     

One‐dimensional contaminant transport through a deforming porous medium: theory and a solution for a quasi‐steady‐state problem

Contaminant migration through soil is usually modelled mathematically using the dispersion–advection equation. This type of model finds application when planning the remediation of contaminated land, predicting the movement of polluted groundwater and designing engineered landfills. Usually the analysis assumes that the porous media through which the contaminant migrates is stationary. However, the construction of landfills on clay soils means that the soil beneath the landfill will undergo time‐dependent deformation as the soil consolidates. To date, there are no published data on the effect a deforming porous media may have on contaminant transport beneath a landfill; indeed, there appears to be no theory of contaminant migration through a deforming soil. In this paper, a one‐dimensional theory of contaminant migration through a saturated deforming porous media is developed based on a small and large strain analysis of a consolidating soil and conservation of contaminant mass. By selection of suitable parameters, the new transport equation reduces to the familiar one‐dimensional dispersion–advection equation for a saturated soil with linear, reversible, equilibrium controlled sorption of the contaminant onto the soil skeleton. Analytic solutions to a quasi‐steady‐state contaminant transport problem for a deforming media are presented, and a preliminary assessment made of the potential importance of soil deformation on the results of a contaminant migration analysis. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑变渗透系数的饱和黏土一维流变固结分析

为进一步探讨饱和黏性土的弹黏塑性和变渗透性对一维固结进程的影响,引入考虑时间效应的统一硬化（UH）本构模型描述饱和黏土的弹黏塑性,并用Taylor的经验关系式表示其渗透系数与孔隙比的关系,修正了太沙基一维固结理论,并利用有限差分法对方程进行求解。通过与一维流变固结试验结果对比,验证本文计算方法的有效性以及UH模型的适用性。在此基础上,讨论了UH模型参数、压缩指数与渗透指数的比值以及荷载强度等对固结过程的影响。计算结果表明:饱和黏土的黏滞性使得在固结初期地基内部出现了孔压升高现象,并减缓了固结中后期地基孔压的整体消散,增大了地基的沉降量,并且这种现象随着初始超固结参数的增大而更明显;另外,随着压缩指数与渗透指数比值的减小,地基固结进程会加快,但地基最终沉降量不受影响;同时,在固结后期,当压缩指数不大于渗透指数时,较小荷载强度对应的地基内孔压消散较慢,然而,当压缩指数大于渗透指数时,荷载强度对孔压消散的影响则相对很小。     

Behaviour of piles in consolidating soil

The development of negative skin friction on circular piles in a consolidating layered soil is investigated by an elasto-plastic load transfer theory which accounts for slippage of the soil. The elastic load transfer theory is premised on the compatibility condition that the vertical displacement of the ‘pile’ is equal to the summation of the vertical displacement of the layered soil due to the consolidation of the upper soil layer and the vertical displacement in the ‘soil layers’ along the pile’s centroidal axis caused by a system of pile-soil interactive forces. Slippage of the soil is accounted for by imposing the shear strength of the clay layer as the limit of the pile-soil interface shear stress. The saturated upper clay is consolidating under a uniform surcharge in accordance with Terzaghi’s one-dimensional consolidation theory. The validity of the proposed solution is confirmed by comparison with field measurements. Extensive parametric studies with regard to the effect of pile-soil slip on pile behaviour are presented.     

A general approach to the modelling of contaminant transport through composite landfill liners with intact or leaking geomembranes

Finite‐element models of contaminant transport through composite landfill liners require highly refined meshes around the interface between the geomembrane and the clay layer, especially if leakage through holes in the geomembrane is considered. In addition, no general formulation for transport through leaking geomembranes can be found in the literature. The paper develops a general approach to time‐dependent contaminant migration through composite liners with intact or leaking geomembranes. Equations are derived for various combinations of system conditions including Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions in the waste, constant mass of contaminants in the waste, steady state or transient transport in the geomembrane, and steady state or transient seepage velocities in the mineral liner. The effect of the geomembrane on transport in the soil is converted into an equivalent boundary condition applicable at the top of the clay layer. Hence, only the media underlying the top geomembrane are explicitly represented in the numerical model, yielding a computationally efficient algorithm. The new formulation is validated in conjunction with finite‐layer, finite‐element and boundary‐element methods, by comparing its predictions to those of more conventional approaches which represent the geomembrane explicitly. The scope of the method is illustrated by modelling a landfill liner with a geomembrane leaking in five locations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Consolidation of sensitive clays: a numerical investigation

Consolidation of sensitive clay layers, which have significant compressibility at different stress states, is investigated via a nonlinear one-dimensional consolidation approach with a piecewise linear e ~ log₁₀σ′ model. The behaviour of sensitive clays during consolidation and the limitations of conventional consolidation theory are addressed. It is shown that (1) the sensitive clay layer can be divided by the preconsolidation pressure into two zones, that is, high- and low-compressibility zones. The progressive destruction of particle cementation bonding through the soil layer is shown by the moving front of the interface between these two zones; (2) the excess pore pressure dissipation primarily takes place in the low-compressibility zone, which results in a small settlement during the early stages of consolidation; (3) conventional consolidation theory highly overestimates the settlement and gives a poor prediction of effective stress distribution.     

Parametric sensitivity analysis of coupled mechanical consolidation and contaminant transport through clay barriers

In this paper, an extensive parametric sensitivity analysis of coupled consolidation and solute transport in composite landfill liner systems has been undertaken. The analysis incorporates results of more than 3000 simulations for various combinations of barrier thickness, waste loading rate, initial void ratio, compression index, hydraulic conductivity and dispersion coefficient. However, it is noted that to limit the extent of the study a constant coefficient of consolidation is assumed in the analysis presented here, though this assumption is easily relaxed. Results of the parametric sensitivity analysis are succinctly presented using dimensionless plots, which allow the comparison of results for a large number of parameter values, and so the clear identification of the most important determinants on contaminant transport through the liner system. The dimensionless plots demonstrate a pessimum (for which the ‘breakthrough time’ is minimised). Numerical results reveal that in cases of extreme liner compressibility an order of magnitude reduction in contaminant transit time may arise due to coupling between solute transport and consolidation, while for barriers of low compressibility and porosity (such as well-engineered composite compacted clay landfill liners), it is found that the contaminant transit time may still be reduced by more than 30%. The numerical results suggest that the use of coupled consolidation–contaminant transport models are sometimes required for informed and conservative landfill liner design.