乌鲁木齐河流域不同水体中的氧稳定同位素

The variations of the stable oxygen isotope in different water mediums in Urumqi River Basin, China, are analyzed. The stable oxygen isotope in precipitation has marked temperature effect either under synoptic or seasonal scale at the head of Urumqi River. The linear regression equations of δ^18O against temperature are δ^18O=-0.94T-12.38 and δ^18O=1.29T-13.05 under the two time scales, respectively. The relatively large δ^18O/temperature slopes show the strong sensitivity of δ^18O in precipitation to temperature variation at the head of Urumqi River. According to the analyses on the δ^18O in precipitation sampled at three stations with different altitudes along Urumqi River, altitude effect is notable in the drainage basin. The δ^18O/altitude gradients have distinct differences: the gradient from Urumqi to Yuejinqiao is merely -0.054‰/hm, but -0.192‰/hm from Yuejinqiao to Daxigou, almost increasing by 2.6 times over the former. No altitude effect is found in surface firn the east branch of Glacier No. 1 at the head of Urumqi River, showing that precipitation in the glacier is from the cloud cluster with the same condensation level. Influenced by strong ablation and evaporation, the δ^18O in surface firn increases with increasing altitude sometimes. Survey has found that the δ^18O in meltwater at the terminus of Glacier No. 1 and in stream water at Total Control have the similar change trend with the former all smaller than the latter, which displays the different runoff recharges, and all mirror the regime of temperature in the same term basicallv.     

Comparisons on seasonal and annual variations of δ18O in precipitation

The spatial and temporal variations of stable oxygen isotope in precipitation on different time scales are analyzed according to the data from the IAEA/WMO stations with long survey series in the Northern Hemisphere. Temperature effect is mainly distributed in mid-high latitudes on seasonal scale except for Bamako and Addisababa stations. The δ18O/temperature slope displays the positive correlation against altitude for most of the statistical stations. Amount effect appears primarily in the region south of 30oN and coastal areas. The δ18O/precipitation slope is indirectly proportional to precipitation amount. For some of the sampling stations at mid-high latitudes where their seasonal distribution of precipitation is contrary to that of temperature, coupled with temperature effect, the amount effect appears synchronistically. Either the temperature effect or the amount effect on seasonal scale, there are positive correlations to a certain extent between the annual weighted mean δ18O and the annual mean temperature for almost all the stations. The correlation between composite δ18O and temperature on spatial scale is much more marked, compared with that of individual station. There is a good agreement between 10-year moving average temperature curves I and II, with the values of the former all markedly smaller than corresponding ones of the latter, calculated by the monthly mean series group I and the annual mean series group II, respectively. However, two calculated dδ18O/dT curves display the distinct difference: the variation amplitude of slope series II is larger than that of slope series I. Both curves had similar ascending trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, and then, their variations display the anti-phase. Moreover, the analyses show that there is negative correlation between slope series II and temperature series II. However, the status is different for slope series I and temperature series I. Both series have contrary trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, whereas the same trend since the 1980s.     

Comparisons on seasonal and annual variations of δ<Superscript>18</Superscript>O in precipitation

The spatial and temporal variations of stable oxygen isotope in precipitation on different time scales are analyzed according to the data from the IAEA/WMO stations with long survey series in the Northern Hemisphere. Temperature effect is mainly distributed in mid-high latitudes on seasonal scale except for Bamako and Addisababa stations. The δ¹⁸O/temperature slope displays the positive correlation against altitude for most of the statistical stations. Amount effect appears primarily in the region south of 30°N and coastal areas. The δ¹⁸O/precipitation slope is indirectly proportional to precipitation amount. For some of the sampling stations at mid-high latitudes where their seasonal distribution of precipitation is contrary to that of temperature, coupled with temperature effect, the amount effect appears synchronistically. Either the temperature effect or the amount effect on seasonal scale, there are positive correlations to a certain extent between the annual weighted mean δ¹⁸O and the annual mean temperature for almost all the stations. The correlation between composite δ¹⁸O and temperature on spatial scale is much more marked, compared with that of individual station. There is a good agreement between 10-year moving average temperature curves I and II, with the values of the former all markedly smaller than corresponding ones of the latter, calculated by the monthly mean series group I and the annual mean series group II, respectively. However, two calculated dδ¹⁸O/dT curves display the distinct difference: the variation amplitude of slope series II is larger than that of slope series I. Both curves had similar ascending trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, and then, their variations display the anti-phase. Moreover, the analyses show that there is negative correlation between slope series FI and temperature series II. However, the status is different for slope series I and temperature series I. Both series have contrary trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, whereas the same trend since the 1980s.     

呼图壁河流域水体氢氧稳定同位素特征及转化关系

在气候变化和人类活动影响下,水资源短缺是干旱区面临的一个严峻问题.解决问题的关键是要深入了解干旱区独特的水循环机理,而分析不同水体中氢氧同位素特征及转化关系,是应用同位素示踪技术研究水循环机理的基础。以呼图壁河流域为研究区,分析了大气降水、河水、地下水和积雪融水氢氧同位素变化特征及不同水体的δD~δ¹⁸O关系,探讨了地表水对地下水的补给关系。结果表明：呼图壁河流域大气降水、河水、地下水和积雪融水中δD、δ¹⁸O的组成和季节变化差异较大,δD值分别为-86.25‰、-66.66‰、-69.82‰和-150.79‰,而δ¹⁸O值依次为-12.42‰、-9.94‰、-10.23‰和-19.42‰;河水受大气降水和冰雪融水的混合补给导致同位素的贫化,积雪融水主要受蒸发的影响导致同位素的富集,而河水和积雪融水对地下水有密切的水力联系,导致地下水同位素的贫化;呼图壁河上游地区河水对地下水的补给仅占到18.45%,而中下游区域的地下水补给占到90%以上。     

党河流域敦煌盆地地下水补给与演化研究

综合应用水文地球化学指标和稳定同位素技术研究了党河流域敦煌盆地地下水补给和演化规律。岩盐、石膏及芒硝等矿物的溶解对Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-及SO₄^2-离子浓度影响较大。阳离子交换作用明显,地下水中Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺浓度增加,并与碳酸盐发生沉淀,导致HCO₃^-减少。地下水的δ¹⁸O值介于-12.1‰~-7.5‰,δ²H值变化范围为-84.3‰~-61.5‰,指示了盆地不同地带地下水补给来源不同。潜水δ¹⁸O和δ²H数值随着地下水径流路径方自西南到东北越来越富集,反映了蒸发浓缩效应,南湖、盆地南部潜水同位素与河水相近,体现了现代补给。相比之下,承压水稳定同位素相对贫乏,指示过去寒冷时期的补给。该研究可以为敦煌区域地下水资源规划和管理提供一定的借鉴意义。     

青海湖沙柳河流域土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成与土壤贮水量关系北大核心CSCD

氢氧稳定同位素技术和土壤贮水量是探究区域土壤水分特征的有效手段。基于青海湖沙柳河流域土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成(δ2H和δ^(18)O)和土壤贮水量数据,分析其在流域的空间分布特征,探讨土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成和土壤贮水量之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)沙柳河流域土壤水δ^(18)O值从西北向东南呈现富集—贫化—富集的趋势;土壤水d-excess值在流域南部最低,在流域东北部支流上游地区最高。(2)土壤贮水量在流域空间分布上表现为北高南低的趋势。(3)土壤水δ^(18)O值、d-excess值与土壤贮水量间存在分段线性关系。当0—30 cm各土层土壤贮水量≤30 mm时,各土层土壤贮水量与土壤水δ^(18)O值分别显著负相关、与d-excess值显著正相关。青海湖沙柳河流域自然地理环境和植被特征的空间差异导致其土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成和土壤贮水量表现出明显的空间变异性。温度变化对土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成与土壤贮水量之间的相关性影响是通过其对土壤蒸发作用的影响来实现的。     

亚洲降水中δ18O沿不同水汽输送路径的变化

利用IAEA/WMO全球监测网和青藏高原的监测站,建立了由赤道地区经我国西南水汽通道至长江中下游的南方水汽输送路径、沿西风带自我国西部经华北至日本的北方水汽输送路径以及自南亚穿喜马拉雅山到我国青藏高原的水汽输送路径的取样剖面,比较了三条水汽路径在不同季节降水中啄18O的变化及其与温度、降水量的关系。沿南方水汽路径,低纬度地区取样站降水中平均啄18O的季节差异较小。沿北方水汽路径,郑州以西取样站平均啄18O的季节差均大于郑州以东的取样站。随着经度的增加,降水中平均啄18O的季节差减小。沿高原水汽路径,印度次大陆南部降水中的啄18O相对较高,随着纬度的增加,降水中啄18O逐渐减小。在翻越喜马拉雅山后,由于强烈的洗涤作用,降水中啄18O急剧下降。     

黑河流域大气降水水汽来源分析

根据黑河流域取得的降水水样和降水气象资料,分析了该区域降水中氢氧同位素的时空差异与水汽输送的关系,定量估算了大陆性局地水汽循环在总降水中所占的比率.研究表明,春夏季降水主要受海洋性水汽来源影响,秋冬季降水受大陆性局地水汽来源影响;受水库水体蒸发水汽影响的附近区域降水氘盈余偏高,受海洋蒸发水汽控制的祁连山区降水氘盈余接近全球平均值10‰;基于氘盈余值估算,局地水循环对区域降水贡献率较大,占全年降水比例至少达31.06%.     

Intercomparison of stable isotopes in precipitation simulated by GCMs with GNIP survey over East Asia

Using the isotope enabled ECHAM4, GISS E and HadCM3 GCMs, the spatial distribution of mean δ¹⁸O in precipitation, mean seasonality and the correlations of δ¹⁸O in precipitation with temperature and precipitation amount are analyzed. The simulated results are in agreement with stable isotopic features by GNIP observations. Over East Asia, the distribution of δ¹⁸O in precipitation is of marked latitude effect and altitude effect. The latitude effect is covered by the continent effect in some regions. The largest seasonality of δ¹⁸O in precipitation appears in eastern Siberia controlled by cold high pressure, and the smallest seasonality is in the western Pacific controlled by the subtropical high. Relatively weak seasonality appears in middle latitudes where oceanic and continental air masses frequently interact. However, three GCMs show significant systematic lower δ¹⁸O for inland mid-high latitudes than GNIP data, which is related to the used isotopic scheme in GCMs. Temperature effect occurs mainly in inland mid-high latitudes. The higher the latitude and the closer the distance to inland is, then the stronger the temperature effect. Amount effect occurs mainly in low-mid latitudes and monsoon areas, with the strongest effect in low-latitude coasts or islands. However, three GCMs provide virtually non-existent amount effect in arid regions over Central Asia. The enrichment action of stable isotopes in falling raindrops under a cloud base, which is enlarged by these modes, is responsible for such a result. A significant difference between spatial distributions of δ¹⁸O statistics by GCMs simulations and by GNIP observations is that the standard deviation of GCMs statistics is greater than that of GNIP statistics. In contrast, by comparing parallel time series at a single station, the standard deviations of GCMs simulations are smaller than that of GNIP observations.     

Water sources of plants and groundwater in typical ecosystems in the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin

Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions （δ18O and δD） of soil water and shallow groundwater of a riparian forest, an artificial shrub forest, and Gobi of the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin are used to study the recharge water sources of those ecosystems. IsoSource software is used to determine the δ180 values for root water of Populous euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima in the riparian forest ecosystem, Haloxylon ammodendron in the artificial shrub forest, and Reaumuria soongorica in the Gobi, as well as for local soil water and groundwater, and precipitation in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin. Our results showed that soil water and shallow groundwater of the riparian forest and the artificial shrub forest were recharged by river water which originated from precipitation in the upper reaches, and strong evaporation occurred in the artificial shrub forest. Soil water of the Gobi was not affected by Heihe River water due to this area being far away from the river channel. The main water sources of Populous euphratica were from 40-60-cm soil water and groundwater, and of Tamarix ramosissima were from 40-80-cm soil water in the riparian forest ecosystem. In the artificial forest, Haloxylon ammodendron used 200-cm saturated-layer soil water and shallow groundwater. The Reaumuria soongorica mainly used soil water from the 175-200-cm depth in the Gobi. Therefore, soil water and groundwater are the main water sources which maintain survival and growth of the plants in the extremely arid regions of the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin.     

表层雪中稳定同位素季节变化及其与水汽输送的关系——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川积累区为例

根据2002年9月至2005年12月在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川积累区采集的表层雪样品,揭示了该区表层雪中δ<'18>O值的季节变化特征,讨论了水汽输送对降水中δ<'18>O值变化的影响.研究表明,天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川表层雪中δ<'18>O值季节变化显著,变幅可达12.59‰左右,其变化趋势和气温的变化趋势基本一致,...     

稳定性同位素在干旱区生态水文过程中的应用特征及机理研究

本文重点阐述了稳定性同位素18O和D在生态-水文过程研究中的研究进展,主要包括植物水分来源与比例、土壤水分动态变化与植物根系吸水、干旱区水分转化与补给等方面的研究成果。并针对我国干旱区生态水文过程研究中的具体问题,指出在今后应加强利用稳定性同位素技术在荒漠植被不同水分来源识别、植物水-地下潜水-土壤水-大气降水的转化过程、干旱区降水对不同尺度范围土壤水分和地下潜水的转化补给、具有水力提升和逆水力提升功能植物识别等方面研究中的应用。     

不同时间尺度下降水中氧稳定同位素的时空变化

The spatial and temporal variations of stable oxygen isotope in precipitation on different time scales are analyzed according to the data from the IAEA/WMO stations with long survey series in the Northern Hemisphere. Temperature effect is mainly distributed in mid-high latitudes on seasonal scale except for Bamako and Addisababa stations. The δ18O/temperature slope displays the positive correlation against altitude for most of the statistical stations. Amount effect appears primarily in the region south of 30°N and coastal areas. The δ18O/precipitation slope is indirectly proportional to precipitation amount. For some of the sampling stations at mid-high latitudes where their seasonal distribution of precipitation is contrary to that of temperature, coupled with temperature effect, the amount effect appears synchronistically. Either the temperature effect or the amount effect on seasonal scale, there are positive correlations to a certain extent between the annual weighted mean δ18O and the annual mean temperature for almost all the stations. The correlation between composite δ18O and temperature on spatial scale is much more marked, compared with that of individual station. There is a good agreement between 10-year moving average temperature curves I and Ⅱ, with the values of the former all markedly smaller than corresponding ones of the latter, calculated by the monthly mean series group I and the annual mean series group Ⅱ, respectively. However, two calculated dδ18O/dT curves display the distinct difference: the variation amplitude of slope series Ⅱ is larger than that of slope series I. Both curves had similar ascending trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, and then, their variations display the anti-phase. Moreover, the analyses show that there is negative correlation between slope series Ⅱ and temperature series Ⅱ. However, the status is different for slope series I and temperature series I. Both series have contrary trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, whereas the same trend since the 1980s.     

北大河流域地下水化学演化与补给特征

综合运用水文地球化学与同位素技术研究北大河流域地下水演化规律,研究区地下水水化学类型从上游到下游由HCO-3型向SO2-4-HCO-3型变化,再过渡到SO2-4型;随着矿化度增大,各离子出现不同的增减速度,白云石和硬石膏的溶解引起Mg2+、SO2-4增加,阳离子交换作用对Na+影响较大,Ca2+则受矿物溶解沉淀及离子交换等的共同影响,另外,蒸发浓缩也是影响研究区水化学的一个重要因素。地下水稳定同位素分布范围较广,δ18O为-10.28～-7.85‰,δD为-65.07～-53.85‰,总体上,南盆地山前地带比细土平原同位素贫乏,南北两盆地地下水同位素差别不大,两盆地同位素氘盈余,反映了酒泉山前及浅层水是由现代河流渠系迅速补给,深层水是现代水和古水混合的,金塔地下水受人类活动影响较大,开发利用过程中一定要慎重。     

基于稳定同位素的海河源区地下水与地表水相互关系分析

对海河流域源区的丰、枯水期降水、地下水、河水进行取样测试,分析了海河源区不同水体氢氧稳定同位素组成及水化学的时空分布特征,同时运用同位素二元混合模型对典型采样点地表水地下水间的相互作用进行了定量分析。结果表明：① 丰水期地下水及地表水δD和δ¹⁸O及总溶解性固体(TDS）表现出显著的空间差异性,而枯水期只有地下水的同位素组成及水化学特性表现出空间差异。②研究区的地下水水化学类型以Ca-HCO₃·SO₄、Ca-HCO₃型为主,丰水期河水与地下水化学类型较为相似,枯水期地下水化学类型与同时期的河水及大气降水的水化学类型存在显著的差异,说明枯水期地表水与地下水之间的转化关系不明显。Gibbs分析结果表明,控制海河源区水体化学性质的主要影响为岩石风化作用。③枯水期地下水受其他水体影响较弱,而丰水期河水及大气降水对地下水具有显著的补给作用,3个源流区中西源的地表河水对地下水影响最显著。     

洞穴化学沉积物的古气候记录与古生态环境意义

洞穴化学沉积物由于其特有的微层结构及其内的稳定氧、碳同位素和微量元素所蕴含的古气候与古生态环境信息 ,并且具有分布广、时间长、信息保存完整等特点 ,因此 ,它是研究地球环境变化极好的自然环境历史档案。几十年来 ,国内外这一领域的研究工作有了长足的发展 ,并已经取得了很大的成就 ,本文分别从氧同位素对气候变化的反映、碳同位素应用于重建地表植被生态环境以及石笋微层和微量元素的高分辨率气候环境指示意义几个方面对此作了较为综合的论述 ,同时 ,对这一领域现今所存在的问题及未来的发展趋势 ,也提出了一些自己的看法。     

Comparisons on seasonal and annual variations of δ~(18)O in precipitation

interpretationofpaleoclimaticrecordsinicecore(Dansgaardetal.,1969;Rozanskietal.,1997;Yao,1999;Thompsonetal.,2000).SincethefirstdeepicecorewasdrilledinGreenlandin1966(Dansgaardetal.,1969),hundredsoficecoreswereobtainedsuccessivelyfromicesheetsinAntarcticaandArctic,andmountainglaciersatmid-highlatitudes,fundedbynumerousresearchprogramsonglobalclimateandenvironmentalchange.Theseicecoresprovideuniqueandvaluablefirst-handinformationinrecoveringglobalpaleoenvironmentalrecordsandforecastingfuturecl…     

应用同位素研究黑河下游额济纳盆地地下水

黑河下游额济纳盆地位于两北内陆干旱区,大部分地区为戈壁沙漠,降水稀少,蒸发强烈,生态环境脆弱。盆地内天然植被的生长发育主要依靠于区域地下水,研究盆地地下水形成和循环机制,对流域治理、生态环境建设具有重要意义。本文采用环境同位素示踪技术,结合水化学分析方法和区域水文地质条件,研究分析了盆地地下水循环特征、地下水与地表水的相互关系和流域不同地区地下水补给来源等,为黑河下游水利工程规划和水量调度提供科学依据。     

东台沟实验流域降水氧同位素特征与水汽来源

运用环境同位素技术研究水循环中水分子组成发生的微观变化,是兴起于20世纪中期研究宏观、微观水文过程机理的新技术。研究流域降水同位素时间和空间变化规律以及与降水要素的相关关系,对于研究流域水资源属性具有重要的理论与实践意义。本文以北京市怀柔区汤河口镇东台沟实验流域为研究对象,研究了该流域2003年7月至10月降水氧同位素含量及降水的时空变化,分析了降水δ¹⁸O与降水量、高程及空气湿度的关系,评估了雨量、高程及空气湿度等因子对降水过程的影响及作用,阐明了其间实验流域降水δ¹⁸O的时空分布规律,并得出实验流域在实验期间降水的主要水汽来源为由东南向西北方向。     

乌鲁木齐河流域气候变化的区域差异特征及突变分析

利用乌鲁木齐河流域气象站的气温和降水资料,运用一元回归分析法和5年趋势滑动,进行了气候变化的趋势分析。结果表明:乌鲁木齐河流域的年平均气温在20世纪60-80年代偏低,90年代以后偏高,即80年代前呈下降趋势,90年代后呈上升趋势,并且秋、冬季升温幅度较大;60年代降水量最少,之后逐渐增多,2000年以来迅速增多;气温变化在空间上表现出上游气温低于下游,秋、冬季气候变暖明显早于春、夏季;降水变化的空间差异也明显。在此基础上,利用滑动T检验法、YAMAMOTO检验信噪比(SNR)、Mann-Kendall法、Cramer法和Pettitt法进行气候突变分析。结果表明:乌鲁木齐河流域气温降水突变不明显,不同方法检验的结果不太一致;春、夏季气温可能在1997年发生突变,而秋、冬季在80年代末90年代初发生突变。