地下水超采区承压井水位变化机理探讨

通过研究河北平原区地下水超采区第四系第三承压含水层水位的变化机理,依据上覆地层的荷载效应、非稳定流抽水中弱透水层的释水和越流过程,阐明地下水超采区内地下水位大幅下降的内在规律,为科学合理地提取地震前兆信息提供科学依据。     

基于高密度电法温纳装置的三维电阻率反演应用

在金矿采空区钻孔定位时,较多地依据二维高密度电法剖面反演来计算采空区的位置及产状,由于金矿采空区产状变化复杂,二维反演仅反映了采空区沿纵断面的展布形态,因采空区影响范围内测点较少至使反演目标边界误差较大,盲目布设钻孔会造成探测成本的提高,为实现精确探查,精准反演采空区的边界范围、走向及倾向,提高钻孔准确率,降低勘察成本,在蓬莱大柳行金矿试验通过布设多条等距高密度电法剖面(剖面间距为50 m、点距20 m),构造了不均匀测网,利用高密度电法仪采集温纳排列测深数据,将该排列数据进行了对称四极测深数据格式转换.采用该测网建立了三维电阻率反演数据格式,进行了三维电阻率反演,经钻探验证采空区中心埋深与三维电阻率反演低阻体埋深误差3.1 m.最终反演迭代精度与二维高密度电法剖面反演精度相差9.5%,为准确布钻提供资料.     

高密度电法在水文地质调查中的应用研究——以江平圩幅为例

防城港地区地下水资源匮乏,季节性缺水尤其严重,为了查明优质的供水水源,我们选取高密度电法作为勘探手段.高密度电法是用物探手段进行水文地质调查的一种重要方法,以其工作效率高、施工简单以及推断解释准确等优点,在水文地质领域应用广阔.本文概述了高密度电法的基本原理、装置类型和数据处理流程,给出了电阻率反演的基本步骤.选取了典型砂岩地区的实测数据反演研究,并与钻孔资料进行了对比验证.结果表明:(1)利用高密度电法,能够较准确地获取区内地下水含水层的埋深、厚度、空间展布形态;(2)偶极-偶极装置比温纳装置具有较高的横向分辨率,更有利于进行水文地质调查;(3)圈定了典型的低阻异常区,验证了低阻异常区位于江平幅侏罗纪承压水储水构造层,出水量较大,验证了反演推断的有效性和可靠性.通过本次工作,说明了高密度电法进行水文地质调查的应用效果,查明了该区较大的一处供水水源,为该区水资源开发利用提供了参考依据.     

高密度电法在黑方台地下水探测中的应用

由于农业灌溉,黑方台台塬边共发生了120余次黄土滑坡,严重威胁当地居民的生命财产安全.研究表明,该地区滑坡的主要诱因是黄土层中不断抬升的地下水,故对研究区滑坡的诱发形成机理展开分析探讨,就不能脱离对该地区黄土层中地下水分布规律的研究.基于此,本文运用高密度电法,对黑方台台塬内部及塬边滑坡区的黄土层中地下水分布规律进行探测研究.据三条物探剖面探测结果可知:1)研究区地下水中矿化度高,可断定其来源为农业灌溉;2)台塬内部黄土层中的地下水水位较为平缓,汇向台塬东北侧一带;3)而塬边水位骤降,趋势与滑坡地形基本一致,且滑坡坡顶处有局部水位抬升现象.物探结果与钻孔数据结果基本吻合,证明运用高密度电法对研究区地下水位进行探测是一种可靠的方法.     

三峡建库后东洞庭湖适宜生态水位需求分析

三峡水库的修建改变了水库下游的水沙条件,影响了洞庭湖湖区的生态平衡,进而引发相关生态问题本文以城陵矶站水位代表东洞庭湖水位,基于其1953 2018年的逐日水位资料,采用滑动t检验法对年平均水位序列进行突变检验,发现因强人类活动导致城陵矶水位发生突变的时间为2004年,考虑为三峡蓄水的影响借鉴IHA(Indicators of Hydrological Alteration,水文变化指标)及RVA(Range of Variability Approach,变化范围法)方法提出了一种同时考虑年内月平均水位过程、水位波动范围、高低水位发生情况以及水位涨落情况的适宜生态水位计算指标体系,能够直观和全面地描述生态系统健康发展对水位的要求,包括1 12月水位分别为:17.07～18.34、17.15～18.89、17.65～22.23、20.25～22.15、22.85～24.90、24.31～26.44、26.88～29.16、25.79～28.32、25.12～27.56、23.59～25.88、20.65～22.81、18.58～19.88 m;年最低水位:16.21～17.86 m,发生时间为第16～51天(年积日);年最高水位:28.54～31.48 m,发生时间为第187～211天(年积日);高水位平均持续时间为32.62～81.32 d/次,低水位平均持续时间为52.13～107.65 d/次;涨水次数为21.9～26.45次,涨水速率为0.17～0.21 m/d;落水次数为23.17～27.6次,落水速率为0.12～0.14 m/d基于上述结果分析三峡建库后城陵矶水位发现,其在1、2月月平均水位分别较适宜生态水位需求高0.83、0.27 m; 10月月平均水位较需求低0.83 m;年最低水位高出需求0.39 m,发生时间先于需求6天;涨水次数高于阈值要求4次,涨水速率低于阈值要求0.01 m/d;落水次数高于阈值要求2次研究成果可为三峡及上游梯级水库群联合调度提供依据.     

高密度电法与瞬变电磁法在戈壁区找水的联合应用

为准确掌握地下水资源的动态变化,有效支撑生态环境的可持续发展,在新疆哈密某矿集区利用高密度电法与瞬变电磁法联合进行物探勘查,对地下含水层与隔水层进行预判。经验证,高密度电法与瞬变电磁法的组合,有效指导水文钻探施工,为同类地质条件下物探手段的选取和应用提供参考。     

岩溶区地下溶洞综合物探探测试验研究——以福建省永安大湖盆地为例

基于隐伏岩溶区地下溶洞的发育特征对城市开发建设的影响,利用综合物探方法开展灰岩区地下溶洞探测试验研究,获得地下溶洞探测物探方法的有效性具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.通过对包括福建永安大湖盆地内两处岩溶国家地下水监测井钻孔旁在内的三条综合物探剖面选用电测深法、高密度电法和微动探测法进行试验,并与钻孔资料进行对比分析、总结各种方法的岩溶物性特征,为探测地下溶洞提供物理依据.试验结果表明:区内地下溶洞在电测深和高密度电法勘探结果上主要表现为低阻异常,在微动探测成果上表现为S波速度低速异常;视S波速度为300～850 m/s及视电阻率小于100Ω·m的半圈闭低阻异常,可作为研究区判断地下溶洞的地球物理依据.上述三种地面物探方法探测地下溶洞的有效性依次是:电测深法高密度电法微动探测法.对隐伏岩溶大范围进行地面探测时应结合测区的实际条件(如地质构造、地下水、溶洞充填物等情况)选用综合物探方法,并进行对比映证,从而揭示研究区的隐伏溶洞的分布发育规律,以此来指导岩溶区工程勘察,为钻探孔布置提供地球物理依据,减少钻探工程量和缩短探测周期.     

高密度电阻率法在西藏日喀则地区隐伏断裂探测中的应用

以跨谢通门—青都断裂的两条高密度电阻率法探测资料为基础, 对高密度电阻率法在青藏高原日喀则地区隐伏断裂探测中的首次应用进行了详细介绍． 所获取的高密度电法剖面显示, 该断层的电阻率异常特征清晰, 其上断点埋深可达20—30 m, 较浅层人工地震探测所揭示的断层上断点埋深(50 m)更浅, 结合地层年代资料推测该断裂的最新活动时期为早—中更新世． 探测结果表明: 高密度电法剖面清晰地显示了断层在浅部松散层的延伸, 适用于日喀则地区的隐伏断层探测; 相较于浅层人工地震探测, 该方法对浅部松散层的探测具有明显优势, 一定条件下能够更好地揭示断层上断点埋深, 可与浅层人工地震探测形成互补． 需要指出的是, 在应用中需重视测区水文地质及地层发育情况对探测的影响．      

洞庭湖生态水位及其保障研究

湖泊生态水位是维持湖泊生态系统健康的重要因素.基于洞庭湖城陵矶、杨柳潭、南咀3个水文站1959-2016年日平均水位序列进行分析,采用Mann-Kendall法、累积距平法和滑动T检验法综合确定洞庭湖水位变异时间节点,结合生态水位年内展布法以及IHA-RVA法,计算分析湖泊最小和适宜生态水位,并且采用Tennant法进行合理验证,在此基础上对水文变异前、后湖泊生态水位保障度进行研究.研究结果表明:(1)洞庭湖城陵矶和杨柳潭水文站年均水位呈上升趋势,而且城陵矶站水位上升趋势显著,南咀站年均水位呈显著下降趋势.(2)洞庭湖3个典型水文站水位年际变化突变年份为2003年,突变年份基本上与三峡工程蓄水时间相符.(3)城陵矶、南咀和杨柳潭年均最小生态水位分别为21.41、28.95和27.84 m,分别占多年平均水位的86.3%、95.9%和95.7%,城陵矶、南咀和杨柳潭年均适宜生态水位分别为23.29、29.51和28.36 m,分别占多年平均水位的93.9%、97.8%和97.5%,生态水位计算结果考虑了天然湖泊水位年内丰枯变化,满足了湖泊生态目标需求.(4)洞庭湖最低生态水位保障程度较高,基本能达到80%以上,但适宜生态水位保障程度相对较低,其中2003年以后洞庭湖10月和11月生态水位保障程度显著下降,与上游水利工程蓄水有关,建议在此期间采取调度措施适当增加洞庭湖水量,以保障湖泊生态系统的健康与生物多样性.     

多层层状构造含水层地下水径向稳定层流单井排放诱发地表位移的精密计算

基于地下水径向辐射渗流单井排放诱发地表位移的一般公式，结合多层层状构造含水层地下水径向渗流的降深表达式，导出了多层层状构造含水层潜水井和承压井稳定流单井排放诱发地表位移的解析表达式．讨论了所求表达式具体的数值积分方案，以20个结点的Hermite求积公式编制了计算程序，并以实例验证了本文方法的有效性．本研究为多层层状含水层地下水稳定层流流场地区进行高精度动态大地测量时，定量考虑地下水排放诱发的地壳形变提供了基础．      

Analysis on the ecological benefits of the stream water conveyance to the dried-up river of the lower reaches of Tarim River,China

Water is the foundation of the composition, de-velopment and stability of the oasis ecosystems in thearid areas, and is the key ecological factor in the aridareas. The study results showed that in the arid areasthe biological process is weak, the biological ecosys-tems are small in scale and low in stability[1— . So the 9]growth of the natural vegetation is directly influencedby the change of groundwater level, leading to thedegradation of ecosystem[10,11]. Analysis on the rela-tionship betwe…     

On the relationship between historical land‐use change and water availability: the case of the lower Tarim River region in northwestern China

Natural ecosystems in the region of the lower Tarim River in northwestern China strongly deteriorated since the 1950s due to an expanding desertification. As a result, the downstream Tarim River reaches became permanently dry land. This historical evolution in land‐use change is typically the result of the anthropogenic impact on natural ecosystems. On the basis of a spatially distributed hydrological catchment model bidirectionally linked with a fully hydrodynamic MIKE11 river model, land‐use changes characterized by historical changes in leaf area index (LAI) of vegetation, as well as the evolution of irrigated surface areas, can be causally related to changes in water resources (groundwater storage and surface water resources). An increased surface area of irrigated (agricultural) land, together with a majority of inefficient irrigation methods, did lead to a strong increase of water resources consumption of the farmlands located in the upper Tarim River area. Evidently, this evolution influenced available water resources downstream in the Tarim basin. As a result, farmland has been gradually relocated to the upstream regions. This has led to reduced flows from the upper Tarim stream, which subsequently accelerated the dropping of the groundwater level downstream in the basin. This study moreover demonstrates that land surface biomass changes (cumulative LAI) along the lower Tarim River are strongly related to the changes in groundwater storage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of Groundwater Level in Ephemeral Streams with an Improved Groundwater Hydraulics Model

As a component of arid ecosystems, groundwater plays an important role in plant growth; therefore, it is essential to use deterministic models to reconstruct the process of groundwater level change. Typically, the linearized solution of the one-dimensional (1-D) Boussinesq equation yields acceptable performance in simulating transient conditions over short recharge periods in ephemeral stream systems, but the ability of this solution to simulate multiyear changes in groundwater levels is limited. In this study, an improved groundwater hydraulics (GH-D2) model is built based on the groundwater hydraulics (GH) solution of the 1-D Boussinesq equation to simulate multiyear changes in the groundwater level in ephemeral stream systems. The model is validated in the lower reaches of the Tarim River to simulate groundwater level fluctuations within the scope of influence of the river (300, 500, 750, 1050 m) over a 16-year period (2000 to 2015). To evaluate the performance of the models, the bias, mean absolute error, root mean squared error, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and coefficient of determination (R²) are calculated. The results show that the improved GH-D2 model, which considers ephemeral streamflow, unsteady flow theory and the delayed response effect of groundwater level changes, performs well in simulating multiyear changes in the groundwater level in the ephemeral stream system. The observed and simulated values of the groundwater level at different river distances are consistent, and the model provides a new basis for multiyear simulations of groundwater level fluctuations in ephemeral stream systems.     

Evapotranspiration and its main controlling mechanism over the desert riparian forests in the lower Tarim River Basin

Evapotranspiration(ET) and its controlling mechanism over the desert riparian forests in arid regions are the important scientific basis for the water resources managements of the lower reaches of the inland rivers of China. Nearly three years of continuous measurements of surface ET, soil water content at different depths and groundwater table over a typical Tamarix spp. stand and a typical Populus euphratica stand were conducted in the lower reach of the Tarim River. The ET seasonal trends in the growing season were controlled by plant phenology, and ET in non-growing season was weak. The diurnal variations of ET resulting from the comprehensive effects of all atmospheric factors were significantly related with reference ET. The spatial pattern of ET was determined by vegetation LAI, more vegetation coverage, more ET amount. Groundwater is the water source of surface ET, and the soil water in shallow layers hardly took part in the water exchange in the groundwatersoil-plant-air system. The temporal processes of ET over the Tamarix stand and the Populus stand were similar, but the water consumption of the well-grown Populus euphratica was higher than that of the well-grown Tamarix spp. Further analysis indicates that plant transpiration accounts for most of the surface ET, with soil evaporation weak and negligible; groundwater table is a crucial factor influencing ET over the desert riparian forests, groundwater influences the processes and amounts of ET by controlling the growth and spatial distribution of desert riparian forests; quantifying the water stress of desert riparian forests using groundwater table is more appropriate, rather than soil water content. Based on the understanding of ET and water movements in the groundwater-soil-plant-air system, a generalized framework expressing the water cycling and its key controlling mechanism in the lower reaches of the inland rivers of China is described, and a simple model to estimate water requirements of the desert riparian forests is presented.     

Groundwater–surface water interactions in a river estuary and the importance of geomorphology: Insights from hydraulic,thermal and geophysical observations

This study presents the groundwater flow and salinity dynamics along a river estuary, the Werribee River in Victoria, Australia, at local and regional scales. Along a single reach, salinity across a transverse section of the channel (~80 m long) with a point bar was monitored using time-lapse electrical resistivity (ER) through a tidal cycle. Groundwater fluxes were concurrently estimated by monitoring groundwater levels and temperature profiles. Regional porewater salinity distribution was mapped using 6-km long longitudinal ER surveys during summer and winter. The time-lapse ER across the channel revealed a static electrically resistive zone on the side of the channel with a pronounced cut bank. Upward groundwater flux and steep vertical temperature gradients with colder temperatures deeper within the sediment suggested a stable zone of fresh groundwater discharge along this cut bank area. Generally, less resistive zones were observed at the shallow portion of the inner meander bank and at the channel center. Subsurface temperatures close to surface water values, vertical head gradients indicating both upward and downward groundwater flux, and higher porewater salinity closer to that of estuary water suggest strong hyporheic circulation in these zones. The longitudinal surveys revealed higher ER values along deep and sinuous segments and low ER values in shallow and straighter reaches in both summer and winter; these patterns are consistent with the local channel-scale observations. This study highlights the interacting effects of channel morphology, broad groundwater–surface water interaction, and hyporheic exchange on porewater salinity dynamics underneath and adjacent to a river estuary.     

Relationships between riparian evapotranspiration and groundwater depth along a semiarid irrigated river valley

Evapotranspiration (ET) from riparian vegetation can be difficult to estimate due to relatively abundant water supply, spatial vegetation heterogeneity, and interactions with anthropogenic influences such as shallower groundwater tables, increased salinity, and nonpoint source pollution induced by irrigation. In semiarid south-eastern Colorado, reliable ET estimates are scarce for the riparian corridor that borders the Arkansas River. This work investigates relationships between the riparian ecosystem along the Arkansas River and an underlying alluvial aquifer using ET estimates from remotely sensed data and modelled water table depths. Results from a calibrated, finite-difference groundwater model are used to estimate weekly water table fluctuations in the riparian ecosystem from 1999 to 2009, and estimates of ET are calculated using the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model with over 200 Landsat scenes covering over 30 km² of riparian ecosystem along a 70-km stretch of the river. Comparison of calculated monthly SSEBop ET to estimated alfalfa reference ET from local micrometeorological station data indicated statistically significant high linear correspondence (R² = .87). Daily calculated SSEBop ET showed statistically significant moderate linear correspondence with data from a local weighing lysimeter (R² = .59). Simulated monthly SSEBop ET values were larger in drier years compared with wetter years, and ET variability was also larger in drier years. Peak ET most commonly occurred during the month of June for all 11 years of analysis. Relationships between ET and water table depth showed that peak monthly ET was highest when groundwater depths were less than about 3 m, and ET values were significantly lower for groundwater depths greater than 3 m. Negative sample Spearman correlation highlighted riparian corridor locations where ET increased as a result of decreased groundwater depths across years with different hydroclimatic conditions. This study shows how a combination of remotely sensed riparian ET estimates and a regional groundwater model can improve our understanding of linkages between riparian consumptive use and near-river groundwater conditions influenced by irrigation return flow and different climatic drivers.     

Quantifying River‐Groundwater Interactions of New Zealand's Gravel‐Bed Rivers: The Wairau Plain

New Zealand's gravel‐bed rivers have deposited coarse, highly conductive gravel aquifers that are predominantly fed by river water. Managing their groundwater resources is challenging because the recharge mechanisms in these rivers are poorly understood and recharge rates are difficult to predict, particularly under a more variable future climate. To understand the river‐groundwater exchange processes in gravel‐bed rivers, we investigate the Wairau Plain Aquifer using a three‐dimensional groundwater flow model which was calibrated using targeted field observations, “soft” information from experts of the local water authority, parameter regularization techniques, and the model‐independent parameter estimation software PEST. The uncertainty of simulated river‐aquifer exchange flows, groundwater heads, spring flows, and mean transit times were evaluated using Null‐space Monte‐Carlo methods. Our analysis suggests that the river is hydraulically perched (losing) above the regional water table in its upper reaches and is gaining downstream where marine sediments overlay unconfined gravels. River recharge rates are on average 7.3 m³/s, but are highly dynamic in time and variable in space. Although the river discharge regularly hits 1000 m³/s, the net exchange flow rarely exceeds 12 m³/s and seems to be limited by the physical constraints of unit‐gradient flux under disconnected rivers. An important finding for the management of the aquifer is that changes in aquifer storage are mainly affected by the frequency and duration of low‐flow periods in the river. We hypothesize that the new insights into the river‐groundwater exchange mechanisms of the presented case study are transferable to other rivers with similar characteristics.     

Evaluating the interactions between surface water and groundwater in the arid mid-eastern Yanqi Basin,northwestern China

The environment of Bosten Lake in the Mid-Eastern Yanqi Basin (MEYB), an arid inland area in northwest China, has deteriorated greatly due to increasing groundwater exploitation and changes in the interactions between groundwater and surface water. This study intended to simulate the spatio-temporal variability of groundwater and surface water across the entire MEYB over the period 2000–2013. The applicable groundwater flow model and mass balance calculation method for river water were constructed to evaluate the change in groundwater recharged by and discharged to different segments of the Kaidu River. Simulation results show that the entire river seepage in the MEYB increased from 1.05 to 6.17 × 10⁸ m³/year between 2000 and 2013. The increasing river seepage, induced by increasing groundwater exploitation, plays the most important role in the water level decline in the downstream reaches of the Kaidu River and in Bosten Lake. This implies that the current utilization of groundwater resources in the MEYB is unsustainable.     

Quantifying Threshold Water Tables for Ecological Restoration in Arid Northwestern China

In arid northwestern China, as many inland areas around the world with arid or semi-arid climate, inland river flow recharges groundwater; vegetation pattern depends on the water table, which characterizes the landscapes of oasis, transition zone and desert, within different distances from an inland river. The water table conditions play an important role in water and land management—a high water table causes salinization within the oasis while a low water table causes desertification around the oasis. This study applies a theoretical-empirical method to calculating critical groundwater depths including the depth of critical groundwater level causing salinization (DCGS) and the depth of critical groundwater level causing desertification (DCGD); the calculations are validated with field observations in the Luocheng Irrigation District located in the middle reach of the Heihe River, an inland river of the northwestern China. Specifically, the calculated DCGS is 1.29 m for the case study area and the range of water table depth at the locations with saline soil is 0.5-1.2 m. The calculated DCGD for three vegetation communities, Nitraria tangutorum + Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch community, Tamarix chinensis + Phragmites australis community, and Alhagi sparsifolia + Phragmites communis, are 8.26, 11.26, and 13.26 m, respectively, basically within an observed range of 6.0-13.0 m in the study area. The critical depths can be used to design an engineering approach to control water tables and mitigate salinization and desertification problem for ecosystem restoration in the study region.     

Comparing MODFLOW simulation options for predicting intra‐meander flux

During the evolution of meander bends, the intra‐meander groundwater head gradients steepen and generate zones of accelerated water and nutrient intra‐meander fluxes important for ecosystem processes. This paper compares and contrasts three MODFLOW groundwater model packages based on their simulation of intra‐meander flux for two stages of meander evolution observed in a sandbox river table and one level of river bed clogging, where the hydraulic conductivity in the river bed is lower than in the adjacent aquifer. These packages are the Time‐Variant Specified Head package [constant head (CHD)], River package (RIV), and Streamflow‐Routing package (SFR2), each controlling the groundwater or river head bounding the intra‐meander region. The RIV and SFR2 packages fix river stage and allow for variation in groundwater head below the river, which is suggested for simulating intra‐meander flux for all sinuosities with and without river bed clogging whenever river bed parameters are available. The CHD package fixes below river groundwater head and fails to simulate intra‐meander head loss and flux in meanders with high sinuosity or river bed clogging. In low sinuosity meanders and in cases without river bed clogging, there were no significant differences between MODFLOW packages for simulating river intra‐meander head loss and flux. This research demonstrates why MODFLOW users need to consider the limitations of each package when simulating intra‐meander flux in reaches with river bed clogging, high sinuosity, or similarly steep hydraulic gradients. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.