油页岩热破裂规律显微CT实验研究

利用太原理工大学和中国工程物理研究院应用电子学研究所最新共同研制的μCT225kVFCB型高精度（μm级）CT试验分析系统,对油页岩从常温到600 ℃高温下的热破裂过程进行了显微观测和分析,揭示了抚顺油页岩的热破裂阈值温度为300 ℃附近.当温度低于300 ℃时,已可见到极少数较小的微裂隙出现,裂隙多发育于原生层理面以及硬质矿物颗粒的周围,形成的破裂面基本上都与层理面互相平行.当温度超过300 ℃,由于受到热分解化学反应的控制,裂隙的数量、长度和宽度剧烈增加,呈现广泛发育、集中爆发的特点,并使原有裂隙迅速延展和贯通,且裂隙面仍具有与层理面平行的特点,这是油页岩热破裂的典型特征;同时,也形成了许许多多垂直于层理方向的微小裂隙,小裂隙与大裂隙的搭接连通,形成了一个庞大的连通网络结构,从根本上提高了油页岩的渗流能力.     

煤岩吸附二氧化碳气体的CT实验研究

利用工业CT技术及应变测量研究不同气压下煤岩的二氧化碳气体吸附性质。研究发现：煤样的应变随吸附时间和气体压力的增加而增加,且在不同方向是不同的,吸附气体导致煤样孔隙率增加;煤样CT图像的灰度均值和灰度标准差随吸附时间和气体压力的增长都表现出增加的趋势。结果表明：吸附二氧化碳导致煤样总体发生膨胀变形,这为吸附提供更多的孔隙表面积而使吸附气体量增加,含气煤样的密度也因此而增大;气体吸附导致的煤样密度均值增加的效应大于体积膨胀导致的煤样密度均值减小的效应;吸附使煤样内部物质分布不均匀程度增加。     

华南二叠纪腕足长身贝类的形态演化规律

通过对华南二叠纪腕足类壳饰的研究和个体大小的统计分析表明,长身贝类的形态演化呈现以下几个方面的规律：从乌拉尔世（早二叠世）到晚二叠世吴家坪期,同心饰或放射饰较强的种（类型3）所占的百分比呈现先减小再增大的变化趋势;与此同时,同心饰或放射饰较弱的种（类型2）所占的百分比呈现先增大再减小的趋势．从晚二叠世吴家坪期到长兴期,同心饰或放射饰较强以及较弱的种所占的百分比均呈增加的趋势．从乌拉尔世到晚二叠世长兴期,壳刺发育的种（类型4）所占的百分比一直保持减小的趋势．从吴家坪期到长兴期（包括过渡层）,部分种表现出壳体小型化的趋势．二叠纪长身贝类壳饰和个体大小的演化规律与二叠纪末生物大绝灭前以及绝灭过程中的贫氧、食物短缺、海平面变化以及底质的变化相关．     

深部隧道围岩分区破裂颗粒流模拟研究

深部岩体处于"三高"环境下,表现出不同于浅埋岩体的性质,其变形破裂规律更为复杂(分区破裂、片帮、塑性流动、岩爆等),为了准确描绘深部隧道围岩变形破裂规律,采用PFC从微观角度研究深部岩体的宏观响应。研究发现:随着隧道埋深增加,压力增大,由浅部围岩表面塑性破坏变为深部围岩破裂扩展,破裂区域呈交替分区破裂向深部发展,破裂区的间距与岩性和埋深有关;从横断面看,拱腰先出现破裂,然后拱脚出现破裂,最后贯通形成破裂区;若围岩表面施加外力,破裂区域减小,分区向深部移动,因此预应力锚杆有效地改善了围岩承载特性;研究结果与模型试验吻合,符合深部岩体卸荷作用下的变形破坏规律。结论可为深部岩体工程设计施工提供参考。     

基于CT扫描图形的混凝土单轴压缩动力破坏过程分形研究

当前利用CT研究混凝土处于"观察研究阶段",未能对CT试验资料进行定量地描述,严重浪费了CT数资源。本文利用与CT扫描仪配套的便携式动力加载设备,进行了混凝土动力加载实时扫描试验;记录了混凝土动力加载破坏的全过程。根据所获混凝土各受力阶段的CT扫描图,借助于数字图像处理技术和差分盒维数方法,得出了混凝土试样的裂纹演化图像,并计算了试样CT扫描图的分形维数,从细观层面上对混凝土在动荷载作用下的裂纹演化规律进行了定量化研究。在动力单轴压缩荷载作用下,混凝土试样的裂纹穿越骨料追随能量释放最快路径发展;混凝土试样的CT扫描图像有很好的分形特征;以分形维数建立的损伤变量能较好地反映出混凝土试样损伤裂纹的演化规律;分形维数可作为研究混凝土裂纹演化的定量参数。     

煤层气赋存的分形特征研究

本文利用红外热成像手段,对微小煤样内的甲烷吸附区进行了观察,并评估其吸附特征与在煤中的分布规律.研究表明煤中存在不同尺度与甲烷吸附能力的甲烷富集区,吸附/解吸甲烷时,甲烷富集区比邻近区域具有更明显的升温/降温现象.通过图像处理的方法对不同吸附压力条件下的红外热像图中的甲烷富集区进行提取,采用盒维数进行统计发现甲烷富集区符合分形规律.试验表明随着吸附压力升高,甲烷富集区的分形维数增大,分布初值减小.对两个不同煤田的煤层气富集区进行统计表明：从微米级到千米级尺度范围内,甲烷富集区分布具有分形特征,且分形维数均在1.5~2.00之间.     

热处理对致密岩石物理性质的影响

致密气藏低孔低渗和超低含水饱和度等特征使其潜在水相圈闭损害严重,致密天然气产出表现为多尺度特征.选取泥页岩、致密砂岩和致密碳酸盐岩岩心,开展了100~600℃高温处理对岩心渗透率、孔隙度、重量、长度、直径和声速的影响实验.实验结果表明,碳酸盐岩、致密砂岩和泥页岩的热开裂阈值分别在300~400℃、300~500℃和500~600℃;高温处理后,岩心重量和密度降低,体积增加,泥页岩岩心孔隙度和渗透率提高幅度最显著,600℃处理后声波时差比常温时岩心声波时差提高了1.3倍.热处理消除了水相圈闭和粘土矿物膨胀损害,提高岩石孔隙度和渗透率,恢复或改善致密储层多尺度传质,有利于致密天然气资源开发,但同时高温使岩石破裂,扩展天然裂缝或产生新裂缝,导致工作液漏失,因此,热致裂给勘探开发致密天然气提出了机遇与挑战.     

热水条件下花岗质糜棱岩的摩擦滑动实验研究

为了探讨大陆地壳断层深部的力学性质,我们选择了采自红河断裂带的糜棱岩作为实验样品,进行热水条件下的高温高压摩擦滑动实验.实验在一个以气体为介质的高温高压三轴实验系统中进行.实验条件是：有效正应力为200 MPa;孔隙水压为30 MPa（在400 ℃到600 ℃之间为超临界水条件）;温度为100 ℃到600 ℃;轴向加载的速率范围从0.04 μm/s到0.2 μm/s再到1 μm/s.实验结果表明：（1）当温度小于300 ℃时,糜棱岩的摩擦强度随着温度的上升而增大;当温度大于300 ℃时,糜棱岩的摩擦强度随着温度的上升而减小.这种趋势和以往花岗岩的摩擦滑动数据基本一致;（2）糜棱岩在200 ℃和400 ℃时表现为速度弱化,其余温度下为速度强化;（3）糜棱岩与已有花岗岩的摩擦滑动数据并不完全一致;（4）花岗质糜棱岩速度弱化向速度强化转变的温度在430 ℃附近,以此我们可以推测：在变形机制为摩擦滑动的深部条件下,地震成核的深度范围可以比以往的估计更深.     

基于L系统的地震裂隙模拟研究

分形技术根据物体的局部自相似特征,突破了以往只能生成较规则图形的局限性,能够利用较少的描述性语句构造出复杂的非规则图形,如树木,河流和地震裂隙等。地震断层的破裂结构具有复杂性与随机性,然而在破裂过程中,总体形态蕴涵着分形的性质,该文研究基于L系统的三维结构建模方法,用以模拟地震断层的破裂。本文通过对地震数据的采集,从整体几何结构出发,并考虑地震断层破裂的规律和岩石的各向异性,提出基于几何可观察性的三维地震断层破裂的L系统构造模型,最后基于OpenGL图形库,实现裂隙的三维可视化仿真。     

动力荷载作用下混凝土破裂特征的CT试验研究

汶川地震后,强震作用下的大坝混凝土动态力学性能研究广受关注.本文利用CT技术对动力荷载作用下混凝土细观破裂过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在动力荷载作用下裂纹的开裂、扩展、贯通的全过程CT图像,并给出了动力压缩、动力拉伸CT试验的初步成果.结果表明:动力压缩荷载条件下混凝土破坏时裂纹起裂点多,裂纹演化速度快,能够...     

不同温度作用下砂岩热开裂的实验研究

砂岩的热开裂研究具有广泛的工程背景,本文实时在线观察和研究了不同温度作用下平顶山砂岩的热开裂：温度低于150℃时,砂岩几乎不发生热开裂;温度从150℃升高到300℃过程中大量的热开裂发生.而不同的矿物成分发生热开裂的阈值温度不完全相同,因此热开裂的阈值温度或者阈值温度范围只具有统计意义.砂岩热开裂主要与矿物成分的热学与力学性质有关,除了受到矿物热膨胀不匹配及热膨胀各向异性的影响,更重要的还受到矿物颗粒形状的影响,如热开裂多发生在矿物颗粒的短轴方向、优势结晶取向、颗粒奇异界面等,且热开裂的分布具有随机性.实验还观察到砂岩表面微缺陷发生闭合的全过程,在冷却过程也有微裂纹形成等现象.     

Impact of permafrost change on the Qinghai-Tibet Railroad engineering

Permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Railroad produces the great change under the influence of climate change, such as the decreasing of permafrost table, the rising of permafrost temperatures, etc. Climate effect on permafrost is the long-term process. Engineering action makes rapidly permafrost the large extent change. On the basis of analyzing the permafrost change under the climate change and engineering action, the thermal regime and spatial distribution of permafrost are predicted for air temperature rising 1℃ and 2℃ after 50 years in this paper. The results show that climate change results in the larger change for the thermal regime and spatial distribution of permafrost. Permafrost change will produce the great effect on the Qinghai-Tibet Railroad engineering, not only resulting in the decreasing of permafrost table beneath the roadbed, but also resulting in thawing settlement due to the thawing of ground ice near permafrost table. The idea of cooling roadbed and active protecting permafrost for the Qinghai-Tibet Railroad engineering could adjust and control the permafrost thermal state, some better methods are provided to ensure the engineering stability in the areas of warm permafrost and high ice content.     

砂岩的热破裂过程

高温环境下,岩石表现为明显的宏观破裂特征. 本实验在细观尺度下观测了不同温度条件下,阜新细砂岩的矿物组分和微结构及其发展变化,以及内部微裂纹的发生和发展. 从实验中观察到,自150℃开始,阜新细砂岩微裂纹数量有剧烈的增加,并达到峰值;当温度超过210℃以后,可见裂纹的数量呈下降趋势并逐渐稳定;当温度达到810℃,细砂岩裂纹数量出现第二个增长峰值. 结果表明随着温度变化,细砂岩存在热破裂阀值.     

Thermal characteristics of coal fires 2: Results of measurements on simulated coal fires

In this paper we present thermal characteristics of coal fires as measured during simulated fires under an experimental setting in Germany in July 2002. It is thus a continuation of the previously published paper “Thermal surface characteristics of coal fire 1: Results of in-situ measurement”, in which we presented temperature measurements of real subsurface coal fires in China [Zhang, J., Kuenzer, C., accepted for publication. Thermal Surface Characteristics of Coal Fires 1: Results of in-situ measurements. Accepted for publication at Journal of Applied Geophysics.]. The focus is on simulated coal fires, which are less complex in nature than fires under natural conditions. In the present study we simulated all the influences usually occurring under natural conditions in a controllable manner (uniform background material of known thermal properties, known ventilation pathways, homogeneous coal substrate), creating two artificial outdoor coal fires under simplified settings. One surface coal fire and one subsurface coal fire were observed over the course of 2 days. The set up of the fires allowed for measurements not always feasible under “real” in-situ conditions: thus compared to the in-situ investigations presented in paper one we could retrieve numerous temperature measurements inside of the fires. Single temperature measurements, diurnal profiles and airborne thermal surveying present the typical temperature patterns of a small surface-and a subsurface fire under undisturbed conditions (easily accessible terrain, 24 hour measurements period, homogeneous materials). We found that the outside air temperature does not influence the fire's surface temperature (up to 900 °C), while fire centre temperatures of up to 1200 °C strongly correlate with surface temperatures of the fire. The fires could heat their surrounding up to a distance of 4.5 m. However, thermal anomalies on the background surface only persist as long as the fire is burning and disappear very fast if the heat source is removed. Furthermore, heat outside of the fires is transported mainly by convection and not by radiation. In spatial thermal line scanner data the diurnal thermal patterns of the coal fire are clearly represented. Our experiments during that data collection also visualize the thermal anomaly differences between covered (underground) and uncovered (surface) coal fires. The latter could not be observed in-situ in a real coal fire area. Sub-surface coal fires express a much weaker signal than open surface fires and contrast only by few degrees against the background. In airborne thermal imaging scanner data the fires are also well represented. Here we could show that the mid-infrared domain (3.8 μm) is more suitable to pick up very hot anomalies, compared to the common thermal (8.8 μm) domain. Our results help to understand coal fires and their thermal patterns as well as the limitations occurring during their analysis. We believe that the results presented here can practicably help for the planning of coal fire thermal mapping campaigns — including remote sensing methods and the thermal data can be included into numerical coal fire modelling as initial or boundary conditions.     

高温高压下石英方解石断层带的摩擦滑动性状

在不同的温度、压力条件下进行了含石英和方解石断层泥标本的摩擦实验。结果表明,石英断层带的摩擦强度对压力的响应直到400℃都很明显,对温度的响应在高温(高于400℃)时才明显;方解石断层带的摩擦强度对温度很敏感,对围压的响应只在低温(200℃)时才明显;随温度升高,石英和方解石断层带均由粘滑转变为稳滑,但前者的转换界限在400℃到500℃之间,而后者在200℃到300℃之间。显微观察表明,上述差异归因于其具体变形机制的差别。      

海洋热流与地幔上升流

从洋中脊上升的地慢物质带上来的大量热量,使在洋中脊裂谷处的海底热流及温度最高,向海沟逐渐减小．由于热胀冷缩,海底地势在洋中脊处最高．作者根据板块模型由一维运动物体的热传导方程推出裂谷处上升物体的温度分布公式．用此分布公式作为垂直边的边界条件,严格地求解了运动板块的二维运动物体热传导方程．用此方程研究了各参数与观测量之间的关系．通过改变公式中的参数值,使计算的理论曲线与实测海底热流一年龄及海底深度一年龄曲线拟合,从而求出了板块的厚度Ｌ＝９７ｋｍ,地幔上升速度ｕ＝３．ｇｍｍ／ａ,热膨胀系数ａ＝３．３７×１０－５／℃及温度分布．该方法克服了在洋中脊处理论热流值趋于无限大的问题,并可以计算出地幔上升流的速度及宽度．     

Stream bed temperature profiles as indicators of percolation characteristics beneath arroyos in the Middle Rio Grande Basin,USA

Stream bed temperature profiles were monitored continuously during water year 1990 and 1991 (WY90 and 91) in two New Mexico arroyos, similar in their meteorological features and dissimilar in their hydrological features. Stream bed temperature profiles between depths of 30 and 300 cm were examined to determine whether temporal changes in temperature profiles represent accurate indicators of the timing, depth and duration of percolation in each stream bed. These results were compared with stream flow, air temperature, and precipitation records for WY90 and 91, to evaluate the effect of changing surface conditions on temperature profiles. Temperature profiles indicate a persistently high thermal gradient with depth beneath Grantline Arroyo, except during a semi-annual thermal reversal in spring and autumn. This typifies the thermal response of dry sediments with low thermal conductivities. High thermal gradients were disrupted only during infrequent stream flows, followed by rapid re-establishment of high gradients. The stream bed temperature at 300 cm was unresponsive to individual precipitation or stream flow during WY90 and 91. This thermal pattern provides strong evidence that most seepage into Grantline Arroyo failed to percolate at a sufficient rate to reach 300 cm before being returned to the atmosphere. A distinctly different thermal pattern was recorded beneath Tijeras Arroyo. Low thermal gradients between 30 and 300 cm and large diurnal variations in temperature, suggest that stream flow created continuous, advection-dominated heat transport for over 300 days, annually. Beneath Tijeras Arroyo, low thermal gradients were interrupted only briefly during periodic, dry summer conditions. Comparisons of stream flow records for WY90 and 91 with stream bed temperature profiles indicate that independent analysis of thermal patterns provides accurate estimates of the timing, depth and duration of percolation beneath both arroyos. Stream flow loss estimates indicate that seepage rates were 15 times greater for Tijeras Arroyo than for Grantline Arroyo, which supports qualitative conclusions derived from analysis of stream bed temperature responses to surface conditions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF WATER ON THE STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION MECHANISM OF CARRARA MARBLE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

We performed deformation experiments using Carrara marble in dry and wet conditions under temperature of 400~700℃ and confining pressure 300MPa with two different strain rates. Water contents of deformed samples were measured using FTIR spectroscopy. The microstructure and deformation mechanisms of samples were observed under optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectroscopy analysis. The mechanical data show that samples display strain hardening at 400℃, and transition to steady creep at temperature from 500~700℃. The strength of marble reduced gradually with elevated temperatures or decreased strain rate. However, water effect to the strength of the marble is significantly weak. Microstructures observed show that the deformation is cataclastic flow in dry samples, fracture and pressure solution in wet samples at 400℃. Samples underwent brittle-plastic transition at 500℃. Dislocation glide is major deformation mechanism for dry samples at 600℃. Dislocation climb and dynamic recrystallization are major deformation mechanism for wet samples at 600℃ and for all wet samples and dry samples at 700℃. Lower strain rate and higher water content could promote the process of pressure solution and diffusion as well as dynamic recrystallization.     

川中古隆起超压分布与形成的地温场因素

温度和压力是沉积盆地两个重要的物理场,温度影响着超压的形成和分布.本文根据钻孔实测温度和压力数据分析了川中古隆起现今压力与温度的关系;在实验室对封闭流体进行了多组温-压关系实验;利用等效镜质体反射率和包裹体测温数据恢复了川中古隆起不同井区在白垩纪抬升之前的最大古地温,并在此基础上分析了温度降低对研究区超压的影响;最后探讨了生烃增压和欠压实超压形成过程中温度的作用.研究结果表明,川中古隆起现今超压层的压力系数与温度呈正相关关系;在绝对密封的条件下,当压力大于15 MPa时,温度每变化1℃,压力变化1.076 MPa.川中地区不同井区自晚白垩世以来的差异性降温是现今同一超压层系超压强度不同的主要因素,此外超压层还应发生了流体的横向压力传递和泄漏.下古生界原油裂解形成超压的时间是180~110 Ma;气态烃伴生的盐水包裹体均一温度暗示了在90 Ma超压发生调整.盆地模拟结果显示温度对上三叠统须家河组的欠压实增压影响微弱.