日本海俯冲带的热结构及热源的影响

在对温度场计算所需的初始条件、边界条件、热源条件和介质热参数进行讨论和计算的基础上,利用二维热传导问题的有限单元法,计算了日本海俯冲带热结构的演化.发现400℃等温线在板块俯冲7Ma后趋于稳定,最大深度约60km;800℃等温线在板块俯冲11Ma后趋于稳定,最大深度约280km;1200℃等温线在板块俯冲50Ma后趋于稳定,最大深度约530km.通过计算不同热源组合情况下日本海俯冲带的热结构,讨论了热源的因素对俯冲带热结构的影响.结果表明,剪切生热和脱水热只对俯冲带浅部热结构有很大影响,绝热压缩生热对热结构的影响范围最大,而橄榄石→尖晶石相变生热是400km深度以下热结构的控制性热源因素.     

日本海俯冲带的热结构及热源的影响

在对温度场计算所需的初始条件、边界条件、热源条件和介质热参数进行讨论和计算的基础上,利用二维热传导问题的有限单元法,计算了日本海俯冲带热结构的演化.发现400℃等温线在板块俯冲7Ma后趋于稳定,最大深度约60km;800℃等温线在板块俯冲11Ma后趋于稳定,最大深度约280km;1200℃等温线在板块俯冲50Ma后趋于稳定,最大深度约530km.通过计算不同热源组合情况下日本海俯冲带的热结构,讨论了热源的因素对俯冲带热结构的影响.结果表明,剪切生热和脱水热只对俯冲带浅部热结构有很大影响,绝热压缩生热对热结构的影响范围最大,而橄榄石→尖晶石相变生热是400km深度以下热结构的控制性热源因素.     

活动海岭俯冲与岛弧火山活动的热模拟研究

为解释活动海岭的俯冲会造成岛弧火山活动的间断这一现象,本文采用有限单元法对活动海岭俯冲的热演化过程进行了模拟计算．一般情况下,摩擦剪切生热使岛弧下100km左右深度形成地温反转,俯冲板片海洋地壳内角门岩等含水矿物脱水,释放的水进入其上覆板块,降低了地幔岩石的熔点,使热的地幔楔状体内发生部分熔融,形成岛弧火山活动．高温的活动海岭俯冲时不再出现这种温度反转,俯冲板片在较浅深度达到较高温度而脱水,水进入上覆相对较冷的地幔楔状体不能造成熔融,因此岛弧火山活动会中断．     

活动海岭俯冲与岛弧火山活动的热模拟研究

为解释活动海岭的俯冲会造成岛弧火山活动的间断这一现象,本文采用有限单元法对活动海岭俯冲的热演化过程进行了模拟计算．一般情况下,摩擦剪切生热使岛弧下100km左右深度形成地温反转,俯冲板片海洋地壳内角门岩等含水矿物脱水,释放的水进入其上覆板块,降低了地幔岩石的熔点,使热的地幔楔状体内发生部分熔融,形成岛弧火山活动．高温的活动海岭俯冲时不再出现这种温度反转,俯冲板片在较浅深度达到较高温度而脱水,水进入上覆相对较冷的地幔楔状体不能造成熔融,因此岛弧火山活动会中断．     

洋脊和年轻洋壳俯冲与埃达克岩生成的热模拟

新生代以来 ,环太平洋周边分布的埃达克岩 (Adakite)主要与年轻洋壳俯冲时在 70～ 90km深处的部分熔融有关。利用数值方法 ,模拟了洋壳俯冲的热演化过程并讨论了脱水、熔融对埃达克岩浆活动的影响。结果表明 :仅在活动海岭俯冲前后约 10Ma内 ,年轻的、热的俯冲海洋板片在 75～85km深度范围内 ,温度升高至 82 5～ 10 0 0℃脱水 ,导致年轻洋壳中角闪岩部分熔融 ,形成埃达克岩(Adakite)。而一般洋壳俯冲在 10 0km以下深度才脱水 ,由于脱水区压力较高洋壳自身不能熔融 ,水进入上覆地幔楔状体导致部分熔融 ,形成安山岩 (Andesite     

三维数值模拟研究俯冲区火山的时空活动性

俯冲板块的深部脱水使得上覆地幔含水, 从而降低含水地幔的熔点, 导致上覆地幔部分熔融。 部分熔融的地幔柱一旦喷发到地表就是俯冲带火山, 也形成新的地壳。 相对于周围的地幔来讲, 具有较小密度和黏度的部分熔融地幔的时空活动性就控制着俯冲带火山的时空分布特征。 本文主要回顾近年来运用三维热力学岩石力学模型数值模拟研究与板片脱水相关的俯冲带火山活动的时空分布特性。 结果表明, 部分熔融地幔的有效黏度和密度是影响俯冲板片之上的三维地幔柱横向分布特征的主要因素。 高黏度的部分熔融地幔(10²⁰~10²¹ Pa·s )易于形成近平行于海沟的、 长波长(70~100 km)的、 薄的波状地幔柱; 低黏度(10¹⁸~10¹⁹ Pa·s )的熔融地幔易于形成平行于海沟的, 短波长(30~50 km)的蘑菇状地幔柱和垂直于海沟的山脊状地幔柱。 当部分熔融地幔和周围地幔的密度相差小于50 kg/m³时, 在俯冲板片之上只能形成长波长低幅度(宽50~100 km, 高10~15 km)的地幔山丘。 岩浆产率随着时间的变化反映了火山活动的生命周期性。 板块俯冲速度会影响地幔柱形成的深度和范围大小。 高效率熔融提取会增加新地壳增长总量。 低的板块俯冲速度和低的熔融提取效率会增加上地壳(花岗岩质)和中地壳(英安岩质)化学成分的比例。 数值模拟结果可以很好地解释如日本东北、 新西兰、 南阿拉斯加俯冲区火山的横向分布特征。     

大洋俯冲带变质作用、流体行为与岩浆作用

依据有效的实验岩石学和相平衡模拟结果、结合俯冲带热结构模型,讨论了大洋地壳中的基性岩、沉积岩和超基性岩在不同俯冲阶段发生的脱水和熔融作用,及其对俯冲带岩浆作用的影响.大多数洋壳在弧前(90～100km)俯冲阶段基性岩和超基性岩脱水很少,明显脱水作用发生在表层沉积物中.在弧下俯冲阶段基性岩和超基性岩都发生强烈脱水,如基性岩中90%以上的水是由绿泥石、蓝闪石、滑石和硬柱石相继在弧下100～200km深度分解释放的,这与以往基于实验模拟得到的结果大不相同;超基性岩在弧下120～220km深度发生叶蛇纹石、绿泥石和10?相脱水;但变质沉积岩在弧下深度对流体贡献不大,其主要含水矿物为多硅白云母,可以一直稳定至300km深处分解成钾锰钡矿,多硅白云母分解后直到地幔过渡带深度俯冲洋壳板片不再有明显流体释放.在少数热俯冲带中,变质沉积岩和基性岩都可以发生部分熔融(尤其是水化熔融)形成富水花岗质熔体或超临界流体,含碳酸盐矿物的沉积物可以熔融形成含钾碳酸岩熔体.在少数冷俯冲带中,超基性岩中出现A相,可把水带至地幔过渡带深处.俯冲板片特别是沉积物可以携带很多强不相容的次要元素和微量元素,通过板片流体影响俯冲带岩浆岩的地球化学成分.在弧下俯冲阶段,俯冲带的地热梯度不穿过碳酸盐化榴辉岩和橄榄岩的固相线,其中的碳酸盐矿物可被携带到深部地幔.碳酸盐化榴辉岩会在400km深度发生熔融形成富碱的碳酸岩熔体,而碳酸盐化橄榄岩则不会在俯冲带下部的地幔过渡带中发生熔融.     

俯冲带中的水迁移

水从俯冲地壳迁移到地幔主要受地壳中含水矿物的稳定性支配,而俯冲带的热结构是决定俯冲地壳在哪个深度发生脱水的关键.大洋俯冲带的地温梯度变化很大,既有冷俯冲带也有热俯冲带,但是地震活动和弧火山作用在冷俯冲带相对突出.大陆俯冲带的地温梯度较低,地壳岩石总是在冷俯冲带发生变质作用,但是缺乏同俯冲弧火山作用.超冷俯冲带地温梯度很低(?5℃/km),俯冲地壳中的硬柱石可以把水带到?300km的深度.热俯冲带地温梯度很高(25℃/km),俯冲地壳在浅部就大量脱水,在80km的深度会产生长英质熔体.由于水大量溶解在这种熔体中,结果只有少量的水会运移到80~160km的弧下深度.在这两种脱水方式之外还存在大量介于两者之间的方式,使得俯冲带表现出多种水迁移现象.在暖俯冲带,低温/低压含水矿物在俯冲到60~80km的弧前深度时就发生分解,释放出大量的水.在冷俯冲带,低温/低压含水矿物随俯冲深度增加转变成低温/高压含水矿物,允许大量的水被迁移到弧下深度.无论在何种情况下,俯冲地壳的脱水不仅启动了地震活动,而且引起了地幔楔的水化.不过,总有少量水被超高压含水矿物和名义上无水矿物带至更深部地幔.俯冲板片之上的地幔楔并没有因为水的加入而立即发生部分熔融引起弧火山作用,而是首先在板片-地幔界面上发生水化.由于这里温度最低,比水化橄榄岩的湿固相线要低几百度,结果直到水化橄榄岩受到加热之后才能发生部分熔融.因此,弧火山作用一般发生在地幔楔被流体交代之后的某个时间.     

马尼拉俯冲带热结构数值模拟与地震意义

研究马尼拉俯冲带地震分布的成因机制,根据马尼拉俯冲带最新的莫霍面深度和地壳厚度等地质与地球物理资料,选取3条典型剖面,模拟俯冲带热结构。结果表明:1俯冲带热结构主要受俯冲角度、俯冲速度和俯冲板块本身地质条件等因素影响;2 BB′剖面和CC′剖面属于热俯冲;3当洋壳俯冲至软流圈边界时,俯冲板块温度迅速升高,容易形成地震活动。BB′剖面的俯冲角度和俯冲速度比CC′剖面小,使得BB′剖面发生地震的深度更浅。俯冲洋壳底部温度比顶部低,地震活动也持续到更大的深度。     

日本海沟俯冲带热结构与深源地震

本文利用有限差分方法,计算了全地幔对流模式和双层地幔对流模式下日本海沟俯冲带热结构、浮力及P波速度异常分布,基于亚稳态橄榄石相变模型推测亚稳态橄榄石的存在范围,同时分析了热传导系数、热膨胀系数和热源对俯冲带热结构的影响,以及俯冲带所受浮力与俯冲带形态的关系.结果表明,双层地幔对流模式下模拟的P波速度异常分布与层析成像结果更为相符,也与深源地震的分布有较好的相关性.板块内部亚稳态橄榄石的存在范围随热传导系数和热膨胀系数的减小而增大,同时忽略相变潜热和剪切生热的影响也会造成模型所预测的亚稳态橄榄石范围偏大.俯冲带所受负浮力在400 km深度附近达到最大值,亚稳态橄榄石的存在使负浮力逐渐减小,甚至在板块内部产生正浮力,不利于俯冲带穿透660 km相变界面.     

Comparison between the Chile and Mexico triple junction areas substantiates slab window development beneath northwestern Mexico during the past 12-10 Myr

When combined with the Miocene-Recent volcanic record of Baja California, a parallel drawn between the Chile and Mexico triple junction areas substantiates slab window development beneath northwestern Mexico during the past 12-10 Myr. The slab-free zone manifestations challenge the notion that ridge subduction has not occurred beneath the southern Baja California peninsula. The geochemically distinctive rocks from the Santa Clara volcanic field of west-central Baja California, including coeval adakites and niobium-enriched basalt, are commonly inferred to signal partial melting of the subducting plate at shallow depths and relatively high temperatures, before slab dehydration occurs. Such PT conditions for slab melting have only been observed in association with spreading-ridge subduction. We propose that slab window development beneath southern Baja California and mainland Mexico (30° to 18°N) resulted from subduction of the East Pacific rise.     

The transport of water in subduction zones

The transport of water from subducting crust into the mantle is mainly dictated by the stability of hydrous minerals in subduction zones. The thermal structure of subduction zones is a key to dehydration of the subducting crust at different depths. Oceanic subduction zones show a large variation in the geotherm, but seismicity and arc volcanism are only prominent in cold subduction zones where geothermal gradients are low. In contrast, continental subduction zones have low geothermal gradients, resulting in metamorphism in cold subduction zones and the absence of arc volcanism during subduction. In very cold subduction zone where the geothermal gradient is very low(?5?C/km), lawsonite may carry water into great depths of ?300 km. In the hot subduction zone where the geothermal gradient is high(25?C/km), the subducting crust dehydrates significantly at shallow depths and may partially melt at depths of 80 km to form felsic melts, into which water is highly dissolved. In this case, only a minor amount of water can be transported into great depths. A number of intermediate modes are present between these two end-member dehydration modes, making subduction-zone dehydration various. Low-T/low-P hydrous minerals are not stable in warm subduction zones with increasing subduction depths and thus break down at forearc depths of ?60–80 km to release large amounts of water. In contrast, the low-T/low-P hydrous minerals are replaced by low-T/high-P hydrous minerals in cold subduction zones with increasing subduction depths, allowing the water to be transported to subarc depths of 80–160 km. In either case, dehydration reactions not only trigger seismicity in the subducting crust but also cause hydration of the mantle wedge. Nevertheless, there are still minor amounts of water to be transported by ultrahigh-pressure hydrous minerals and nominally anhydrous minerals into the deeper mantle. The mantle wedge overlying the subducting slab does not partially melt upon water influx for volcanic arc magmatism, but it is hydrated at first with the lowest temperature at the slab-mantle interface, several hundreds of degree lower than the wet solidus of hydrated peridotites. The hydrated peridotites may undergo partial melting upon heating at a later time. Therefore, the water flux from the subducting crust into the overlying mantle wedge does not trigger the volcanic arc magmatism immediately.     

Suboceanic earthquake location and seismic structure in the Kanto district,central Japan

We present a combined method, using sP depth-phase data and double-difference arrival times, to determine the precise hypocenter locations of earthquakes that occur under the Pacific Ocean outside of the area covered by the land-based seismic network. We assess the effectiveness of the combined method using a data set of P- and S-wave arrival times and sP depth phase from suboceanic earthquakes recorded by both land-based seismic stations and offshore seismic stations (OFS). The hypocenters of the offshore earthquakes relocated using the combined method are consistent with those determined using the standard location method and OFS data. The differences in the hypocenters relocated by the two methods are less than 4 km. We applied the method to the subduction region that underlies the Kanto district, central Japan, and located a large number of earthquakes that occurred beneath the Pacific Ocean. We then determined the detailed 3D seismic velocity structure by inverting a large number of arrival times of P- and S-waves and sP depth phase from the relocated earthquakes in the study region. High-velocity anomalies related to the cold subducting Pacific slab and low-velocity anomalies related to the hot mantle wedge are clearly imaged. Beneath active volcanoes, low-velocity zones are visible from the surface to a depth of 100 km, reflecting fluids released by dehydration of the subducting Pacific slab. Strong lateral heterogeneities are revealed on the upper boundary of the Pacific slab beneath the forearc region. The low-velocity areas under the offshore region are associated with low seismicity and weak interplate coupling. A low-velocity layer is imaged along the upper boundary of the Philippine Sea slab in the northern part of Kanto district, which may reflect dehydration of the slab. Our tomographic images indicate that the overlaying Philippine Sea plate has effects on the spatial distribution of active volcanoes related to the subducting Pacific slab in the study region.     

两种地幔对流模式下俯冲带的热结构

根据准动力学计算方案,通过采用等效热源和等效热传导系数的方法,用有限元法计算了不同俯冲角度,而俯冲速度为８ｃｍ／ａ、年龄为１００Ｍａ的俯冲带在稳定俯冲状态的热结构．计算结果表明俯冲带在接近６７０ｋｍ间断面的最低温度可达到１１００℃．全地幔对流模式热结构的计算结果表明６７０ｋｍ间断面以下可存在最低温度达１０００℃的低温区,相应于有０．７％—３．０％的Ｐ波低速异常存在．双层地幔对流模式表明,在６７０ｋｍ间断面以上可有与周围地幔相差约４００℃的水平舌状低温区存在,相应于０．５％—１．４％的Ｐ波低速异常．     

两种地幔对流模式下俯冲带的热结构

根据准动力学计算方案，通过采用等效热源和等效热传导系数的方法，用有限元法计算了不同俯冲角度，而俯冲速度为８ｃｍ／ａ、年龄为１００Ｍａ的俯冲带在稳定俯冲状态的热结构．计算结果表明俯冲带在接近６７０ｋｍ间断面的最低温度可达到１１００℃．全地幔对流模式热结构的计算结果表明６７０ｋｍ间断面以下可存在最低温度达１０００℃的低温区，相应于有０．７％-３．０％的Ｐ波低速异常存在．双层地幔对流模式表明，在６７０ｋｍ间断面以上可有与周围地幔相差约４００℃的水平舌状低温区存在，相应于０．５％-１．４％的Ｐ波低速异常．