Environmental mechanism of magnetic susceptibility changes of lacustrine sediments from Lake Hulun, China

The changes of magnetic susceptibility(κ) are correlated with those of corresponding sedimentological, geochemical, mineralogical and biological results, which verifies thatκ can be taken as one of the environmental proxies. However, usually the exact origin of magnetic signal is poorly understood, and is difficult to relate with the environmental evolution. Magnetic properties of material derived from the catchment and sedimentary environment may affect the accumulation, preservation, or authigenesis and diagenesis of magnetic minerals. In the Lake Hulun region in Inner Mongolia, it is found that muddy sediments, deposited during high water level period (corresponding to humid climate), have comparatively highκ values. In contrast, the sandy sediments, deposited during low water level period (corresponding to arid climate), have lowκ values. Detailed rock magnetic investigation confirms that detrital magnetite derived from volcanic rocks in the catchment exists in both muddy and sandy sediments. During high water level period, secondary ferrimagnetic iron sulphide was produced in muddy sediments under relatively reductive conditions. Ferrimagnetic iron sulphide, coexisting with detrital magnetite, predominates the magnetic properties of muddy sediments, resulting in increasingκ. This paper reveals the significance of authigenic ferrimagnetic iron sulphide produced after sediment deposition.     

呼伦湖地区扎赉诺尔晚第四纪湖泊沉积物的磁化率变化及其影响因素

呼伦湖盆地扎赉诺尔晚第四纪湖泊沉积物为砂,泥质碎屑沉,地东露天矿剖面沉积物样品进行了低,高频磁化率测量,粒度分析,磁性矿物成分鉴定和Al2O3 ,Fe2O3含量分析,分析表明,磁铁矿是沉积物磁化率的主要贡献者,全铁含量控制了磁化率值的变化,磁化率与沉积物粒度呈负相关,进一步讨论认为,磁性矿物主要为粉砂－粘土级碎屑,集中分布在细粒沉积物中,因此造成其率较高,砂质沉积物中频率磁化率较高,其原因可能是其中的磁性颗粒比粉砂一粘土级沉积物中的磁性颗粒更细一些。     

临夏盆地新近纪郭泥沟剖面磁组构特征及其环境意义

临夏盆地在东亚新生代地层、古气候、古生物研究方面占有举足轻重的地位.本文对盆地东部的郭泥沟剖面进行了详细的岩石磁学和磁组构研究,以揭示从早中新世到早上新世临夏盆地的沉积演化过程.郭泥沟剖面沉积物中的磁性矿物有磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿和针铁矿,但剩磁载体以磁铁矿和赤铁矿为主.从上庄组和东乡组的褐红色粉砂质粘土到柳树组和何王家组的褐黄色粘土,赤铁矿含量呈现降低的趋势,与沉积物颜色变化一致.郭泥沟剖面沉积物磁组构类型为正常沉积磁组构.结合岩石磁学结果和磁组构参数特征可揭示临夏盆地早中新世-早上新世沉积的演化过程：早中新世上庄组为稳定湖相沉积,古水流方向为NNW,与南北向的大夏河方向一致;中中新世气候发生较明显的干湿波动,形成了东乡组的褐红色湖相粉砂质粘土夹粉砂、砂和青灰色泥灰质粘土条带,古水流方向主要为NNW,沉积过程主要受大夏河控制;中中新世晚期,受青藏高原构造运动影响,沉积相由湖相细粒沉积物转变为虎家梁组河流相砂砾层;同时,盆地的水动力条件也发生改变,晚中新世柳树组湖相沉积过程同时受南北向大夏河和东西向洮河控制,两个方向近垂直的河流共同作用导致柳树组内沉积各向异性度较低,面理和线理均不发育,磁化率最大轴偏角分布比较分散,磁组构确定的古流向为东西向和南北向;早上新世期间,由于受青藏高原隆升影响,沉积了何王家组下部的河流相砂砾层;受构造抬升影响,大夏河重新主导何王家组上部洪泛平原相沉积过程,水动力条件较为单一稳定,古流向主要为N向,与大夏河流向一致.

     

The effect of C3 and C4 plants for the magnetic susceptibility signal in soils

To understand the origin of the ultrafine pedogenic components responsible for the magnetic susceptibility (MS) enhancement remains a major challenging problem in linking magnetic signal with paleoclimate. Here we examine the effect of the natural fires on the MS signal of both plants and modern soils and in particular the MS difference between C3 and C4 plant ashes and their influence on magnetic susceptibility. We also proved the influence of the different floral root systems on the MS signal of modern soils. We find that the C3 and C4 plants are different in their ability to enhance MS signal of modern soils. Increased MS signal of modern soils by C4 plants was much greater than that by C3 plants.     

冀鲁豫交界区岩石圈磁场异常分布与磁化率结构分析

利用重磁反演软件,对2017年8月冀鲁豫交界区流动地磁总强度数据进行处理并解析延拓,研究该区岩石圈磁场及其深部、浅表磁场异常分布特征与地下介质磁化率结构的性质。结果表明:冀鲁豫交界区岩石圈磁场异常分布是岩石圈浅表与深部磁异常综合叠加的结果,岩石圈地下介质的浅表与深部磁化率结构具有一定差异性,且受断裂控制呈分段性特征,可能与该区域复杂的岩石圈磁化率结构及地质构造有关。     

Characteristics and genesis of maghemite in Chinese loess and paleosols: Mechanism for magnetic susceptibility enhancement in paleosols

Morphological characteristics and microstructures of magnetic minerals extracted from Chinese loess and paleosols were investigated using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Our results indicate that maghemite in loess–paleosol sequences was transformed from magnetite through oxidation of magnetite. Maghemite transformed from eolian magnetite during chemical weathering has low-angle grain boundaries among maghemite nano-crystals. Some nano-crystalline maghemites with nanoporous texture resulted from microbe-induced precipitation of magnetite or transformation of poorly crystalline ferric Fe (oxy)hydroxides in presence of Fe-reducing bacteria. Aggregates of euhedral maghemite nano-crystals were transformed from magnetite magnetosomes. Both microbe-induced nanoporous magnetite and microbe-produced magnetite magnetosomes are directly related to microbial activities and pedogenesis of the paleosols. It is proposed that the formation of nano-crystalline maghemite with superparamagnetic property in paleosol results in the enhancement of magnetic susceptibility, although the total amount (weight percent) of magnetic minerals in both paleosol and loess units is similar. Our results also show that nano-crystalline and nanoporous magnetite grains prefer to transform into maghemite in semi-arid soil environments instead of hematite, although hematite is a thermodynamically stable phase. This result also indicates that a decrease in crystal size will increase stability of maghemite. It is also inferred that surface energy of maghemite is lower than that of hematite.     

柴达木盆地北缘中新生代地层的磁组构特征及其沉积-构造学意义

柴达木盆地沉积地层记载着青藏高原东北部的构造演化信息.对该盆地路乐河地区上中生界-新生界地层系统采样,获得千余块定向岩心样品.岩石磁学研究表明样品中的磁性矿物主要为赤铁矿和磁铁矿;磁组构研究表明为初始沉积磁组构特征.磁组构特征指示了自中侏罗统大煤沟组（J₂d）至早中新统下油砂山组（N₂¹y）7个地层单位沉积时期,古水流方向共经历了4次阶段性的变化,表明柴达木块体相应地发生了4次旋转.在中-晚侏罗世块体逆时针旋转约22°;至早白垩世,块体又顺时针旋转约65°;在65.5~32 Ma期间块体旋转方向再次改变,逆时针旋转约63°;到32~13 Ma阶段块体又发生约50°的顺时针旋转.柴达木块体的旋转及其方向的转换,可能与其南的羌塘块体、拉萨块体和印度板块阶段性北向碰撞挤压紧密相关.拉张环境与挤压环境的多次转换可能与中特提斯的关闭、新特提斯的张开和闭合、高原快速隆升后其边部松弛相联系.

     

黄河兰州段2018年汛期沉积物的磁学特征研究: 对古洪水重建的启示

现代洪水沉积物的沉积学特征研究是开展古洪水重建的一项基础工作.2018年黄河汛期洪水沉积物在兰州体育公园形成了一道天然堤.对该天然堤剖面的岩石磁学研究显示：沉积物中的磁性矿物既有磁铁矿,又有赤铁矿/针铁矿.磁化率、饱和等温剩磁、非磁滞剩磁、S-ratio和L-ratio等参数在剖面上没有明显变化,指示2018年洪水沉积物源区、磁性矿物的种类和含量变化不显著.剖面下部（66~110 cm）沉积物的磁化率各向异性（AMS）椭球最大轴偏角集中分布（K₁-Dec=22.8°±10.3°）,上部（0~64 cm）沉积物的磁化率最大轴偏角在上半平面内随机分布;下部沉积物的磁性矿物粒度指标（χ_ARM/χ和χ_ARM/SIRM）和天然剩磁（NRM）强度低于上部;指示洪水沉积物的下部和上部分别形成于2018年黄河二号和三号洪水期间.由于二号洪水流量及水位陡升陡降、持续时间短,三号洪水水位升降相对缓慢、持续时间长;造成了两次洪水沉积物的AMS特征、χ_ARM/χ、χ_ARM/SIRM以及NRM强度差异.本研究揭示洪水沉积物的磁学参数能够灵敏地响应不同水动力条件和持续时间的洪水期次,从而具有高分辨率区分洪水事件的潜力.

     

婆罗洲北部岩石密度和磁化率特征及其对南海南部前新生界岩性识别的约束

基于540块样品的体积磁化率-比重测量和矿物-岩性鉴定结果,分析了婆罗洲北部岩石类型、密度、磁化率特征,据此明确重磁资料对于南海南部中生界岩性识别的适用性.结果表明婆罗洲北部发育3类25种岩石,以发育中基性火成岩和外碎屑沉积岩为主,发育少量内源沉积岩、酸性火成岩和变质岩.具有极强磁性-强磁性,高密度-中等密度特征的岩石多为火成岩和凝灰质砂岩及其变质岩.弱磁性-无磁性、中等-极低密度特征的岩石多为砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩和煤等.弱-逆磁性、高-中等密度的岩石多为灰岩和硅质岩.新生界岩石具有密度较低、磁化率中等的特征.中生界岩石具有密度中等、磁化率中高的特征.前中生界岩石具有密度高、磁性低的特征.结合分布特征可知,前中生界岩石产生局部弱重力异常,中生界沉积岩产生区域性的负重力异常,火成岩产生区域性的正重力异常.南海南部的区域性高磁力异常来源于中生代的基性火成岩（及其变质岩）,区域性中等磁力异常可能来源于酸性火成岩（及其变质岩）.据此进行了南海南部中生界岩性的识别,结果表明南海南部存在大面积的中生界沉积岩分布区,认为南海南部中生界地层具有油气勘探潜力.

     

significance of high-resolution loess stratification based on grain size and magnetic susceptibility analysis to paleo-earthquake study: a case study of dongyugou loess section,at hongtong,shanxi province

As an important technology to paleoseismologic research, trenching has been used to identify paleo-earthquakes recorded in strata, combined with dating technology. However, there have been some bigger uncertainties and limitations. For instance, subtle strata in loess sediment cannot be interpreted only by naked-eye, which seriously affects identifying paleo-earthquake horizon and time. Therefore, how to improve the accuracy and reduce the uncertainty of paleo-earthquake identification is the important problem we are currently facing. Dongyugou loess section, located in the northeastern corner of Linfen Basin, Shanxi Province, cuts across the Huoshan piedmont fault. The section exposes not only the well-developed loess sequence, but also several obvious faulting events. Thus, this loess section is a better site to make a high resolution study to improve the accuracy and reduce the uncertainty of paleo-earthquake identification. Based on the high-resolution grain size and magnetic susceptibility analysis, and associated with visual interpretation by naked-eye, we made a high-resolution stratification of Dongyugou loess section, including high-resolution thickness of each stratum and its upper and bottom boundaries. Based on the high-resolution stratification and their comparison between two fault walls, we identified three earthquake events, which occurred after formation of u5-7, u4 and u2, corresponding to their stratification depth of 7.1m, 4.7m and 2.9m in hanging wall. Based on results of OSL dating and average sedimentation rate of hanging wall, we estimated that the three events occurred around 45.8ka(between (48.1±1.5)～(43.2±2.5)ka), 32.8ka(between (35.0±2.4)～(30.6±1.3)ka) and 23.3ka(between (26.4±0.8)～(20.9±0.7)ka). According to the thickness difference of three loess-paleosol sedimentary cycles between two fault walls, we calculated the coseismic vertical displacements of the three events as 0.5m, 0.4 and 1.3m, respectively. Compared with other segments of the Huoshan piedmont fault zone, we found the southernmost segment is the weakest, with longer recurrence interval of about 11ka and lower vertical slip rate of 0.048mm/a. The high-accuracy grain size and magnetic susceptibility analysis offers an effective method for reducing the uncertainties of the paleo-earthquake research in loess area.