SPAC法在江汉平原地层结构分层中的应用

微动探测可以确定岩土性质差异较大的地质界面。利用微动探测方法,获取S波速度剖面,对潜江市浩口中学地下介质结构分层,并与该场地地震监测井项目的钻孔对比。结果表明,微动探测方法能较好分辨地层结构,对岩土性质差异较大的地层探测效果良好,可为地层分层提供重要依据。     

土石混合滑坡体微动探测:以衡阳拜殿乡滑坡体为例

土石混合滑坡体地表地形复杂,土、石混杂堆积,结构松散,探测难度大,目前尚缺乏有效的物探手段.本文首次尝试将小台阵二维微动剖面探测技术应用于衡阳市拜殿乡的土石混合滑坡体探测.探测结果揭示,该滑坡体上部为砂质黏性土层,含块石较多;下为全风化花岗岩层,岩性较为均匀,块石含量少,其顶部为该滑坡体潜在的滑动面.滑动面在滑坡体后缘较陡、中部较为平缓,从而后缘的重力失稳、滑动风险更大.滑坡体的滑床（中-强风化花岗岩、微-未风化花岗岩）埋深在10 m以下,起伏变化较大,但岩体相对致密、完整,稳定性好,不易滑动.探测结果与钻探资料较为吻合,为评价滑坡体稳定性、设计合理的治理方案提供了地球物理依据.     

山区公路微动探测方法应用试验研究

复杂山区的公路建设运营对地球物理探测提出了巨大挑战.非侵入式微动探测方法无需主动震源,作为地震类方法的一种,其独特的优势已经体现在地热资源探测、城市地下空间精细探测等领域.针对目前山区公路建设运营中对地球物理探测的重大需求,本文研究微动探测方法的应用效果.首先,根据研究区地形设计了十字形与直线型进行野外微动数据的采集,进而利用空间自相关法从微动信号中提取瑞雷波频散曲线,最后获得视S波速度剖面.通过与高密度电法探测结果对比发现微动探测方法在山区可以有效的识别隐伏构造和不同的岩性层、刻画高速异常地质体等.在灵活改变观测系统的情况下,针对山区公路建设对地质信息的要求,该方法可以提供关键的精细地质结构信息.通过本研究,初步证实了微动探测方法在山区探测的有效性,为后续复杂条件下的地球物理探测提供了新的有效探测手段.     

利用微动勘察方法探测煤矿陷落柱

陷落柱是危害煤矿安全生产的主要因素之一,如何有效探测陷落柱是实现煤矿安全、高效生产的当务之急.本文首次将微动勘察方法应用于煤矿采区勘探,结果表明,该方法对陷落柱异常区反映敏感.在山西潞安漳村煤矿2002工作面测区已知陷落柱上,无论是单点反演获得的S波速度结构,还是微动视S波速度剖面,均能清晰显示陷落柱.微动剖面确定的陷落柱位置与巷道揭露位置一致,边界误差在10 m左右.微动勘察方法是探测陷落柱的一种行之有效的物探方法,由于其分辨率高、无需人工源、野外施工方法灵活便捷、不受施工场地限制等特点,对探测村庄覆盖区之下的煤层构造、圈定陷落柱等,具有得天独厚的技术优势和应用前景.     

玛沁-靖边剖面S波资料研究与探讨

对玛沁——靖边剖面深地震测深S波资料处理解释，获得本区S波二维地壳速度结构和波速比结构．结果表明，该区S波二维速度结构和波速比结构，沿剖面存在着明显的差异．剖面西段和海原地区下方呈现S波速度偏低，而波速比偏高的结构特征；剖面中段和东段的S波速度和波速比正常．根据S波速度结构和波速比结构的横向变化特征，讨论了两大异常区岩性的变化．推测海原大地震孕育发生不仅与构造活动有关，而且与该区的岩石性质有关．      

利用SPAC法估算地壳S波速度结构

S波速度结构能够反映地球介质的物性差异,是地壳内低速区结构特征判别的重要依据.本文尝试利用空间自相关法(SPAC法)从地震台站微动信号的垂直分量中提取瑞利波相速度频散曲线,通过对频散曲线的反演获得地下介质的S波速度结构.以国家数字测震台网8个宽频带地震台站的实测微动数据为例,采用SPAC方法获得了首都圈地区北京附近约30 km 深度范围内的一维S波速度结构.结果表明,该区结晶基底埋深较浅约2 km;分别在5~8 km 和12~16 km 深处发育S波低速层;8 km 和 20 km 处是S波速度差异较大的速度分界面.这一结果与以往地震学及人工地震探测结果较为吻合,表明SPAC法估算地壳S波速度结构是可行、有效的.     

宁波轨道交通暗浜勘察物探方法研究

河流被填埋后形成的暗浜是城市基础工程建设的重要安全隐患.因填埋物成分复杂,结构松散,未探明的暗浜在地铁盾构施工、地下车站深基坑开挖中可能引发坍塌等安全事故.本文以宁波轨道交通暗浜勘查为例,研究二维微动剖面探测法、瞬态瑞雷波法、高密度电法三种物探方法探测暗浜的有效性.结果表明:这三种物探方法都暗浜具有较好的探测效果,显示暗浜填埋区异常形态总体一致,与钻探揭示的暗浜底界深度,误差分别小于4%、7%、7%,能满足工程精度要求.二维微动剖面探测和瞬态瑞雷波法抗干扰能力优于高密度电法,更适用于城市工程勘察,而采用天然场源(微动)的微动探测法则在闹市区强干扰环境下的轨道交通勘察中更具技术优势.以上述三种物探方法为主、配合地质调查及少量钻探,是实现暗浜"无损"、高效探测的主要途径.     

用转换函数研究青藏高原地壳S波速度结构——"Hi-CLIMB"剖面

本文对青藏高原中部Hi-CLIMB(Himalayan-Tibetan Continental Lithosphere During Mountain Building)宽频带数字台站探测剖面资料进行处理,用转换函数模拟退火算法得到了83个台站下方S波速度结构,转化为二维速度结构剖面,并与接收函数偏移成像结果进行了对比...     

岩溶区地下溶洞综合物探探测试验研究——以福建省永安大湖盆地为例

基于隐伏岩溶区地下溶洞的发育特征对城市开发建设的影响,利用综合物探方法开展灰岩区地下溶洞探测试验研究,获得地下溶洞探测物探方法的有效性具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.通过对包括福建永安大湖盆地内两处岩溶国家地下水监测井钻孔旁在内的三条综合物探剖面选用电测深法、高密度电法和微动探测法进行试验,并与钻孔资料进行对比分析、总结各种方法的岩溶物性特征,为探测地下溶洞提供物理依据.试验结果表明:区内地下溶洞在电测深和高密度电法勘探结果上主要表现为低阻异常,在微动探测成果上表现为S波速度低速异常;视S波速度为300～850 m/s及视电阻率小于100Ω·m的半圈闭低阻异常,可作为研究区判断地下溶洞的地球物理依据.上述三种地面物探方法探测地下溶洞的有效性依次是:电测深法高密度电法微动探测法.对隐伏岩溶大范围进行地面探测时应结合测区的实际条件(如地质构造、地下水、溶洞充填物等情况)选用综合物探方法,并进行对比映证,从而揭示研究区的隐伏溶洞的分布发育规律,以此来指导岩溶区工程勘察,为钻探孔布置提供地球物理依据,减少钻探工程量和缩短探测周期.     

利用人工地震测深剖面研究银川盆地及两侧区域的S波速度结构

本文利用人工地震探测剖面获得的E-W向S波数据,参考P波资料,利用正演算法对该条剖面获得的Sg、Sc1、Sc2、SmS及Sn波波组信息进行了相关计算与处理,获得了沿剖面S波的地壳二维速度结构,结果显示:银川盆地及其两侧区域的地壳速度结构和壳内界面分层都显示出较大的差异.银川盆地及其以西区段呈现四层地壳结构,鄂尔多斯块体内部由西向东C2界面逐渐缺失,显示三层地壳结构特征.且壳内界面及速度等值线变化相对平缓,显示出稳定的地壳结构特征.剖面中段的银川盆地沉积盖层埋深最深达到7.6 km,盆地下方Moho界面的隆起与基底的凹陷呈镜像关系,隆起最浅处深度为38.5 km左右.银川盆地西缘至阿拉善块体边缘中下地壳内出现局部低速异常,横向影响范围达到120 km左右,速度值明显比周围介质低0.15~0.28 km/s个量级,壳内界面起伏变化剧烈,与两侧块体接触及其耦合部位速度结构异常紊乱,显示出断陷活动、地壳不稳定的特征.阿拉善块体壳内速度等值线变化较为平缓,Moho界面相对其他块体显示出较深的深度.沿剖面从获得的S波二维速度结构特征可以看出各块体地壳速度结构特征、深部构造环境、以及深部介质物性差异,揭示了银川盆地在周围块体相互运动、碰撞、挤压背景下的应力变形特征.     

Comparison of three different methods in investigating shallow shear-wave velocity structures in Ilan,Taiwan

The Central Weather Bureau (CWB) and National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) launched a project to build an engineering geological database for strong-motion stations in Taiwan in 2000. The project measures shear-wave velocity using the suspension PS-logging method. In this study, we conduct array measurements of microtremors and apply the stress wave propagation method (SWPM) at seven free-field strong-motion stations in Ilan County to estimate shallow shear-wave velocity structures. We focus on the sediment layers of the top 100 m to compare the shear-wave velocity structures of the three different methods. There are some misfits among the results of the three different methods; so we calculate the values of Vs₃₀, Vs₁₀₀ and plot S-wave travel-time curves of these methods for each site to analyze the misfits effectively. This analysis helped us to prove the efficiency of the microtremor array method in investigating shear-wave velocity structures in the shallow subsurface. Moreover, the horizontal-to-vertical ratios of microtremors for each survey point show the existence of divergence at the same site. We considered this as evidence that misfits are caused by the heterogeneous nature of sediments and also due to the nature of the methods as being one-, two- and three-dimensional. Furthermore, the average shear-wave velocity structure of microtremor arrays may be more representative of the whole site.     

微动多阶瑞雷波SPAC系数反演方法及应用研究

为充分利用微动信号中基阶和高阶模式瑞雷波,本文研究了基于多阶瑞雷波SPAC系数直接反演的方法.该方法首先基于地层介质响应计算多阶瑞雷波的能量占比,考虑实际观测台阵有限台站个数对SPAC系数影响,正演计算多阶瑞雷波SPAC系数,再采用快速模拟退火算法对其反演以获得地下介质横波速度结构.在此基础上,本文通过数值模拟验证该方法的可靠性,分别选取三种典型地质模型,基于模式叠加算法合成理论微动信号,采用本文方法计算其理论多阶瑞雷波SPAC系数并反演,给出反演结果与真实模型对比.我们将该方法应用于上海中心城区的地质调查中,通过与钻探结果对比,进一步验证该方法的有效性.本文理论与实际应用研究表明,基于多阶瑞雷波SPAC系数直接反演的微动探测方法有助于提高反演结果的可靠性,尤其对含软硬夹层的复杂地层介质,可提高探测精度.     

3D soil structure of the Mygdonian basin for site response analysis

The 3D structure of the Mygdonian sedimentary basin (N. Greece) is investigated. The aim of this study is to propose a 3D model of this sedimentary structure that can later be used to model the seismic records currently being obtained by the permanent accelerograph network operating in the area. This model builds on previous efforts and incorporates new data. The geometry and dynamic properties of the soil layers were inverted using data from microtremor array measurements, seismic refraction profiles, boreholes, and geotechnical investigations. Phase-velocity dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves were determined at 27 sites in the basin using the spatial autocorrelation method (SPAC) introduced by Aki [1]. S-wave velocity profiles were inverted from these dispersion curves and the whole valley structure was interpolated using our new results and all previously available data. The proposed 3D model describes the geometry and shear-wave velocities of the Mygdonian and pre-Mygdonian sedimentary systems, and the top bedrock surface. Our results indicate that this 3D model correctly reflects the geometry and dynamic properties of the sedimentary layers. The case of Euroseistest, where the subsoil structure is the result of bringing together many disparate data, could be used as an example for similar alluvial basins throughout the world, where usually only scarce data is available.     

Effects of non-submerged boulder on flow characteristics – A field investigation

The effect of fully submerged boulders on the flow structure in channels has been studied by some researchers. However, many natural streams have bed material with boulders that are not fully submerged under water. In many natural streams, boulders cover between 1% and 10% of the area of the stream reach. The effect of non-submerged boulders on the velocity profile and flow characteristics is very important for assessing riverbed deformation. The objectives of this paper are to find the pattern of velocity distribution around a non-submerged boulder and to compare it with the classical studies on flow resistance and Reynolds stress distribution in open channels. Also, by considering the variation in the Reynolds stress distribution at different locations around a non-submerged boulder, the effect of a non-submerged boulder on the estimation of shear velocity and resistance to flow has been investigated. Results indicates that inside the scour hole caused by a non-submerged boulder in a river velocity distributions are irregular. However, velocity distributions are regular outside the scour hole. The presence of the boulder causes a considerable deviation of the Reynolds shear stress from the classic distribution, showing a non-specific distribution with negative values. The classical methods for calculating shear velocity are not suitable because these methods do not give detailed velocity and Reynolds stress distributions in natural rivers with a lot of boulders. Thus, the effect of a non-submerged boulder on the estimation of the resistance to flow by considering the variations in velocity and Reynolds stress distributions at different locations around a non-submerged boulder is important and needs to be studied in a natural river instead of just in laboratory flumes. The negative values in Reynolds stress distribution around a boulder indicate that the classical methods are unable to predict resistance to flow, and also show strong turbulence inside the scour hole where the complex flow conditions present ambiguous Reynolds stress distributions. In the current study, to obtain a reasonable estimation of parameters in natural rivers, the classical method has been modified by considering velocity and Reynolds stress distributions through the boundary layer method.     

用HV谱比法推测银川市区沉积层基底分布特征

在缺乏其他资料的情况下,地脉动常常用做确定地震动对地表介质产生影响效应的简便手段。本文以银川市区为研究对象,根据地震勘探资料有目的的选取5条测线在银川市区进行地脉动观测,观测点共141个。用Nakamura提出的HV谱比法解析观测数据,在给定地下构造剪切波速度(VS)的基础上,由H/V比值曲线中的基本频率推测盆地深层地下构造。通过理论计算进一步验证了解析结果。结合前人地震勘探资料推测了银川市区脉动基本频率分布特征,并给出2D和3D银川市基底构造变化情况,对比分析表明,HV谱比法得到的脉动基本频率值可以反映银川盆地基底变化情况。     

Exploration of S-wave velocity profiles at strong motion stations in Eskisehir,Turkey, using microtremor phase velocity and S-wave amplification

We have explored 1D S-wave velocity profiles of shallow and deep soil layers over a basement at strong motion stations in Eskisehir Province, Turkey. Microtremor array explorations were conducted at eight strong motion stations in the area to know shallow 1D S-wave velocity models. Rayleigh wave phase velocity at a frequency range from 3 to 30 Hz was estimated with the spatial autocorrelation analysis of array records of vertical microtremors at each station. Individual phase velocity was inverted to a shallow S-wave velocity profile. Low-velocity layers were identified at the stations in the basin. Site amplification factors from S-wave parts of earthquake records that had been estimated at the strong motion stations by Yamanaka et al. (2017) were inverted to the S-wave velocities and Q-values of the sedimentary layers. The depths to the basement with an S-wave velocity of 2.2 km/s are about 1 km in the central part of the basin, while the basement becomes shallow as 0.3 km in the marginal part of the basin. We finally discussed the effects of the shallow and deep sedimentary layers on the 1D S-wave amplification characteristics using the revealed profiles. It is found that the shallow soil layers have no significant effects in the amplification at a frequency range lower than 3 Hz in the area.     

泉州市地面脉动特征

本文根据实际观测资料研究了泉州市区的地面脉动特征,及脉动频谱特性与场地有关参数的关系。当场地土及场地类别较好或场地覆盖层较薄时,场地脉动卓越周期相应较小,反之则较大。覆盖层厚度是影响场地脉动卓越周期的重要因素。本文还探讨了脉动卓越周期在场地评价中的作用。