Controls of variation in suspended sediment concentration in the River Rother, West Sussex, England

Suspended sediment concentrations were determined for samples collected from the River Rother, West Sussex, and rating loops constructed for several hydrographs. The rating loops often exhibit hysteresis with a greater suspended sediment concentration for a given discharge occurring on the rising limb than on the falling limb. A comparison of these loops indicates that the hysteresis, and the suspended sediment concentration (for a given discharge) become progressively reduced when storm events occur in rapid succession. Various types of rating curves can be identified, and a model of suspended sediment concentration and discharge constructed. Controlling factors of suspended sediment concentration are river discharge, duration and frequency of the storm event, the length of time between successive events, and the time of year.     

黄河平滩流量的多时间尺度现象

受气候系统影响的水文系统具有多时间尺度变化规律。由于平滩流量与水沙条件变化关系密切,也必然会呈现出多时间尺度演变规律。基于黄河下游主要测站1950~2007年平滩流量及水沙资料,利用小波分析原理分析了平滩流量、流量和含沙量序列的多时间尺度变化特征,以及不同时间尺度下水沙序列与平滩流量序列之间的相关关系。结果表明,黄河下游主要测站的平滩流量序列存在5~6年和19~20年的主要时间尺度,且水沙条件多尺度变化规律与平滩流量有密切关系。此外,对黄河上游和渭河支流主要测站的平滩流量与水沙条件的多时间尺度进行了分析,发现不同河段的平滩流量序列与含沙量序列存在不同的相位差,且相位差大小随含沙量增大而减少。揭示的黄河平滩流量与水沙条件的多时间尺度变化规律,可为研究河床演变的多时间尺度现象提供参考。     

Suspended Sediment Transport in the Freshwater Reach of the Hudson River Estuary in Eastern New York

Deposition of Hudson River sediment into New York Harbor interferes with navigation lanes and requires continuous dredging. Sediment dynamics at the Hudson estuary turbidity maximum (ETM) have received considerable study, but delivery of sediment to the ETM through the freshwater reach of the estuary has received relatively little attention and few direct measurements. An acoustic Doppler current profiler was positioned at the approximate limit of continuous freshwater to develop a 4-year time series of water velocity, discharge, suspended sediment concentration, and suspended sediment discharge. This data set was compared with suspended sediment discharge data collected during the same period at two sites just above the Hudson head-of-tide (the Federal Dam at Troy) that together represent the single largest source of sediment entering the estuary. The mean annual suspended sediment–discharge from the freshwater reach of the estuary was 737,000 metric tons. Unexpectedly, the total suspended sediment discharge at the study site in November and December slightly exceeded that observed during March and April, the months during which rain and snowmelt typically result in the largest sediment discharge to the estuary. Suspended sediment discharge at the study site exceeded that from the Federal Dam, even though the intervening reach appears to store significant amounts of sediment, suggesting that 30–40% of sediment discharge observed at the study site is derived from tributaries to the estuary between the Federal Dam and study site. A simple model of sediment entering and passing through the freshwater reach on a timescale of weeks appears reasonable during normal hydrologic conditions in adjoining watersheds; however, this simple model may dramatically overestimate sediment delivery during extreme tributary high flows, especially those at the end of, or after, the “flushing season” (October through April). Previous estimates of annual or seasonal sediment delivery from tributaries and the Federal Dam to the ETM and harbor may be high for those years with extreme tributary high-flow events.     

不同来源区洪水对黄河下游流量-含沙量关系的影响

根据1950-1960年及1974-1985年实测洪峰水沙资料,分析了不同来源区洪水对黄河下游花园口、高村、艾山、利津水文站流量 含沙量关系的影响,以河口镇至龙门区间、马莲河和北洛河总来水量占三门峡、黑石关、小董总水量的20%或25%以上作为中游粗沙来源区洪水,以河口镇至龙门区间、马莲河和北洛河总来水量占三门峡、黑石关、小董总水量的20%或25%以下作为细沙来源区或少沙区洪水。这样,黄河下游花园口、高村、艾山、利津水文站平均流量 平均含沙量关系可分为以增加平均含沙量为主和以增加平均流量为主的两个区。同时,河口镇至龙门区间、马莲河和北洛河的洪水,大大增加了黄河下游平均来沙系数和平均含沙量,并导致全下游河段的必然淤积。     

The changes in the lower Drava River water level, discharge and suspended sediment regime

Massive construction on the Drava River basin and on the river itself during the last centuries, as well as recent climate change and/or variability, has caused many different and possibly dangerous changes to its hydrological and ecological regime. Since 1975, numerous hydrotechnical works have been carried out on the 60-km long section of the Drava River from the Slovenian–Croatian border to the River Mura mouth. Three hydrotechnical power plants with three reservoirs and three long inlet and outlet canals have been built. Changes in water level, discharge and suspended sediment yield along the Drava River measured in Croatia, downstream of the three Croatian reservoirs, during the last 30–130 years are presented. The investigation focuses on changes that have occurred during the last thirty-odd years, caused by the anthropogenic influences on the Drava River watercourse and its catchment in Croatia and Hungary, and probably by climate change or variability. Methods of rescaled adjusted partial sums, statistical tests, as well as regression and correlation analyses are used to explain changes in water level, discharge and suspended sediment yield. There is evidence in the time series of decreases in the minimum, mean and maximum annual water levels, and minimum and mean discharges on the lower part of the Drava River. One of the main objectives of this study was to examine the effect of dams and reservoirs operation on the changes in the downstream suspended sediment regime. The amount of suspended sediment has been greatly reduced, which can cause serious consequences.     

长江口南槽季节性冲淤变化及其对河流入海水沙响应关系的初步研究

本文利用长江口南槽1989年12个月的实测地形图和大通站相应的水沙资料,采用GIS技术和数理统计技术分析了南槽的地形变化及其与河流来水来沙的关系.结果表明南槽水深与大通站各月平均流量、输沙率和含沙量之间有明显的相关性,说明河口冲淤对流域水沙变化有敏感响应;河槽的响应具有1～1.5月的滞后性.     

Heavy minerals and the evolution of the modern Nile

Heavy mineral analysis is a useful tool in tracing the changes in the hydrographic setting of the Nile through time. Analyses by the writer and others are presented to differentiate between a former Nilotic system, a Proto-Nile, and the modern Nile system, and to demonstrate the changes undergone by the modern Nile.The Proto-Nile was almost totally dependent upon discharge from equatorial and sub-equatorial tributaries in East Africa and from local Sudano-Egyptian affluents. The modern Nile system, in contrast, is dominated by contributions from the Blue Nile and the Atbara River, which drain the Ethiopian Plateau. The discharge of these rivers is governed by the monsoonal rains which are responsible for the summer floods in the Lower Nile Basin. It has been generally believed that this riverine system is very recent, perhaps not much older than 20,000 years. The evidence presented in this paper indicates that the Modern Nile system was well established by the later part of the Middle Pleistocene. In its early stage, the modern Nile was characterized by greater contributions from the non-Ethiopian East African and Sudano-Egyptian tributaries than at present.     

Distributions of pesticides and organic contaminants between water and suspended sediment,San Francisco Bay,California

Suspended-sediment and water samples were collected from San Francisco Bay in 1991 during low river discharge and after spring rains. All samples were analyzed for organophosphate, carbamate, and organochlorine pesticides; petroleum hydrocarbons; biomarkers; and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The objectives were to determine the concentrations of these contaminants in water and suspended sediment during two different hydrologic conditions and to determine partition coefficients of the contaminants between water and sediment. Concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants, such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, varied with location of sample collection, riverine discharge, and tidal cycle. Concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants in suspended sediments were highest during low river discharge but became diluted as agricultural soils entered the bay after spring rains. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons defined as dissolved in the water column were not detected. The concentrations sorbed on suspended sediments were variable and were dependent on sediment transport patterns in the bay. In contrast, the relatively hydrophilic organophosphate pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos and diazinon, has a more uniform concentration in suspended sediment. These pesticides were detected only after spring rains. Most of the measured diazinon, at least 98% for all samples, was in the dissolved phase. Measured partition coefficients for diazinon generally were uniform, which suggests that suspended-sediment concentrations were close to equilibrium with dissolved concentrations. The concentration of diazinon sorbed to suspended sediments, at any given sampling site, was driven primarily by the more abundant solution concentration. The concentrations of diazinon sorbed to suspended sediments, therefore, were independent of the patterns of sediment movement.     

郁江南宁站水沙变化的回归分析

根据郁江南宁站1954～2001年的流量和输沙率资料，对流量和输沙率之间进行了回归分析，得出了多年平均月均流量～输沙率的相关性、各年月均流量～输沙率的相关性、各月月均流量～输沙率年际变化的相关性和年均流量～输沙率的相关性，分析了南宁站的水沙变化趋势，得出了两者变化趋势的规律。     

Regional rating curve models of suspended sediment transport for Turkey

Estimations of annual suspended sediment loads are required for various types of water resources studies. Often estimation of the sediment load is needed for ungauged watersheds. Regionalization methods provide a practical solution to solve such problems. The purpose of this study is to classify suspended sediment yields in watersheds into homogeneous regions in order to identify their regional sediment rating curves. This study has been carried out for suspended sediment stations on 26 main basins of Turkey. Long term-scale suspended sediment rating curves of 115 gauging stations in Turkey were classified using cluster analysis on the basis of hydrological homogeneity. An agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm is used so that stations from different geographical locations are considered in the same cluster independently of their geographical location. 115 gauging stations were clustered into 4 different homogenous regions and the regional suspended sediment rating curve was developed for each region. The performance efficiencies of the developed regional rating curves were evaluated for 8 test stations and compared to the performances of rating curves in test sites. A regionalization model is developed for estimating suspended sediment rating curves for ungauged sites in Turkey. The developed regional rating curve models result in very close performances to those of their corresponding site rating curves.     

水库拦沙对长江水沙态势变化的影响

为探讨水库建设对水沙变化态势的影响,通过引入来沙系数、输沙模数和流域水库调控系数,深入分析了长江水库拦沙对水沙态势变异的作用。长江干支流水沙参数与流域水库库容参数之间有重要关系,主要水文站年输沙量随流域累积库容增加而逐渐减少,来沙系数和输沙模数随流域水库调控系数成指数关系衰减,表明水库蓄水拦沙是长江水沙态势变异的主要因素。长江干支流输沙量衰减规律有一定差异,支流来沙系数和输沙模数衰减规律相对独立,而干流上游站衰减幅度大于下游水文站,且干流各站输沙模数的衰减规律比较接近。     

Estimating suspended sediment yield, sedimentation controls and impacts in the Mellah Catchment of Northern Algeria

This paper is an assessment of the suspended sediment yield in the Mellah Catchment of northern Algeria. We use discharge–sediment load relationships to explore the variability of water discharge and sediment load, and to investigate the impact of geomorphic factors disturbance on erosion and sedimentation. Suspended sediment load was analyzed in the Mellah Catchment (550 km²) which was controlled by a gauging station to measure discharge and sediment transport. The relations between daily mean sediment concentration and daily mean water discharge were analyzed to develop sediment rating curves. For storms with no water samples, a sediment rating curve was developed. The technique involves stratification of data into discharge-based classes, the mean of which are used to fit a rating curve according to single flow data and season to provide various rating relationships. The mean annual sediment yield during the 24 years of the study period was 562 T km^?2 in the Mellah Catchment. This drainage basin had high rainfall and runoff, the erosion was high. The high sediment yield in the Mellah basin could be explained by a high percentage of sparse grassland and cultivation developed on shallow marly silty-clayey soils with steep slopes often exceeding 12%. Almost all suspended sediment loads are transported during storm events that mainly occur in the winter and spring heavy and medium downpours. The scarceness of these events leads to a very large interseasonal variability of the wadi sediment fluxes. The negative impacts of this enhanced sediment mobility are directly felt in the western part of the basin which shows many mass movements, bank and gully erosion because cultivated areas are often bared during autumnal brief flash floods and furrowed downslope during the winter season.     

黄河倒灌渭河的数值模拟

根据渭河下游河道水沙及河床演变特性,提出了黄河倒灌渭河的数学模型.该模型不仅适用于黄河倒灌渭河时渭河下游河道水位、流量、含沙量及河床淤积的数值模拟,也适用于其它双向水流及干支流交汇或分流河段的水沙计算.验证计算表明,该模型能较好地反映黄河倒灌渭河时渭河下游水文泥沙因素变化.     

流域减沙对长江口典型河槽及邻近海域演变的影响

基于2001-2015年长江口系列的水下地形和水文测验等资料,研究了流域减沙对长江口典型河槽及邻近海域演变的影响。结果表明:三峡工程建成后的近10多年,流域年均输沙量处于1.35亿t左右的较低水平。受其影响,长江口口内的南支、南港和北港上段的含沙量2008年之后明显下降,河槽冲刷、容积扩大,河槽形态向相对窄深方向演化。而拦门沙河槽的上游侧和口外侧近年来亦有所冲刷,拦门沙浅滩长度缩短。长江口水下三角洲前沿位于北港口外和南北槽口外有两个冲刷区,2007年之后年平均冲刷厚度达0.1 m左右,年侵蚀沙量达0.71亿m3。流域减沙对长江口河槽演变的影响尚在进行中,可能改变长江口水下三角洲向海淤涨的历史演变模式。     

“泾渭分明”的现代特点分析

清浊变化是指常年及汛期的含沙量及输沙量变化。泾河年均径流量仅为渭河的1/2倍(资料截止1997),输沙量却为渭河的2.35倍,含沙量为渭河的4.57倍。现在是泾浊渭清。输沙量与最大流量间为正相关关系,相关系数渭河为0.7516,泾河为0.8279。输沙量季节集中的程度更大,最大月输沙量占年输沙量的71.23%,最大月径流量占年径流量的39.22%。渭河较小的输沙量在于气候干旱导致的径流量减小。泾河较大的输沙量在于泾河流域现代人为活动对生态系统破坏更为严重。     

Prediction of daily suspended sediment load using wavelet and neurofuzzy combined model

This study investigated the prediction of suspended sediment load in a gauging station in the USA by neuro-fuzzy, conjunction of wavelet analysis and neuro-fuzzy as well as conventional sediment rating curve models. In the proposed wavelet analysis and neuro-fuzzy model, observed time series of river discharge and suspended sediment load were decomposed at different scales by wavelet analysis. Then, total effective time series of discharge and suspended sediment load were imposed as inputs to the neuro-fuzzy model for prediction of suspended sediment load in one day ahead. Results showed that the wavelet analysis and neuro-fuzzy model performance was better in prediction rather than the neuro-fuzzy and sediment rating curve models. The wavelet analysis and neuro-fuzzy model produced reasonable predictions for the extreme values. Furthermore, the cumulative suspended sediment load estimated by this technique was closer to the actual data than the others one. Also, the model could be employed to simulate hysteresis phenomenon, while sediment rating curve method is incapable in this event.     

Daily suspended sediment estimation using neuro-wavelet models

This paper proposes the application of neuro-wavelet technique for modeling daily suspended sediment–discharge relationship. The neuro-wavelet models are obtained by combining two methods, artificial neural networks (ANN) and discrete wavelet transform. The accuracy of the neuro-wavelet and the ANN models is compared with each other in suspended sediment load estimation. The daily streamflow and suspended sediment data from two stations on Tongue River in Montana are used as case studies. The comparison results reveal that the suggested model could increase the estimation accuracy.     

Response of bankfull discharge of the Inner Mongolia Yellow River to flow and sediment factors

Bankfull discharge is a comprehensive factor reflecting the channel-forming capability of water flow and the flood and sediment transport capacity of a river channel. It is based on the interaction of the flow, sediment, and river channel, of which flow and sediment conditions play crucial roles. Using data recorded since the 1950s, this paper analyses statistically, the characteristics and variations of bankfull discharge at two stations on the Inner Mongolian reaches of the upper Yellow River. Results indicate that flood season variations in bankfull discharge are nonlinear and are governed by flood peak discharge, mean discharge, and the mean incoming sediment coefficients. Variation in bankfull discharge is related not only to the flow and sediment conditions of the current year but also to those of previous years. The 10-year moving average of flow and sediment conditions can be representative of present and previous years. By considering flood season peak discharge and incoming sediment coefficients as independent impact factors, a formula is derived to determine bankfull discharge. The results can be used to predict the bankfull discharge of the Yellow River channel in Inner Mongolia under specific flow and sediment conditions and provide reference for the purpose of further study related to restoring and maintaining the basic functions of the river channel regarding flood discharge and sediments.     

含沙量和悬沙粒径变化对长江宜昌-汉口河段年冲淤量的影响

依据三峡水库修建以前的资料,运用数理统计方法对含沙量和悬沙粒径变化对长江宜昌-汉口河段年冲淤量的影响进行研究,以期为三峡水库修建以后库下游河道冲淤特性的预测提供参考。建立了1980-1997年间宜昌-汉口#河段年冲淤量与宜昌站年均含沙量C宜昌之间的回归方程,据此估算出使宜昌-汉口#河段处于不冲不淤状态的宜昌站临界年均含沙量为0.734 kg/m3。以宜昌-汉口冲淤量作为因变量,以宜昌站的含沙量、悬沙中径D50、最大流量和三口分流比作为影响变量,建立了多元回归方程。基于1980-1997年资料的方程表明,宜昌站含沙量越高,悬沙中径越粗,宜昌站洪水流量越大,宜昌-汉口河段年淤积量越大;三口分流比越小,宜昌-汉口河段年淤积量越大。     

Impact of suspended sediment load on the silting of SMBA reservoir (Algeria)

The phenomenon of suspended sediment load is very complex in Mina River basin because of its important soil heterogeneity, vegetation deficiency and rainfall variability in time and space. The methodological approach adopted in this paper consists of finding a regressive power model, which may explain better the suspended sediment discharge as a function of the flow discharge collected at Wadi El-Abtal and Sidi AEK Djilali hydrometric stations by studying this relation at various temporal scales: daily, annual, monthly and seasonal. The obtained monthly power relations, explaining the greatest part of the variance, lead to interpolate, extrapolate and analyse suspended and bed loads deposited on Sidi M’hamed Ben Aouda (SMBA) reservoir since being in service in 1977/1978. These allow authors to find relations between specific erosion and effective rainfall and propose some solutions for river basin managers and policy makers to reduce the silting of SMBA reservoir.