20～36.5米氮氧饱和及50～70米空气巡回潜水模拟实验的呼吸功能研究

饱和潜水的实验室摸似研究始于五十年代末,海上现场实验始于六十年代初.由于饱和潜水技术不但能大大提高潜水作业效率,而且被认为是进行大深度水下作业的必要手段,所以各国竞相发展.现在,国外已在海洋工程领域中开始应用.我国在七十年代才进行动物摸拟实验,1976年10月海军六所首次进行了人体20、30米空气饱和潜水摸拟实验;11月上海救捞局等单位又进行了人体10米空气饱和、30～40米巡回潜水16昼夜的摸拟实验.     

模拟36.5米氮氧饱和潜水26昼夜和60、70及75米空气巡潜对人体脑电图的影响

饱和潜水技术能提高水下作业效率,还可藉巡回潜水来增加水下作业深度,因此从六十年代以来在世界潜水技术先进国家中得到迅速发展,目前已成为进行潜水作业的一种重要手段.在空气潜水中,脑功能的变化早就引起人们的注意,高压氮会引起人体象酒精中毒样的麻醉症状,因此,一些水下生理和医学家们不但把脑电图作为潜水员选拔的体检指标,而且还用作潜水时健康检查和监护的重要手段.关于长期暴露于高气压环境下人体脑电图变化的研究尚属少见.本工作系统地记录了模拟36.5米氮氧饱和和潜水26昼夜各时期及进行不同深度空气巡潜时的脑电图,以探索长期暴露于高压氮氧环境对人体脑电图的影响以及适应过程中的变化规律.     

深潜技术与海洋开发

深潜技术是海洋开发中具有通用性的高新技术。它包括直接潜水和间接潜水两类。直接潜水用于水下施工、救捞等活动,但受潜水生理学和装备的限制。目前直接潜水中,饱和潜水人体最大模拟实验深度已达686m,实海实验深度达520m。动物实验最大深度达1500m。现场作业多在200m以浅,个别已超过300m。但是,一些专家认为,实现450m以内安全作业是有可能的。在间接潜水方面,可以使用耐压潜水服,常用的有J1M和WASP两种,最大潜水深度可达605m,更深的则使用潜水器。目前潜水器包括载人潜水器和无人潜水器两类。     

300米氦氮氧饱和潜水科学实验获圆满成功

交通部石油部海洋水下工程科学研究院最近成功地进行了300米氦氮氧饱和潜水科学实验,四名潜水员在300米水深压力下停留了七昼夜。实验是5月23日开始的,于6月12日安全出舱。实验包括了潜水生理医学、潜水呼吸器、热水服、水下工具、水下通讯等试验     

氮氧饱和潜水减压的研究

饱和潜水是近二千年来迅速发展起来的一门新技术.由于氮气价格低廉,气源易得,运用氮氧饱和结合空气巡回潜水技术,可满足75米以浅近海大量的潜水作业的需要.其经济价值较大.     

潜水技术中的佼佼者——饱和潜水

饱和潜水理论,最初是由美国海军于三十年前提出的,但作为一门造福于人类的科学技术被研究利用,则是近年来的事情。目前,欧美一些国家已把这门技术应用于海底大陆架的勘探和海底油田的开发;美、法、日等国的海军也已开始组建深海饱和潜水特种部队,专门从事固定于水中的声纳设备和通信器材的检修、水中训练用鱼雷的回收,以及海上救难和深海打捞等工作。迄今,潜水员在从事水下作业时,通常都是携带水下呼吸器,即装有压缩空气的筒状高压气体容器,但其最大限度也只能下潜40米深。若超过这一深度,受水压的影     

80m氦氧饱和－100m巡回潜水医学保障的研究

1987年夏海军在东海公海使用DDC-SDC饱和潜水设备系统,成功地进行了我国首次海上氦氧饱和-巡回潜水实潜作业.结合任务完成了一系列饱和潜水医学保障的研究.8名海军潜水员分为两批.在DDC中80m深度下,呼吸氦氧混合气,分别连续生活工作72及30h.每天又借SDC下潜到100m海底,出钟进行巡回潜水作业,共9钟次18人次,有效地进行了多种特定劳动作业.最后经89h饱和减压,潜水员全部平安返回常压,未发生任何潜水疾病.在饱和潜水各阶段,分别监测了一系列生理一医学指标;在国内首次全程监测了动态心电图,获得了宝贵的资料.现场实潜验证了事先制订的饱和潜水医学保障方案,证明切实可行.这一任务的圆满完成,标志着我国已结束了多年来氦氧饱和潜水技术停留在模拟实验阶段的历史,正式进入海上实际应用的发展新阶段.积累的经验可为今后经济、国防建设中更深的海上实潜作业打下良好基础.     

302米模拟氦氧饱和潜水时对人体脑电图及震颤图的观察

当人体运用氦氧混合气作为呼吸气体进行大深度饱和潜水及水下作业达到一定深度时(例如水下200米左右),就能产生一系列与神经功能相关的症状,诸如眩晕、恶心、手指及手臂甚至颜面肌肉的震颤等[1-3]。在脑电图上出现节律的慢化,或在以α波为主的脑电图上出现大量的θ波,有时出现与人体睡眠第一期相似的脑电图[1,4]。     

潜水史话

潜水活动,历史悠久,趣味盎然。原始的潜水活动,没有任何潜水装置,称为裸潜,即仅凭深吸一口气潜入海中,在水下停留的时间很短。这种裸潜方式至多只能下潜到水下40米,因而大大限制了人们水下活动的能力。1715年,英国人约翰·莱斯勃里奈发明了世界上第一套常压潜水服。它的形状类似于一只木桶,桶内存贮着氧气,在气密的木桶上安装有两只“袖子”,人穿上这套潜水服,手可以伸出桶外作业,潜水员身着此潜水服曾下潜到水下18米深处,持续停留了30分钟。以后,随着科学的发展和潜水技术的进步,各种耐压、保温和作业灵活的     

献身海洋开发事业的女科学家

塞尔维亚·A·伊尔莉博士是一位把毕生精力都贡献给水下事业的女科学家。她曾在内、外各种潜水系统、水下居住舱和调研潜水器中孜孜不倦地工作了多年。1971年,她曾带领第一批由姑娘们组成的“水下少女”潜水组,在美国维尔京岛附近的“特克泰特2号”水下居住舱中生活和工作了两个星期。以后她又身着杰姆单人常压潜水眼首创下潜380米的潜水纪录。迄今为止,她的潜水纪录已超过5000小时,在妇女潜水行列中名列前茅。她还领导过     

N2, N2O and O2Profiles in a Tagus Estuary Salt Marsh

Vertical gas profiles of N₂, N₂O and O₂were obtained in intact sediment cores from a Tagus estuary salt marsh using membrane inlet mass spectrometry. This technique allows direct measurements of dissolved gas concentrations with minimal disturbance. O₂concentrations decreased sharply with depth, becoming undetectable below 14mm. Denitrification products (N₂and N₂O) occurred in the surface layer of the sediment where O₂was present. Diffusion of N₂and N₂O from the anaerobic zone, denitrification in anaerobic microsites and aerobic denitrification are possible explanations for this observation. N₂was the sole product of denitrification in control sediment cores probably because of the great demand for electron acceptors in this sediment. The addition of NO₃ ⁻ and CH₃CO₂ ⁻ increased the concentrations of N₂and N₂O in the sediment. Significantly higher concentrations in treated cores occurred between 1·5 and 2·0cm for N₂and between 0·5 and 1·5cm for N₂O. The peak in N₂concentration occurred in the anaerobic zone of the sediment, close to the aerobic–anaerobic interface while the peak in N₂O concentration occurred above this interface where concentrations of O₂were approximately 10μM. This is indicative that, in this sediment, production of N₂O is less sensitive to the presence of O₂than reduction of N₂O to N₂.     

生物固氮速率测定中15N2同位素示踪剂的引入

生物固氮作用是一个重要的海洋新氮来源,在海洋生物地球化学循环中扮演着不可替代的角色。基于稳定同位素（15N₂）示踪吸收法,是目前直接测定海洋生物固氮速率最有效的手段。其中,高效、洁净地将15N₂引入海水培养体系,并准确定量培养体系底物的同位素示踪水平,是同位素示踪吸收法准确获取固氮速率的关键。本研究针对15N₂同位素示踪剂引入这一关键环节进行了探讨,确认改进气泡法是将15N₂引入海水培养体系的首选操作。在对培养体系造成的较小扰动的情况下,可将培养体系氮气底物的15N原子丰度提升至10%以上,相对于另一种导入同位素示踪剂的手段——预溶解海水法,改进气泡法将培养瓶中氮气底物的15N原子丰度提升了近200%。此外,改进气泡法还具有最小化痕量金属沾污、操作简便等优点。将改进气泡法结合与稳定同位素比值质谱测定结合,是准确测定水体生物固氮速率的推荐方法。     

~(15)N示踪法测定海洋反硝化速率中~(29)N_2浓度的准确定量

利用15 N示踪法实测南海水体反硝化速率的研究发现,培养水样在长时间密闭放置过程中也会受到外界空气的污染,且其29N2/28N2比值恒定为0.007 35。根据空气背景中29N2/28N2比值恒定的特征,提出基于质量平衡关系校正空气N2污染的方法,通过将样品实测29N2浓度扣除由外界空气贡献的29N2浓度,可获得由生物反硝化作用所产生的29N2准确浓度,进而可计算出准确的反硝化速率。经空气29N2背景校正后,29N2浓度的偏差明显小于未经校正的结果,且29N2浓度与培养时间之间的线性相关性显著加强,凸显出空气29N2背景校正是获取准确反硝化速率的关键。鉴于15 N示踪法已被广泛应用于海洋水体与沉积物反硝化速率的测定中,所提出的空气29N2背景校正方法具有重要的意义。     

Accurate measurement of O2, N2, and Ar gases in water and the solubility of N2

The degree of atmospheric saturation for O₂, Ar, and N₂ gases in water can be determined to accuracies of ±0.1–0.3% using mass spectrometry to determine the gas ratios and Winkler titrations for oxygen analysis. We describe methods used to obtain this level of accuracy and precision. Oxygen accuracy of ±0.1% can be obtained by careful attention to standardization using KIO₃ standards that have been corrected for impurities. Accurate O₂/Ar and O₂/N₂ gas ratios (±0.1–0.2%) are obtainable by measuring the mass ratios against the atmosphere if the effect of different gas concentrations on the performance of the mass spectrometer are taken into account. Oxygen and argon saturation values have been determined previously to accuracies of less than or equal to ±0.1%, but published estimates of the saturation value for nitrogen differ by more than 1%. We have redetermined the N₂ saturation value at 19°C and zero salinity to be 0.92% greater than the results reported in the work of Weiss (1970).     

The density functional calculations on the structural and electronic properties of the endohedral fullerene dimer (N2@C60)2

The generalised gradient approximation based on density functional theory is used to study the structural and electronic properties of the endohedral fullerene dimer (N₂@C₆₀)₂. Four N atoms sit at the cage centres in the form of two N_2 molecules. The density of states and Mulliken charge analysis explore that the energy levels from -6 to -10 eV are mainly influenced by the N₂ molecules.     

N2O Production, Nitrification and Denitrification in an Estuarine Sediment

The mechanisms regulating N₂O production in an estuarine sediment (Tama Estuary, Japan) were studied by comparing the change in N₂O production with those in nitrification and denitrification using an experimental continuous-flow sediment–water system with¹⁵N tracer (¹⁵N-NO−3 addition). From Feburary to May, both nitrification and denitrification in the sediment increased (246 to 716 μmol N m⁻² h⁻¹and 214 to 1260 μmol N m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively), while benthic N₂O evolution decreased slightly (1560 to 1250 nmol N m⁻² h⁻¹). Apparent diffusion coefficients of inorganic nitrogen compounds and O₂at the sediment–water interface, calculated from the respective concentration gradients and benthic fluxes, were close to the molecular diffusion coefficients (0·68–2·0 times) in February. However, they increased to 8·8–52 times in May except for that of NO−2, suggesting that the enhanced NO−3 and O₂supply from the overlying water by benthic irrigation likely stimulated nitrification and denitrification. Since the progress of anoxic condition by the rise of temperature from February to May (9 to 16 °C) presumably accelerated N₂O production through nitrification, the observed decrease in sedimentary N₂O production seems to be attributed to the decrease in N₂O production/occurrence of its consumption by denitrification. In addition to the activities of both nitrification and denitrification, the change in N₂O metabolism during denitrification by the balance between total demand of the electron acceptor and supply of NO−3+NO−2 can be an important factor regulating N₂O production in nearshore sediments.     

基于双还原体系与膜进样质谱快速测定15N加富水样中15NO3-的方法

海洋中的氮循环是海洋生物地球化学研究的热点领域之一,而硝化过程是氮循环的关键一环,准确获取硝化速率对于丰富海洋氮循环的认识至关重要。¹⁵N标记同位素技术是目前国际上最为广泛使用的硝化速率测定方法,该方法的核心在于准确测定¹⁵N加富样品产生的¹⁵NO₂^-和¹⁵NO₃^-的含量,但目前的方法普遍存在测试时间较长、测试成本较高、所需样品体积较大或者检测限较高等问题。研究以低成本的膜进样质谱作为¹⁵N加富样品测试设备,建立了基于镉柱与氨基磺酸双还原体系测定¹⁵N加富样品中¹⁵NO₃^-含量的方法。经条件优化实验确定的具体方法:采用1 mol/L HCl配制15 mmol/L的氨基磺酸（SA）作为反应试剂除去样品原有的NO₂^-,然后利用镉柱将¹⁵NO     

Evaluation of the N2 flux approach for measuring sediment denitrification

Direct gas chromatographic measurement of denitrification rates via N₂ fluxes from aquatic sediments can avoid some of the artifacts and complexities associated with indirect approaches and tracer techniques. However, measurement protocols have typically been determined based upon initial results or previous studies. We present a process-level study and simulation model for evaluating and optimizing N₂ gas flux approaches in closed chamber incubations. Experimental manipulations and simulations of both artificial and natural sediments were used to conduct sensitivity analyses of key design parameters in N₂ flux measurements. Experimental results indicated that depletion of labile organic matter during the long incubations required by common protocols (for diffusive off-gassing of porewater N₂) may result in underestimates of denitrification rates in some systems. Simulations showed that the required incubation time was primarily a function of sediment thickness. The best approach found to minimize incubation time and reduce errors was to select the minimum sediment thickness necessary to include the entire depth distribution of nitrification–denitrification for a particular sediment system. Attempts to increase measurement sensitivity and shorten incubation times by reducing the headspace thickness to 1–2 cm generally cause denitrification to be underestimated by 3–13% for gas headspaces, and up to 80% for water headspaces. However, errors were negligible with gas and water headspace thicknesses of 10 cm and 15 cm, respectively. Anaerobic cores to control for non-denitrification N₂ fluxes shortened incubation time, but introduced artifacts in sediments with extensive macrofaunal irrigation.     

Nitrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of N2O from suboxic waters of the eastern tropical North Pacific and the Arabian Sea—measurement by continuous-flow isotope-ratio monitoring

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a trace gas that is increasing in the atmosphere. It contributes to the greenhouse effect and influences the global ozone distribution. Recent reports suggest that regions such as the Arabian Sea may be significant sources of atmospheric N₂O.In the ocean, N₂O is formed as a by-product of nitrification and as an intermediary of denitrification. In the latter process, N₂O can be further reduced to N₂. These processes, which operate on different source pools and have different magnitudes of isotopic fractionation, make separate contributions to the ¹⁵N and¹⁸O isotopic composition of N₂O. In the case of nitrification in oxic waters, the isotopic composition of N₂O appears to depend mainly on the ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratio of NH⁺₄ and the ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratio of O₂ and H₂O. In suboxic waters, denitrification causes progressive ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O enrichment of N₂O as a function of degree of depletion of nitrate and dissolved oxygen. Thus the isotopic signature of N₂O should be a useful tool for studying the sources and sinks for N₂O in the ocean and its impact on the atmosphere.We have made observations of N₂O concentrations and of the dual stable isotopic composition of N₂O in the eastern tropical North Pacific (ETNP) and the Arabian Sea. The stable isotopic composition of N₂O was determined by a new method that required only 80–100 nmol of N₂O per sample analysis. Our observations include determinations across the oxic/suboxic boundaries that occur in the water columns of the ETNP and Arabian Sea. In these suboxic waters, the values of δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O increased linearly with one another and with decreasing N₂O concentrations, presumably reflecting the effects of denitrification. Our results suggest that the ocean could be an important source of isotopically enriched N₂O to the atmosphere.     

Seasonal cycle of N2O vertical distribution and air-sea fluxes over the continental shelf waters off central Chile (∼36°S)

The continental shelf off central Chile is subject to strong seasonal coastal upwelling and has been recognized as an important outgassing area for, amongst others, N₂O, an important greenhouse gas. Several physical and biogeochemical variables, including N₂O, were measured in the water column from August 2002 to January 2007 at a time series station in order to characterize its temporal variability and elucidate the physical and biogeochemical mechanisms affecting N₂O levels. This 4-year time series of N₂O levels reveals seasonal variability associated basically with hydrographic and oceanographic regimes (i.e., upwelling and non-upwelling). However, a noteworthy temporal evolution of both the vertical distribution and N₂O levels was observed repeatedly throughout the entire study period, allowing us to distinguish three stages: winter/early spring (Stage I), mid-spring/mid-summer (Stage II), and late summer/early autumn (Stage III).Stage I presents low N₂O, the lowest surface saturation ever registered (from 64% saturation) in a period of high O₂, and a homogeneous column driven by strong wind; this distribution is explained by physical and thermodynamic mechanisms. Stage II, with increasing N₂O concentrations, agrees with the appearance of upwelling-favourable wind stress and a strong influence of oxygen-poor, nutrient-rich equatorial subsurface waters (ESSW). The N₂O build-up creates a “hotspot” (up to 2426% N₂O saturation) and enhanced concentrations of (up to 3.97 μM) and (up to 4.6 μM) at the oxycline (4-28 μM) (∼20-40 m depth). Although the dominant N₂O sources could not be determined, denitrification (mainly below the oxycline) appears to be the dominant process in N₂O accumulation. Stage III, with diminishing N₂O concentrations from mid-summer to early autumn, was accompanied by low N/P ratios. During this stage, strong bottom N₂O consumption (from 40% saturation) was suggested to be mainly driven by benthic denitrification.Consistent with the evolution of N₂O in the water column over time, the estimated air-sea N₂O fluxes were low or negative in winter (−9.8 to 20 μmol m⁻² d⁻¹, Stage I) and higher in spring and summer (up to 195 μmol m⁻² d⁻¹, Stage II), after which they declined (Stage III). In spite of the occurrence of ESSW and upwelling events throughout stages II and III, N₂O behaviour should be a response of the biogeochemical evolution associated with biological productivity and concomitant O₂ levels in the water and even in the sediments. The results presented herein confirm that the study area is an important source of N₂O to the atmosphere, with a mean annual N₂O flux of 30.2 μmol m⁻² d⁻¹; however, interannual variability could not yet be properly characterized.