Getting Away with the Stolen Vehicle: An Investigation of Journey‐after‐Crime*

Analyses of criminals' travel patterns can provide significant suggestions to improve crime management. This study extends the investigation of criminals' travel behavior from journey‐to‐crime to journey‐after‐crime. Moreover, new methods are developed to examine the spatial patterns of location pairs when restricted by the underlying geographical process. The methods are employed to investigate criminals' journey‐after‐auto‐theft in the city of Buffalo, New York. The analyses reveal that auto thieves' trips from vehicle‐theft locations to the corresponding vehicle‐recovery locations are local in nature. The travel distances are significantly shorter than the randomly simulated trips; the travel directions are biased from the random directions as well.     

基于GIS的零售商业网点选址模型研究

零售商业网点的选址与布局是零售企业经营管理战略决策中的重要内容之一。地址一旦选定将会在很大程度上影响零售企业未来的规划与发展。由于传统分析与研究方法的局限性,促使现代商业的发展迫切地需要新技术的支持以适应现代商业经营方式的根本性转变。GIS技术的应用为零售商业网点选址提供了新的思路和方法,弥补了传统研究方法的不足,为商业企业的科学决策提供了科学、形象和直观的数据和信息。因此,在对传统商业网点选址模型分析的基础上,通过GIS技术与数学模型的结合,运用GIS空间分析的有关知识,探讨基于GIS的城市零售商业网点规划选址模型的构建,并对模型的应用前景进行了评价和展望。     

Analyzing Spatial and Temporal Changes of Aquaculture in Yunlin County,Taiwan*

This article analyzes spatial and temporal changes of aquaculture land use in Yunlin County, Taiwan, and discusses the driving forces for these changes. Digital land‐use maps and satellite imagery for 1982, 1988, 1994, and 2002 were used to extract aquaculture areas. A geographic information system was used to derive changes in aquaculture areas and to compute the spatial clustering statistics over time. A survey of eighty‐seven farmers was conducted to obtain their views and concerns about aquaculture. The results show a rapid expansion in aquaculture during the 1980s, driven mainly by exports to Japan, and a continuous decline since the mid‐1990s because of economic, environmental, and demographic factors.     

论地理信息系统的应用与发展

论述了地理信息系统产生与发展,从分析系统的技术特点入手,揭示了其发展与应用的密切关系,进一步指出了地理信息系统的应用潜力与发展方向。     

Cartographic Visualization: An Assessment and Epistemological Review*

This article examines the concept of cartographic visualization. The value of cartographic visualization as an essential component in the study of geographic phenomena is discussed. Ontological and epistemological perspectives are addressed, with examinations of positivist, realist, postmodern, feminist, and anarchist approaches to visualization. Critiques of cartographic visualization from social theorists and quantitative positivists are presented. The author asserts that cartographic visualization is not restricted to any one particular epistemological framework but may combine methods of knowledge production. For comprehensive analysis of spatial data, cartographic visualization must be included along with other qualitative and quantitative analysis.     

GIS and Field‐Based Spatiotemporal Analysis for Evaluation of Paleo–Ice Sheet Simulations*

Reconstructing paleo–ice sheets is significant for paleoclimate reconstructions and evaluations of sea level low stands. Accurate reconstructions of paleo–ice sheet dimensions and dynamics necessitate the combination of field evidence and process modeling. In this study, a GIS‐based technique was developed to quantitatively assess model output against geomorphic data. However, implementation of this technique is not straightforward and requires consideration of time‐space relationships, data representation, resolution, and analytical design. Combined use of two software tools holds considerable promise for the use, application, and interpretation of refined ice sheet models.     

探索性空间分析及其与GIS集成模式探讨

探索性空间分析基于让数据说话的理念,可以避免野值或非典型观测值的误导。在对探索性空间分析的基本原理和概念界定的基础上,探讨交互式和动态空间数据分析、地学可视化及可视化空间分布、确认性空间分析、空间数据挖掘等探索性空间分析的主要技术。由于统计分析软件和GIS的数据格式差异很大,直接将二者简单集成存在一定困难,因此切实可行的集成方式是采用对象连接和嵌入(OLE)技术,分别调用统计分析软件的探索性分析功能(或者函数)以及GIS的地图显示和空间分析功能,并进行必要开发,实现二者的集成。最后对探索性空间分析的发展方向进行展望。     

基于空间统计分析与GIS的人口空间分布模式研究--以甘肃省天水市为例

该文将空间统计分析与GIS相结合,探讨天水市人口空间分布模式。研究表明,天水市人口空间分布呈现“西北-东南”模式,存在显著的空间集聚现象,四种类型的空间关联在空间分布上具有明显的规律性。利用空间统计分析方法能够扩展和加强GIS的空间分析功能,从而更深入地探索、分析、处理和解释人口分布的空间模式与空间关联,为进一步研究空间模式的发生尺度和塑造该模式的空间过程奠定基础。     

Generalizing Poisson Regression: Including Apriori Information Using the Method of Offsets*

In a recent note in The Professional Geographer, Lovett and Flowerdew (1989) introduce the analysis of count data using Poisson regression. Concern here rests with generalizing their discussion to show how a priori information may be included into models that incorporate dependent variables enumerated as counts. These models can be calibrated using the OFFSET command in GLIM. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the applicability of the method of offsets to other problems in spatial analysis.     

集聚经济、制度约束与汽车产业跨国公司在华功能区位

基于全球500强在华投资数据,研究了汽车产业跨国公司在华功能区位。随着汽车产业跨国公司在华功能不断拓展,不同功能的空间分离已非常明显;服务功能主要集中在北京、上海,而生产功能则对上海、天津、重庆、广州等城市具有更强的偏好。条件逻辑模型的研究结果表明,集聚经济和制度约束是影响汽车产业跨国公司在华不同功能区位选择的重要因素...     

城市人口空间分析及其GIS应用模型

城市作为大规模集中的人类非农性社会经济活动在二维平面上的投影点，相互之间存在着空间作用，这使得城市人口的变动不仅仅是其内在属性影响的结果，还是城市实体空间分布作为位置变量对城市人口内在属性综合作用的结果。文章通过实证进行了城市人口空间分析，并探讨了相关GIS应用模型特性和建立的诸多问题。     

Place matters in sports: effects of the length of championship series on winning probabilities for the team with home field advantage

In this paper, I address the question of how the length of championship series between two teams can affect the probability that a team wins the series. The geographical element of the question enters through consideration of ‘home-field advantage’. This refers to the fact that in championship series, one of the teams has the benefit of one additional game that is scheduled to be played at home. This, coupled with the fact that teams typically have a higher likelihood of winning at home, leads to an interesting and surprisingly complex relationship between the length of a series and the probability of winning that series. Conclusions include the facts that (1) when the team with home-field advantage has a relatively small probability of winning away from home, it will fare relatively better in shorter series, and (2) the probability of winning a series can first become lower, but then become higher, as one progresses from 1-game series to 3-, 5- and 7-game series.     

The Lingering Effects of Neighborhood Appraisal: Evaluating Redlining's Legacy in Pittsburgh

Place-based classifications can create long-standing influences on neighborhood fortunes. Redlining is a classic example of these unintended effects. The Federal Home Loan Bank Board developed housing appraisal standards subsequently codified in Residential Security Maps. By georeferencing the 1937 map of Pittsburgh, we evaluated the spatial legacies of neighborhood appraisals. We identify persistent neighborhood conditions by comparing neighborhood evaluations with normalized census data from 1970 to 2000. Contemporary conditions correspond with security grades from the 1937 map. Concentrations of poverty, people of color, and vacancy persist in historically redlined areas. Concentrations of high incomes, home values, and homeownership persist elsewhere.     

广西壮语地名分布与演化的GIS分析

以壮族人口聚居的广西壮族自治区为研究区,通过解读《中华人民共和国地名大辞典》等资料,构建了一个乡镇、县、市的壮语地名地理信息系统(GIS)数据库,并借助空间可视化技术直观显示了壮语地名集中程度从广西西南部左右江流域和西部山区向东部逐渐降低。回归模型揭示了壮语地名的分布相对集中于地势高、坡度陡的边远地区。对命名时代的分析表明,壮语地名的几何中心随时间东移,汉语地名的几何中心西推,两者逐渐靠拢,表明二者在空间分布上的趋同,映证了广西逐渐走向壮汉杂居的历史过程。本文演示GIS和相关科学分析(包括空间分析和数理统计)方法用于历史文化研究的潜力,旨在促进自然科学与人文社会科学的有机结合,推动交叉学科的发展。     

中国地级区域创新产出的时空模式研究——基于ESDA的实证

以341个地级层面区域作为空间观测单元,以专利申请受理数作为衡量指标,对中国1997~2009年期间地级区域创新产出的时空特征进行了ESDA分析。结果表明:中国地级区域创新产出的地域性特征显著,首先表现为全局上的地理集聚和地带间的巨大差异;但不同于省级空间尺度下地带内部区域创新显著的极化特征,地级空间尺度区域创新却呈现多样化的局部空间依赖模式。整体上,创新产出在地级空间尺度上自然形成2个显著的空间集群,即东部沿海的H-H集群和西部内陆的L-L集群。东部H-H集群在考察期内由东北和华北地区逐渐向山东半岛、长三角和珠三角地区转移,西部L-L集群的空间发展则相对稳定;H-L型集群和L-H型集群主要分布在中部地区和东中西邻接地区,创新的空间过渡特征明显。最后在实证分析的基础上,提出了政策建议和未来研究的方向。     

空间信息分析技术

在GIS技术日趋成熟和空间数据极大丰富的今天,通过分析空间数据探索空间过程机理正变得日益迫切。空间信息分析技术至少包括以下六个主要方面:(1)空间数据获取和预处理;(2)属性数据空间化和空间尺度转换;(3)空间信息探索分析;(4)地统计;(5)格数据分析;(6)复杂信息反演和预报。本文提出了解决具体应用问题一般的空间数据分析计算、结果解释和反馈程序。认为空间过程的一般共性和作为共同的研究对象,各种不同的方法技术最终可能导致空间数学(spatialmathematics)的产生,同时发展鲁棒的空间分析软件包对于普及空间数学是必要的。     

Street networks in relation to landforms: Implications for fast-growing cities简

In addition to socio-economic factors, major landforms may affect the city structure and urban form. Here we show that landforms have significant effects on the city shape and street patterns of the fast-growing Iranian cities of Dezful （a river） and Khorramabad （moun- tains and valleys）, but no clear effects on the cities of Yazd and Nain. Also, where the street orientation is peaked, the Gibbs/Shannon entropy （a measure of dispersion or spread） is low, but increases as the distribution becomes more uniform because of landform constraints. The streets in the old inner parts of all the cities are, on average, shorter and denser （more streets per unit area） than the streets of the newer outer parts. The entropies of the outer parts are also greater than those of the inner parts, implying that the street-length distribution gradually becomes more dispersed or spread as the city expands. All these cities have been fast growing in the past decades, with the newer outer parts expanding rapidly. As shown here, the rapidly formed outer parts （with greater dispersion in street patterns） have significantly different textures from those of the older inner parts, indicating different functionality and growth processes. These quantitative methods for street-network analysis can be used worldwide, particularly for analysing the effects of landforms on city shape and texture.     

应用Terra/MODIS卫星数据估算洞庭湖蓄水量的变化

以洞庭湖为例,利用2002年的美国Terra/MODIS卫星数据,以16天为周期将全年划分为23个时段,分别对湖区水位和蓄水量分布特征和变化规律进行动态监测和综合分析。具体测算方法包括以下4个步骤: (1) 根据湖区特性,将整个洞庭湖分为3个部分：自西向东依此是西洞庭湖 (WDL), 南洞庭湖 (SDL) 和东洞庭湖 (EDL)。这3个部分的蓄水量之和就是整个洞庭湖的总蓄水量。(2) 以水体和陆地的光谱差异为基础,使用Terra/MODIS卫星的NDVI 数据识别并量测湖区水面积。(3) 将湖区水面影像同湖区数字高程模型DEM相叠加,以被监测的湖区水面的平均高度值作为水面高度。水面高度与湖底高度的差即为相应点的水深。(4) 按50 m×50 m网格大小和相应位置的水深的乘积来计算每个水柱体积。最后,将整个湖内的所有水柱的体积值累加便得到洞庭湖的总蓄水量。用上述方法测算的水位和蓄水量与实测资料进行了比较表明,两者具有很好的一致性。     

基于空间数据库的多媒体图形查询信息系统研究——以苏州河环境综合整治为例

本文介绍作者自行开发的GIS软件系统———基于空间数据库的多媒体图形查询信息系统的内容、结构和功能 ,以及在环境规划管理方面的应用。阐明了系统可满足决策管理层和公共信息发布层等不同层次的应用需求 ,对环境工程项目的规划管理可作为示范和借鉴。说明本系统除具有一般GIS系统所具有的功能外 ,还把现代多媒体技术和GIS空间数据库技术结合起来 ,实现了在空间数据基础上的多媒体信息查询 ,丰富了GIS中属性数据查询的内容 ,提高了地图的可视性。详细介绍了一种地理信息系统的空间分析方法———包含分析的算法和在本系统中的具体应用———按多边形区域进行空间相关性关系查询。