THE SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION TO MT. NAMJAGBARWA ( 1982- 1984 )

The Mt. Namjagbarwa, 7782 meters at sea level, is the heightest in the East Himalayas Mts.and the piedmont belt was enclosed by Great Bend Gorge at the Yarlung Zangbo Jiang River. Due to the mountian being high and precipitous and the climb being dangerous, it set off interesting of mountaineers. Because of the natural conditions are     

THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY OF THE NANSHA ISLANDS

TheNanshalslandsarethesouthetnmostterritoriesinChina.TheIslandsconsistof230islands,redandbeaches.Inthehistoricalperiod,theChineseancestorsovercamedifficutiesandfOundtheIslands2,0OOyearsago.Agreatmanyofhistoricalliteraturesindicatethatheeariiestrecords,mpa…     

THE START AND EARLY HISTORY OF CHEMOMETRICS:SELECTED INTERVIEWS.PART 1

This is a first foray into the historical start and early years of chemometrics from about 1972 onwards.We have gathered interviews with three originators(Kowalski,Wold and Massart)as well as with aselected group of six other well-known chemometricians who gradually became active in the 1970s(Christie,Clementi,Hopke,Martens,Brown and Deming).The interviews include amongst a host ofsubjective recollections a succinct record of the key historical literature as highlighted by the interviewees'own rankings of‘earliest’and‘best’.A discussion of the most general commonalities in these interviews together with other historicalmaterial is presented in the second part of the paper.     

THE START AND EARLY HISTORY OF CHEMOMETRICS:SELECTED INTERVIEWS.PART 2

This is a first foray into the historical start and early years of chemometrics from about 1972 onwards.We have gathered interviews with three originators(Kowalski,Wold and Massart)as well as with aselected group of six other well-known chemometricians who gradually became active in the 1970s(Christie,Clementi,Hopke,Martens,Brown and Deming).The interviews include amongst a host ofsubjective recollections a succinct record of the key historical literature as highlighted by the interviewees'own rankings of‘earliest’and‘best’.A discussion of the most general commonalities in these interviews together with other historicalmaterial is presented in the second part of the paper.     

THE GRANDEST CANYON IN THE WORLD——THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY OF THE YARLUNG ZANGBO RIVER CANYON

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THE POLAR IONOSPHERE AND THE MAGNETOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE COUPLING

EISCAT (the Incoherent System at the northern polar region) data are used in discussion of the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. Comperison between samples in geomagnetic quiet days and during magnetic storms shows a significant effect of the basic magnetospheric processes on the features of the polar ionosphere. It not only demonstrates that the polar ionosphere can be regarded as a 'panoramic screen' of these process, but also indicates an importance of the simultaneous observation of southern and northern polar regions (especially, at the magnetic conjugate points). A few topics concerned are suggested for the further study of the southern polar region.     

THE EFFECT OF MISLABELED SAMPLES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE LINEAR LEARNING MACHINE

Over the past 15 years the linear learning machine has been applied to a large number of chemicalproblems.The learning machine approach is conceptually simple and does not require knowledge aboutthe statistical distribution of the data.However,there are problems associated with this approach.Oneproblem which has not been investigated is the influence of mislabeled samples on the positioning of thehyerplane in feature space.If a few samples in a data set are incorrectly tagged prior to training(i.e.thesamples are labeled as members of class 2 even though they are actually members of class 1),it is stilIpossible using the linear learning machine to achieve a classification success rate of 100% for the trainingset.However,unfavorable results will be obtained for the prediction set.The magnitude of this effect andits potential implications regarding the proper use of the linear learning machine are discussed.     

THE SIMULATED EXPERIMENT OF THE SMALL GRANITE BLOCKS UNDER THE COLD DRY CONDITION

Ｉ.ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＷｅａｔｈｅｒｉｎｇｂｅｈａｖｉｏｕｒｏｆｒｏｃｋｍｕｓｔｂｅｖｉｅｗｅｄａｓｂｅｉｎｇｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｉｎｔｒｉｎｓｉｃｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓａｎｄｅｘｔｅｒｎａｌｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ[45].Ｍｏｓｔｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｔｏｆｒｏｓｔｓｈａｔｔｅｒｉｎｇｈａｖｅｅｍｐｈａｓｉｓｅｄｔｈｅｄｉｓｒｕｐｔｉｖｅｆｏｒｃｅｓａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｐｈａｓｅｃｈａｎｇｅｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒｔｏｉｃｅ[1,26,34,3…     

THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE LONG-DISTANCE OILPIPELINE ENGINEERING

LTkemskS0tu.ce0fL0ng-mstance0nflpeAncEwiceringSincel992,thenskassessmentoflongdistanceoilpipeline(LDOP)inN0rthwestChinahasbeenputtoagendasystematically.TheLD0PconstruCtionfromLiuyUantowntoLu0yangcltymakeuPthemajorpipelineengineeringwhichstrotchesover2,ll5kmandservesasoneofthemaJorcrudeoilpipelinesinnorthWestinlandroponofChina(Figurel).Theriskeventinducedbynaturaldisasterscanbedividedintofourwaysfl.EaffoquakcIhhistory,LD0PenrouteroponsexPenontaleafthquakes.Theearthquakemagntude,scal…     

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY RESEARCH OF FLUORIDE IN ANTARCTIC OCEAN Ⅱ. THE VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS AND CONCENTRATION CAUSE OF FLUORIDE IN THE CUTICLE OF ANTARCTIC KRILL

The cause of the concentration of fluoride in Antaractic krill is studied by the analysis of the characteristics of fluoride change in the cuticle of the krill before and after moulting. Associated with other related information, the source and accumulating mechanism of fluoride in krill are also disscussed. Results show that as an inorganic medium the cuticle of krill has the second concentrating function and action to fluoride after moulting, which has nothing to do with the biological action of the krill. The fluoride is concentrated from seawater, which is prosecuted mainly in the form of ion exchange.     

OPTIMIZATION IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS.AN APPROACH TO OBTAINING KINETIC INFORMATION BY SEQUENTIAL RESPONSE SURFACE MODELLING.OUTLINE OF THE PRINCIPLES

A method is presented by which it is possible to estimate the initial rate of chemical reactions when theexperimental conditions are varied according to a response surface design.The method is intended as acomplementary method for analysing data obtained from experiments in synthetic chemistry when theobjective is to optimize the yield of the reaction.Data obtained by simulations have been used to develop the method.From the simulated reactions itis shown that sequential analysis of the chemical yield of the reaction makes it possible to estimate modelswhich describe how the parameters of the response surface of the yield vary over time.The derivativesof these time functions of the response surface parameters can be used to define a rate function whichdescribes how the variations in the experimental conditions influence the rate of the reaction.It is shown how such rate functions can be used to afford reasonable estimates of the initial rates ofthe reaction.The initial reaction rates thus estimated can be used to determine the kinetic order of thereactants and also to provide estimates of the activation energy of the reaction.A thorough discussion of how canonical analysis of the rate function may assist in the elucidation ofreaction mechanisms is given.     

THE REGULATION OF FLOW AND SEDIMENT BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF FLUVIAL PROCESSES FOR THE IMPROVEMENTS OF THE LOWER YELLOW RIVER

SYNOPSIS For the sake of flood and sedimentation control down-stream of the reservoirs, a study has been carried out on the ways of operation of several reservoirs in the Lower Yellow River. A program on the regulation of flow and sediment is suggested with the following purposes:     

THE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NANSHA ISLANDS

Sincel986,theIntngatedSurveyTeamtotheNanshaIslandsorgn1lizedbytheChineseAcademyofScienceshasbeenengnginginthesystematicsurveyandstudyongeophysics,marineenvironment,livingthingr,contnbutingfaCtorsoftheislandsandtheltistoricaldevelopmenintheNanshaIslandsand…     

HISTORICAL VARIATIONS IN THE ADVANCE AND RETREAT OF THE BATURA GLACIER IN THE KARAKORAM MOUNTAINS

ABSTRACT According to repeated measurements at the fixed station, geomorphological in-vestigation, documentary records and recalls of the local residents, the Batura Glacier's terminus has undergone many changes during the- Quaternary and recent time.     

HISTORICAL VARIATIONS IN THE ADVANCE AND RETREAT OF THE BATURA GLACIER IN THE KARAKORAM MOUNTAINS

ABSTRACT According to repeated measurements at the fixed station, geomorphological in-vestigation, documentary records and recalls of the local residents, the Batura Glacier's terminus has undergone many changes during the- Quaternary and recent time.     

THE REGULATION OF FLOW AND SEDIMENT BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF FLUVIAL PROCESSES FOR THE IMPROVEMENTS OF THE LOWER YELLOW RIVER

SYNOPSIS For the sake of flood and sedimentation control down-stream of the reservoirs, a study has been carried out on the ways of operation of several reservoirs in the Lower Yellow River. A program on the regulation of flow and sediment is suggested with the following purposes:     

THE PACIFIC: A MEDITERRANEAN IN THE MAKING?

ABSTRACT. This article examines the parallels between the developing Pacific Basin and the historical Mediterranean Basin. Humankind's expanding reach in transportation and communication technologies now makes it possible to integrate a basin the size of the Pacific. The Mediterranean provides some insight into the processes involved. Topics include questions of hegemony, “mirror cities” that interact with each other across the basins, and the dynamic tension between cosmopolitanism and localism.     

DATA ANALYSIS IN THE SHOT NOISE LIMIT.PART Ⅲ:ADAPTIVE DATA SMOOTHING FILTERS

Digital filter smoothing methods for shot-noise-limited data are addressed in this study.The preferredmethod is based on a Gaussian filter in which the width of the Gaussian filter function is varied dependingon the estimate of the second derivative of the raw data.This filter is developed from the standpoint ofmaximum likelihood parameter estimation of the probability density function which describes shot-noise-limited data.The smoothing filter is tested and compared with the conventional sequential regressionfilter.This adaptive Gaussian smoothing filter works better than both the sequential regression and theadaptive Gaussian filter derived for normal noise.For data containing both high-and low-frequencycomponents,the limiting step in the adaptive filter is an estimation of the smoothing interval.Methodsfor determining an optimum smoothing interval are discussed.With the optimized smoothing interval,the adaptive Gaussian filter works well for data sets with a wide range of varying frequency components.In particular,synthetic data typical of atomic emission spectra are used to test this smoothing filter.