Titles Of Theses

This essay questions the effectiveness of nuclear winter modeling as a means of impacting nuclear policy and changing public attitudes about nuclear issues. In nuclear winter modeling, humanistic concern over the possibility of global environmental destruction is cloaked in the ostensibly neutral language of science. Nuclear winter modeling attempts to apply rational argument to an issue that is rooted instead in human affect and morality. The implications of this misappropriation are discussed in terms of the dehumanizing nature of the images conjured up by nuclear winter, its attention to the effects of nuclear weapons rather than deeper structural problems, and its political ambiguity as a function of unresolvable uncertainty in model results.     

Polynomial Regression Analysis Of Beach Profiles

A population density model is presented for urban areas containing multiple centers. Utilities of this model include evaluating time series for a transformation from monocentricity to polycentricity and testing the assumption of monocentricity at any point in time. Following a discussion of the method of calibrating this model, a case study of Toronto is presented. The major finding from 1971 and 1976 Toronto data is that no transformation is yet detectable. Interpretation of the model is exemplified in this empirical exercise.     

The Origin and Pattern Of Development Of Urban Black Social Areas

Abstract

This exercise has been used successfully by more than a thousand students is an introductory college course, and it probably could be equally successful with high school students. Census tract data are used in a simulated research project. Quality of housing in the dependent variable (whose distribution we wish to “explain”), with owner-occupancy and age of housing as independent (or “explanatory”) variables. The distribution of the three variables is compared visually (by maps) and statistically (by scattergrams). A regression line is placed on the better scattergram, and residual values are mapped to provide a basis for the formulation of better working hypotheses.     

Children's Understanding Of Regional Geography

Abstract

Teaching the Interpretation of Maps and Landscapes Through Examples From Four Books

Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge by Gillian Rose Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. 205 pp. Paperback, $17.95. ISBN 0-8166-2417-6 (pb).     

Classroom Investigation Of The Origin and Historical Geography Of Local Communities

Abstract

Field work is an important but often neglected facet of a sound undergraduate geography training program. Literature, both geographic and nongeographic, offers very few practical suggestions or realistic approaches that can be utilized in some way by geography departments organizing undergraduate field programs. This article eliminates a hiatus in the literature for it analyzes field work, explores proven methods of undergraduate field training, and describes the importance of the selection of a study area and field camp site. It stresses the value of careful organization, and problems of topic selection and field data generation, and provides a detailed model, a proven schedule, concomitantly with a sound approach to field work. The two-week field course with deferred papers is an immediate, realistic, and inexpensive solution to the problem of undergraduate field work.     

Fire In The Management Of Vegetation

Abstract

Fire, either natural or man-caused, has influenced the pattern of vegetation in numerous areas over the earth. Factors that contribute to potential damage to either the vegetation and/or environment are examined. Since the extent of damage varies, a fire can be destructive or useful. The use of “prescribed” fire in land management accomplishes several desired objectives, one of which is the perpetuation of certain fire-climax vegetation types, such as pines and some grasses. In those pine-forested areas where fire is regularly used in management, a related benefit is the reduction of hazardous natural fuels, which results in fewer catastrophic wildfires. Air pollution due to forest burning is also considered.     

An Approach To The Editing Of Massive Computerized Data Sources

Based on interviews with corporate executives, this paper examines several decisions to locate pulp and paper mills in British Columbia during the 1960's and early 1970's. It emphasizes locational evaluations of regions, communities, and sites interpreted as parts of wider investment decision processes and longer-run corporate strategies. Relationships between initial locational decisions and post-locational assessments and adjustments are also identified.     

The Economic Dimension Of Demographic Transition

Abstract

Conventional published illustrations of the demographic transition are deficient in two respects. They relate demographic changes to time only, with no indication of economic levels at various demographic stages; and they wrongly employ only England and Wales as the case presumed to represent advanced countries. The addition of two economic indicators to the conventional transition chart of England and Wales renders it more useful. A study of the demographic histories of four other European countries shows that England and Wales do not necessarily represent Europe, and furthermore shows there is great variety among advanced countries regarding the economic stages at which decline in fertility occurred.     

Activities Of American Geographers

Finnish Immigrants in America, 1880–1920. A. William Hoglund.

Geology of the Industrial Rocks and Minerals. Robert L. Bates.

Readings in Culturul Geography. Philip L. Wagner AND Marvin W. Mikesell, eds.

Anglo-America: A Regional Geography of the United States and Canada. P. F. Griffin, R.N. Young, AND R.L. Chatham

Undergraduate Education in Foreign Affirs. Percy W. Bidwell.

Crevecoeur's Eighteenth-Century Travels in Pennsylvania and New York. Michel-Guillaume: Jean DE Crevecoeur. Percy G. Adams, trans. and ed.

Canada and the Canadians: Profile of a Modern Nation. Alistair Horne.

Four Thousund Years Ago: d Panorama of Life in the Second Millennium B.C. Geoffrey Bibby.

Interpretation of Aerial Photographs. T. Eugene Avery.

A Geography of the U.S.S R.: The Background to a Planned Economy. J.P. Cole AND F.C. German.

Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States, with a More Detailed Account of the Lands of Utah. John Wesley Powell. Wallace Stegner, ed.     

Changing Ideas About The Use Of Vegetation As An Indicator Of Soil Quality: Example Of New York And Michigan

Abstract

In Colonial America soil was commonly evaluated by the vegetation it produced: heavy timber and lush undergrowth indicated fertile soil—a thin covering of trees, barrenness. Settlers in the “Genesee Country” of New York developed new understandings about the relationship between soil quality and vegetation. Here was encountered a thinly-timbered landscape which they called “oak openings.” Although at first suspicious of the fertility of this thinly-timbered land, it was found to produce fine wheat crops. Thus, a new concept of landscape appraisal entered the culture of these people — thinly-timbered land may be fertile. By the time the agricultural frontier reached Inner Michigan, the old concepts about soil fertility and vegetation had been largely overturned. There, it was the open land (oak openings and prairie) that attracted the immigrants, not the heavy timber. The typical settlement sequence in Inner Michigan was to take up the prairies first, the oak openings next, and the heavy timber last.     

Proposed Revisions Of Constitution And Bylaws

A useful index of the status of women should be mappable, in order to allow global and regional comparisons. Ideally, such an index should include political, economic, and social components. In actuality, data that measure political and economic equality are available only in Western societies. An index that measures the general well-being of women, however, can be mapped and used crossculturally. An index is proposed that includes indicators from the areas of health, education and fertility.     

Preview Of Films: Physical Features

Abstract

THE OCEAN (A FIRST FILM), Film Associates, 11559 Santa Monica Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90025, 10 minutes, 16mm, sound, color, 1968. $125.     

Back To The Future Of Political Geography: A Rejoinder To O'Tuathail

Abstract

In-field conservation of locally domesticated crop varieties ameliorates agrobiodiversity losses, but the interaction among nationally regulated socioeconomic factors at the local scale tends to discourage this. Analyses of household surveys conducted in Ecuador demonstrate that state and nongovernmental institutions interact to discourage cultivation of locally domesticated varieties of beans (Phaseolus spp.). Land privatization, agricultural extension, and credit programs favor market production of introduced modern bean varieties, and locally domesticated varieties are noted for favorable nutrition, culinary, and agroecological qualities. Resolving disconnections between the market and social values for landrace beans may provide agrobiodiversity conservation opportunities.     

Communication from readers

Abstract

In geographic education, a scientific approach is typically acclaimed as the most appropriate approach to teach, model, and use in the schools. This approach, however, is more honored in the professional literature and meetings than in teaching. Admittedly, many practical problems provide opportunities and challenges for teachers to use the scientific approach. The recent trend toward “standards” in the profession, moreover, may also prove more a hindrance than a help in achieving scientific literacy.     

Intraurban Residential Location Of The Elderly

Abstract

Many socio-economic analyses of senior citizens presume the aged to be concentrated in the central cities of American metropolitan centers. This presumption was examined by studying the intraurban residential location patterns of the aged in Toledo, Ohio from 1940 to 1970. The residential location patterns of the elderly in each census period were mapped and discussed. Also, their residential location pattern was compared with the distributions of the non-elderly population and the black population. Although a slight concentration of aged in the central city was noted, their distribution was closely related to the distribution of the non-elderly population. Furthermore, they are much less segregated than the black population.     

MISCELLANY

The geomorphic sciences will continue to be dynamic in the coming decade. Among other developments, there is a trend toward increased dependence on field reserch, more realistic expectations from reserch tools, a resurgence of interest in man-land relations with a renewed dependence on the historical approach, a reinvestigation of morphogenetic regions, study of planetary surfaces other than earth's, and involvement with applied problems, as well as cooperation and collaboration with scientists in related fields. The greatest need is the development of connections between academic and nonacademic geographers at all levels.     

A Spatial View of American Book Publishing

Abstract

New York City has long been the focus of the book publishing industry and will continue this role in spite of a recent trend toward decentralization. This study attempts to analyze the locational factors of this industry. The industry's historical origins are briefly presented and the dominance of New York is explained. The influence of materials and manufacturing costs on locational decisions are examined. Also, the somewhat strange relationship with markets is considered. The study is supported by quantitative data and two special measurements are presented — the Index of Productivity and the Sales Index.     

Upland Adjustment to Regional Drainage in Central Pennsylvania: An Application of Trend Surface Analysis

Abstract

The use of quantitative measurements in geography has increased rapidly throughout the 1960s, and will probably continue to accelerate. It is unfortunate that those with limited mathematical backgrounds have felt intimidated by this new methodology. Even more regrettable is the fact that few quantifiers have attempted to make their work more palatable to a wider audience. The method of trend surface analysis employed here to explore an old problem—peneplanation—has many other potential applications in geographic research. The author believes that no geographer should feel intimidated by mathematical symbolism. An attempt is made to “talk-through” the technique of spatial trend analysis—one of many measurement tools already or shortly available to geography teachers and high school students via remote terminals linked to university computing centers. In addition, the concepts of the Erosion Cycle and upland accordance are reviewed and evaluated in the light of new evidence trend surface analysis now makes possible.     

Ageing research in Australia: reflecting on Graeme Hugo’s four decades of contribution

ABSTRACT

Globally, population ageing is one of the most pressing social and policy issues faced today. Over the next two decades, Australian society will face dramatic increases in the proportion of the population aged 65 years and over, as the baby boomers move into older age and fertility levels remain low. Yet population ageing is not a surprising or new trend—demographic changes in the age profile of a population tend to occur incrementally rather than suddenly. As a demographer and geographer, Graeme Hugo drew attention to this trend in Australia’s population more than three decades ago. Throughout Graeme Hugo’s vast breadth of work over the past 40 years, there has been a consistent thread of demographic analysis and academic thought associated with the ageing of Australia’s population. This paper focuses on Hugo’s contributions to academic thought and policy on Australia’s ageing population and the challenges associated with this for both service delivery and health policy as Australian society moves into an unprecedented era of population ageing.     

中国雾区的分布及其季节变化

1 Introduction Fog is a weather phenomenon that horizontal visible distance is reduced within 1 km by plenty of water drops and particles of ice crystal. It not only has unfavorable influence on the traffic of water, land and air, but also brings serious …