JARVIS REVISITED: DISTANCE DECAY IN SERVICE AREAS OF MID-19TH CENTURY ASYLUMS

Edward Jarvis in 1850 first demonstrated that admission rates to mental hospitals decrease with increasing residential distance, a relationship known today as “Jarvis's Law.” His original data are presented, mapped, and examined by regression analysis to better understand spatial and temporal patterns of mid-19th century mental hospital utilization. Distance substantially affected admission rates to a radius of about 60 miles from the institution in Massachusetts; and there was strong distance decay in the other states examined. For all twelve states, there was a positive association between age of the hospitals and admission rates, which also decreased with increasing residential distance.     

The Geographical Distribution of Mental Disorder in Denmark 1971–1990: A Study of First Admission Rates

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 97: 132–142, 1997.

In the period 1971–90 the first admission rate to Danish psychiatric hospitals and wards decreased by approximately 45%. This might reflect the similar decrease in number of available psychiatric beds. Generally, the decrease of first admission rates was larger in the metropolitan area than in the rest of the country. Consequently, the disparity in admission rates between town and country was reduced. Number of available beds has gained increasing importance as a predictor of variations between counties and municipalities whereas the importance of distance to hospital and degree of urbanization has declined. As regards socio-demographic variables special importance should be attached to variables for social aid and the employment rate in the social and health sector. However, it is generally difficult to determine whether regional variations are due to differences in treatment facilities or morbidity differences. From a disaggregate analysis it will appear that the diagnoses schizophrenia and alcoholism are especially related to low status areas whereas a connection with social status regarding neuroses and manic-depressive psychoses is less obvious.     

Trends In U.S. Hazardous Materials Transportation Spills

This paper examines historical and spatial trends in hazardous materials transportation spills from 1971 to 1991. While the number of spills Inc.reased steadily during the 1970s, peaking in 1978–1979, there has been a decline in frequency sInc.e then largely due to modifications in reporting. Monetary damages have the opposite temporal pattern, with major Inc.reases recorded from 1982 onward. Death and injury statistics are more variable. Spatially, accidents are more prevalent in the Rust Belt extending from the Northeast corridor westward to the Great Lakes states, as well as in the Southeast. The greatest potential risk to the public is found in smaller, more densely populated industrial states such as New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. The spatial distribution, however, has not changed. Potential risk sources (e.g., chemical industry, number of hazardous waste facilities, number of railroad miles) are the best predictors of hazmat Inc.ident frequency. Mitigation efforts (statewide regulatory and/or management policies) also help explain the variability in hazmat Inc.idents.     

Intraurban Residential Location Of The Elderly

Abstract

Many socio-economic analyses of senior citizens presume the aged to be concentrated in the central cities of American metropolitan centers. This presumption was examined by studying the intraurban residential location patterns of the aged in Toledo, Ohio from 1940 to 1970. The residential location patterns of the elderly in each census period were mapped and discussed. Also, their residential location pattern was compared with the distributions of the non-elderly population and the black population. Although a slight concentration of aged in the central city was noted, their distribution was closely related to the distribution of the non-elderly population. Furthermore, they are much less segregated than the black population.     

上海市三甲医院对周边地区住房价格的空间影响效应分析

选取上海市区7家三级甲等综合性医院,运用特征价格模型和多元回归分析方法,实证分析它们对周边住宅价格的空间影响效应。研究结果显示：① 总体上,相比其他环境区位因素,三甲医院对周边住宅价格的影响程度较小,而建筑面积、物业管理费、学区房、轨道交通、建筑楼高、至 CBD 的距离等因素的影响程度较大。② 三甲综合医院对周边住宅价格产生负面影响。在相同情况下,住宅离医院距离越近,则价格越低。住宅与医院的距离每缩短50 m,住宅价格平均下浮0.602%。③ 由于三甲综合医院区位各不相同,距离CBD远近不一,对住宅价格的影响也存在空间差异。一般来说,距离CBD越近,住宅价格受医院的负面影响也越小。     

A Nationwide Comparison of Driving Distance Versus Straight-Line Distance to Hospitals

Many geographic studies use distance as a simple measure of accessibility, risk, or disparity. Straight-line (Euclidean) distance is most often used because of the ease of its calculation. Actual travel distance over a road network is a superior alternative, although historically an expensive and labor-intensive undertaking. This is no longer true, as travel distance and travel time can be calculated directly from commercial Web sites, without the need to own or purchase specialized geographic information system software or street files. Taking advantage of this feature, we compare straight-line and travel distance and travel time to community hospitals from a representative sample of more than 66,000 locations in the fifty states of the United States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The measures are very highly correlated (r ² > 0.9), but important local exceptions can be found near shorelines and other physical barriers. We conclude that for nonemergency travel to hospitals, the added precision offered by the substitution of travel distance, travel time, or both for straight-line distance is largely inconsequential.     

Residential Location and White Attitudes Toward Mixed-Race Neighborhoods in Kalamazoo,Michigan

Abstract

Past studies have suggested that white attitudes toward mixed-race neighborhoods in northern metropolises vary spatially. Nonetheless, conflicting hypotheses exist in regard to the nature of these spatial patterns and explanations for them. Data gathered within the Kalamazoo Urbanized Area indicate that white attitudes are significantly related to both: 1) the level of interaction between whites and blacks, and 2) the distance between residence and the Negro neighborhood. Attitudes tend to be more favorable with higher interaction levels, and they tend to be less favorable as distance from the Negro neighborhood increases. When control is made for interaction, the relationship between attitude and distance is greatly weakened, indicating that interaction is the dominant variable. That does not eliminate the spatial component, however, because the racial interaction patterns in Kalamazoo are strongly related to distance from the black residential areas.     

The Rationale Behind H.S.G.P. -An Outsider's Interpretation

Abstract

This paper is concerned with the underlying rationale behind the High School Geography Project. Despite obvious sales success, the purpose and validity of the High School Geography Project objectives are closely examined. The selection and sequence of concepts are analyzed in terms of their academic, commercial and political expediency. The writer, a visiting academic on study leave from Australia, provides an outsider's interpretation of the strengths and weaknesses of H.S.G.P.     

What does Gunshot Detection Technology tell us about gun violence?

PurposeEvaluate the sensitivity of Gunshot Detection Technology (GDT) relative to Calls for Service. Existing crime data sources have biases that do not present a complete picture of gun-related crime. GDT may offer a new metric for firearm crimes. However, few studies have assessed the accuracy of GDT and its relationship to other measures of violence.MethodsGDT and gun crime-related Calls for Service in Washington, DC during 2010 were studied. Using temporal comparisons for month, day of year, weekday, and hour of the day, spatial comparisons on a quarter-mile square grid, and a Poisson-Lognormal-CAR spatial regression model on a combined grid by time period dataset, we examined the sensitivity of GDT activations relative to gunshot-related calls for service.ResultsThe results showed that relative GDT sensitivity changed by time and by space. In particular, the relative sensitivity of GDT was much stronger in the evening and at nighttime than in the daytime. In terms of spatial variation, we found that GDT sensitivity decreased with distance from the nearest zone centroid. In addition, there were two small geographic areas in the study area in which the relative GDT sensitivity was lower than expected.ConclusionsGDT systems identify the frequency and locational accuracy of gunshot incidents, particularly at nighttime. This technology has the potential to improve data collection on gun use and violence and produce more accurate representations if the temporal and distance limitations of the technology are understood. GDT may improve gun detection and, thereby, improve police operations and public support for police.     

New Development in Educational Cartography

Abstract

A series of computer-generated maps are presented, illustrating the state-level distribution of major crimes in the United States for the year 1968. The maps are divided into two broad groups—those relating to (a) crimes of violence, and (b) crimes against property. In the violent crime group, distributions are shown for murder, rape, robbery, and assault. The dominance of the South in terms of homicide is particularly striking. Burglary, larceny over fifty dollars, and auto theft are the property crimes represented. Western states, and various highly metropolitan states (such as New York) generally exhibit the highest property crime rates. Summary tables show the states with extreme (high or low) crime rates. States with the lowest rates generally lack large metropolitan nodes, while the converse is true, with California, New York, and Maryland heading the list of states with high rates in multiple crime categories.     

汉族女性妊娠期高血压疾病的流行病学及发病机制研究

目的 探讨汉族女性妊娠期高血压疾病的流行病学及发病机制研究。方法 选取笔者医院10年内妊娠期高血压疾病患者689例,作为病例组,选取689例正常妊娠的女性作为对照组,采用多中心、大规模、随机队列研究方法分析汉族女性妊娠期高血压疾病患者（病例组）和对照组的资料,并通过电话随访对家属进行固定问卷式问题,对对象的年龄、孕前体重指数、孕次、产次、流产次数、孕中期平均动脉压、子痫前期史、糖尿病或肾脏疾病史、多胎妊娠等相关因素进行分析,并进行Logistic回归分析;对两组研究对象的ACE基因和AT1R基因水平、Th1/Th2比值、胎盘生长因子（PLGF）、活性氧（ROS）水平和脂质过氧化物（LPO）,分析汉族女性妊娠期高血压疾病的发病与免疫学、遗传学、氧化应激的关系。结果 年龄>35岁的初产女性、过高或过低的孕前体重指数、孕中期平均动脉压高、流产次数高、具有子痫前期史、糖尿病或肾脏疾病史、多胎妊娠的女性是导致汉族女性妊娠期高血压疾病的主要单因素（P<0.05）;多因素分析年龄>35岁的初产女性、过高或过低的孕前体重指数、孕中期平均动脉压高、具有子痫前期史、糖尿病或肾脏疾病史、多胎妊娠是导致汉族女性妊娠期高血压疾病的危险因素（P<0.05）;病例组的ACE基因和AT1R基因、Th1/Th2比值、PLGF、ROS和LPO与对照组差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 汉族女性妊娠期高血压疾病的发病与免疫学、遗传学、胎盘或滋养细胞缺血、氧化应激中的相关指标有关,而且>35岁的初产女性、过高或过低的孕前体重指数、孕中期平均动脉压高、具有子痫前期史、糖尿病或肾脏疾病史、多胎妊娠是导致汉族女性妊娠期高血压疾病的危险因素。     

Historical rates of sediment and nutrient accumulation in marshes of the Upper St. Johns River Basin, Florida, U.S.A.

We used 210Pb-dated sediment cores from wetlands and Blue Cypress Lake, in the Upper St. Johns River Basin (USJRB), Florida, USA, to measure historical accumulation rates of bulk sediment, total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and total phosphorus (P). Marsh cores displayed similar stratigraphies with respect to physical properties and nutrient content. Wetland sediments typically contained > 900 mg organic matter (OM) g^–1 dry mass, > 500 mg C g^–1, and 30–40 mg N g^–1. OM, C, and N concentrations were slightly lower in uppermost sediments of most cores, but displayed no strong stratigraphic trends. Total P concentrations were relatively low in bottommost deposits (0.01–0.11 mg g^–1), but ranged from 0.38–2.67 mg g^–1 in surface sediments. The mean sediment accretion rate in the marsh since ~ 1900, 0.33 ± 0.05 cm yr^–1, was calculated from ten ²¹⁰Pb-dated cores. All sites displayed increases in accumulation rates of bulk sediment, C, N, and P since the early part of the 20th century. These trends are attributed to recent hydrologic modifications in the basin combined with high nutrient loading from agricultural, residential, and urban sources.     

山区农村居民点可持续发展状态评价实证研究——以福建省宁化县淮土乡为例

农村居民点可持续发展状态评价对城乡协调发展与新农村建设有重要理论与实践指导意义。以宁化县淮土乡为研究区域,从反映农村居民点可持续发展的PSR(压力-状态-响应)模型构建了22个评价指标体系,采用主成分分析法把淮土乡农村居民点可持续发展状态划分为理想状态、较好状态、临界状态、较差状态。结果表明:(1)农村居民点持续发展的压力、状态与响应系统之间具有显然的共生发展关系;(2)居民点的可持续发展状态与当地居民对居民点发展的响应态度呈正相关;(3)居民点持续发展状态在空间分布上具有"毗邻连片"特点,且与规划的居民点整治与再安置区空间分布有一定的吻合性。     

The Flatness of U.S. States

Does perception match reality when people judge the flatness of large areas, such as U.S. states? The authors conducted a geomorphometric analysis of the contiguous United States, employing publicly available geographic software, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) elevation data, and a new algorithm for measuring flatness. Each 90‐meter cell was categorized as not flat, flat, flatter, or flattest, and each state was measured in terms of percentage flat, flatter, and flattest as well as absolute area in each category. Ultimately, forty‐eight states plus the District of Columbia were mapped and ranked according to these values. Keywords: flatness, U.S. states, slope, Kansas, Florida.     

伊洛河流域森林景观变化驱动因素

1 Introduction Landscapes are the outcome of the interaction between socio-economic and natural forces (Wrbka et al., 2004). During the evolution of cultural landscapes throughout the world, human activities have become dominant factors shaping most lands…     

U.S. Foreign Policy and a Geographically Challenged U.S. Citizenry

Abstract

This article shows how the random walk drainage network simulation model might be used as a class teaching exercise. Practical instructions about running the model are given and the results discussed. A source of directional bias in the resulting simulated drainage patterns is identified and given an interpretation in the terms of the model. Three points of educational value concerning the model are emphasized in conclusion.     

A MAP OF URBAN PLACES,U.S.S.R., 1970

Abstract

Figures from the 1970 Soviet Census provide an abundance of information on population changes in the U.S.S.R. Of special note is the process of urbanization and a noticeable concentration of urban growth in the hitherto largely rural zones of western Russia. A large map of urban places in 1970, designed primarily for classroom use, accompanies the text (see inside back cover). The map utilizes a special stippled-sphere technique to allow a three-dimensional effect without half-tone reproduction.     

Association affairs

Segregation and diversity measures are meant to reflect extent of integration. Based on population counts gathered for enumeration units, these areal-based measures are sensitive to the spatial scale at which the data are tabulated. They are also not effective in capturing various types of assimilation affected by spatial distance among ethnic groups. This paper proposes to use the multiethnic household as a measure of ethnic integration and social assimilation. Using 1990 Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS), the percentage of multiethnic households is derived for each state and Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA) to indicate integration. Based upon the results, Hawaii and Alaska have extremely high levels of integration. The west and southwest are more integrated than the rest of the U.S., with the exceptions of Oklahoma and several states along the east coast. The least integrated region includes several Appalachian states. The PUMA-level analysis reveals a great deal of variation in ethnic integration within states.     

Patterns and Meanings of Housing: Residential Mobility and Homeownership among Former Refugees

Abstract

This article explores the patterns of residential mobility and homeownership, and in particular the meanings that former refugees attach to housing and neighborhood. While there are numerous studies on housing among voluntary migrants, studies that focus exclusively on refugees are rare. This multi-method study is based on interviews and a questionnaire survey with participants from Burma and the African Great Lakes Region in Buffalo, New York, who had arrived in the United States since 1995. Residential mobility patterns and meanings of housing indicate substantial differences between households in the two groups. The central argument of the paper is that the patterns and the meanings of housing are shaped by: (1) current socio-economic characteristics and resources, including educational attainment, employment status, and income; (2) current housing market conditions, including housing prices and racial discrimination; and (3) pre-migration experiences, including socio-economic status, socialization, and the corresponding internalized structures of meanings with respect to residential and housing patterns.