POPULATIONS,SAMPLES AND STATISTICAL INFERENCE IN GEOGRAPHY

This paper questions the validity and relevance of the application of procedures of classical statistical inference to population data in geography. Arguments for such procedures include the notions of temporal and spatial samples, measurement error, modifiable areal units, data vetting and stochastic processes. It is concluded that such arguments cannot be justified in terms of statistical theory.     

PATTERN, CAUSES AND ESSENCE OF DESERTIFICATION IN SAHEL OF WEST AFRICA

Sahelwasunknowninthepastformostpeopleintheworld.However,seriousdroughtanddesertificationhappenedduring1968-1973andconsequently,alotofpeopleandlivestockdied,thenitbecamethemostnotoriousregionintheworld.MinysclentistsfromdiffeotcoUntriesintheworidweredoplyc…     

COUNCIL MEETING,CHICAGO, ILLINOIS November 3-4, 1972

This paper questions the validity and relevance of the application of procedures of classical statistical inference to population data in geography. Arguments for such procedures include the notions of temporal and spatial samples, measurement error, modifiable areal units, data vetting and stochastic processes. It is concluded that such arguments cannot be justified in terms of statistical theory.     

HYENAS AND HUMANS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA*

ABSTRACT. The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), the most common large carnivore in the highlands and lowlands of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia, has occupied both a scavenging niche and a predatory position at the top of the food chain. My own field explorations on this animal and the observations of travelers document its long and ambivalent association with people in the Horn of Africa. Spotted hyenas in this region have mostly lived in anthropogenic contexts rather than, as in East Africa, on wildlife. Tolerated as efficient sanitation units, hyenas have removed garbage and carrion from towns. They have also destroyed livestock, killed people, and eaten corpses. Famine, epidemics, and armed conflict have provided opportunities for unbridled anthropophagy. The past and present coming together of human and hyena in this multiethnic region can be viewed as a vestige of a primeval African ecological relationship that dates far back in prehistory. Biological processes offer a deeper framework than culture with which to grasp the inherent contradiction of the hyena/human relationship past and present.     

WOMEN AND GEOGRAPHY IN SPANISH UNIVERSITIES

An analysis of the presence of women geographers in Spanish universities indicates that women lecturers are a minority, especially in the top posts. The written contributions of women geographers in geographical journals published by geography departments, and in unpublished M.A. theses and doctoral dissertations are proportionally fewer than the corresponding percentage of staff members.     

APPRAISAL OF GEOGRAPHIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING PROGRAMS IN THE SOVIET UNION

Global distributions are commonly described by maps and tables which emphasize the dispersion of a distribution. The Mean Spheroidal Center (M.S.C.) defines the average location of a world distribution. It is an objectively determined point within the sphere's surface. The M.S.C. calculations are demonstrated using the world's 25 largest cities in each of four time periods.     

中国农业(种植业)的历史发展和地理分布

本文从种植起源与早期发展、化统农业的发展及现代农业区域开发等几方面论述了我国农业文化发展历史及其地域分布。     

龙川江流域土地利用格局变化与趋势预测研究

以龙川江流域为研究对象,在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,应用1988年与1999年两期TM遥感影像解译制图,编制两期土地利用现状图。在ARC/INFO下,建立空间信息库,进行叠加分析,获取该流域土地利用类型动态转移数据矩阵,揭示该流域11年来土地利用空间分布规律及其变化特征。同时,应用Markov链模型对未来土地利用格局趋势进行预测分析,得出有林地、水域、水田、居民地在逐年增加,旱地、荒草地、灌木林逐年减少的结论,从而为调控该流域土地利用结构和方式,改善其生态环境状况提供依据。     

云南省区域经济空间格局及其演化

从地理研究的基本维度:科学维度、价值维度和伦理维度角度研究了云南省16个州市的区域经济空间格局及其演化。把度量经济发展水平的11个分指标用TOPSIS方法综合测度,得出了云南省16个州市1993~2008年的经济发展水平指数,并用泰尔指数、基尼系数、变异系数和极差计算了差异。得出云南省经济发展的格局:昆明成为增长极,滇中、滇西北地区经济发展水平提高,昭通经济衰退与西南保山、临沧、普洱成为云南经济水平最低地区。从1993~2008年,云南省16个市州间的经济发展水平相对差异不断缩小,但区域经济发展水平最高地区和最低地区间绝对差距不断变大。最后提出了提高区域经济发展促进人地关系协调发展的建议。     

论荒漠化的型式问题——以西非萨赫勒地带为例

荒漠化问题研究中,荒漠化型式(Patern)问题是最重要的问题之一。它与对荒漠化本质的认识有关,与荒漠化防治的实践有极其密切的关系。该文以萨赫勒地带为例,讨论和分析了其荒漠化的过程(即过度放牧、滥施耕作、烧荒和火灾及过度樵采引起的荒漠化过程)问题,指出:荒漠化是由于人类不适当经济活动而在其内部生成的;从总体上讲,其荒漠化不是其北面撒哈拉沙漠的流沙和沙丘向南推进的结果。因此,为阻止荒漠化而在其北部边缘建造所谓“绿带”,不可能遏止其荒漠化的发展。只有加强管理,坚持适度利用和因地制宜地利用环境和资源的原则,防止人类的过度经济活动,才能有效地防治荒漠化。     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

广东省高等学校布局及其体系优化研究

广东省高等学校经过连年扩张后呈现出新布局特点；首位度较大，有影响的大学数量少，总体布局过度集中在少数城市，高校体系松散低效，这种布局现状造成；老校与新校资源供求不平衡，好区位高校和校本部与偏远高校和异地校区资源供求不平衡。虚拟高校发展滞后，对此必须按照高等教育发展规律。高等学校区位规律，企业扩张规律和虚拟高校发展规律。结合广东的实际省情对高校的布局和体系进行优化，使广东的高等教育可持续发展。     

中国饮食文化地理研究综述

饮食文化是人们在日常生活中饮食行为、习惯和环境的时间沉积与空间相互作用的积累,主要包括食物本身的属性,制作过程和仪式,用餐的器具、环境、礼仪和风俗等。作为人类文化的一部分,饮食文化正日益受到国内外学者们的关注。通过对文献的统计、收集与分析,从中国饮食文化的基本概念和性质出发,以人地关系为主线对饮食文化的地理区域分异、地理环境对饮食文化的影响、饮食文化的发展趋势和饮食文化资源的开发与利用等几个方面进行概述,并在此基础上总结出当前学术界对中国饮食文化的研究成果。     

泥石流运动流型与流态特征

泥石流的运动流型与流态是研究泥石流运动力学的重要内容。以云南东川蒋家沟泥石流运动观测为例,对阵流型、连续型、复合型三种流型及相应的流量过程特征进行了分析;借鉴水力学的流态理论,对天然沟遭中泥石流的流动状态(即层动流、波动流现象)进行了探讨分析,指出在一阵流动过程中也会出现几种不同流态特征。     

关于地理环境的理解和运用问题

本文借助语言、逻辑知识,从“偏正结构”、“相关词义”、“派生概念”三方面,阐明了地理环境的确切含义和实际运用问题。笔者在分析、探讨地理环境问题时,提出了一些与当今辞书和重要著述相悖的定义。作者认为,长期以来,围绕地理环境及其派生概念“决定论”所开展的一切无端之争,除立场、观点和历史局限外,无不与下列问题的认识、理解不一有关:关于历史与现代决定论问题;关于决定与决定论问题;关于内外环境决定论问题。     

土地类型结构格局与山地生态设计

以陕西秦岭北坡为例,进行了土地类型空间结构,数量结构和质量结构的系统分析,提出了土地类型格局的空间层次性,结构多级性和功能多元性的观点。并就区域宏观尺度进行了山地系统生态模式设计。