The Geography of Mutual Fund Assets

Mutual funds are the primary investment vehicle for individual retirement savings, but the spatial aspects of mutual fund investments have not been examined. This paper discusses the characteristics of the mutual fund industry and compares them to other financial industries. Previous studies of the financial industry and quaternary location theory are used to formulate three hypotheses predicting the distribution of mutual fund assets: (1) mutual fund assets will concentrate in the largest urban centers; (2) mutual fund assets will become increasingly concentrated in financial centers over the 1986-1996 period; and (3) the distribution of mutual fund assets will be similar to the distribution of other financial activities. Examination of mutual fund asset data from 1986 and 1996 did not fully support any of the three hypotheses. These findings suggest that the standard elements of quaternary location theory may need to be reevaluated.     

中国区域性金融中心的空间辐射能力

通过对中国地市级以上行政区域及部分县级行政区域金融业的空间分布格局和空间相关性的分析,将金融业的空间区位差作为衡量区域性金融中心辐射能力的指标,并在新经济地理学理论框架下,拓展传统的空间计量回归模型,对中国区域性金融中心辐射能力进行影响因素分析。结果发现：中国金融业存在着较强的空间相关性和空间溢出效应,中国区域性金融中心具有显著的空间辐射能力;中国区域性金融中心空间辐射能力不仅同本区域经济规模、金融环境和人力支撑有关,而且还受到相邻区域的经济因素和相邻区域间经济差异的影响;中国金融产业空间扩散不同于传统产业,有其本身固有的特点,其受贸易活跃程度和交通运输条件的影响并不明显。进而,本文提出了研究的理论启示和政策建议。     

西藏高原农户的投资行为——以达孜县为例

根据农户调查资料和有关的统计数据对西藏达孜县农户的投资行为进行了研究。结果表明：该县农户的投资主要以直接投资为主，间接投资所占的比重较低；在直接投资中，又以家庭经营投资和固定资产投资为主；农户对科技教育、文化娱乐方面的投资较少，而对宗教信仰方面的投资相对较多；其投资资金来源主要是自有资金。其次是银行贷款和其他资金，国家财政拨款所占的比重不大；受投资结构等因素的影响，该县农户的投资效益基本上呈农年降低趋势。     

环境污染重心与社会经济重心的演变对比分析——以河南省为例

运用空间结构重心计算方法,选取河南省18个行政区的相关数据,对河南省2003—2013年环境污染重心与社会经济重心的空间分布、移动规律和相互影响进行分析。分别计算工业废水、废气、固体废弃物3个环境污染重心,年末总人口、GDP、社会固定资产投资3个社会经济重心,从移动距离、移动方向、移动路径、斜率分析、空间相关性分析等多个角度阐述河南省环境污染重心、社会经济重心的动态变化与空间联系。结果表明:经济重心的移动与河南省区域经济发展政策有关;经济重心与各项污染重心的空间距离越来越大;固体废弃物、废气与废水向经济重心两侧移动,总体呈"个"字型态发展;经济重心所在区位基本不变而且将会保持。     

太湖流域土地利用变化对流域产水量的影响

根据土地详查和土地利用总体规划资料，分析太湖流域近２０年土地利用的现状特点和将来变化趋势。并以 １９９１年降雨类型分别计算了 １９８６、１９９６和 ２０１０年土地利用状况下流域的产水量。结果表明，太湖流域土地利用变化的主要特点是耕地面积的减少和建设用地面积的增加。同样降雨类型，１９９６年流域下垫面状况下的产水量比 １９８６年的多１０．１８ × １０８ ｍ３，２０１０年产水量将比 １９８６年多 １２ × １０８ｍ３。太湖流域土地利用变化对流域产水量有较大影响，这与２０世纪９０年代以来太湖持续高水位的现象相吻合。     

EXTERNAL CONTROL OF NONMETROPOLITAN INDUSTRY IN KENTUCKY

The organizational separation of management and other quaternary activities from production operations in American manufacturing has resulted in a divergent pattern of production and headquarter locations. We examine the external control relationships that arise from this separation between headquarter location and branch plant operations in nonmetropolitan Kentucky. Although corporate headquarters have diffused to the Sunbelt, no shift was found in the corporate control of branch plants in Kentucky. Nonmetropolitan manufacturing in Kentucky was oriented toward the metropolitan centers of the traditional manufacturing belt rather than the newer corporate centers of the South. Also control relationships are more likely to be local among smaller factories. Large plants having more autonomy in production or producing finished goods were more likely to be owned by a distant firm located in a large SMSA.     

Brazil’s Financial Centers in the Twenty-first Century: Hierarchy,Specialization, and Concentration

The purpose of this article is to examine how the geography of Brazil’s financial centers changed since 2000 in terms of financial center hierarchy, specialization, and spatial concentration. To address these questions, we use data on employment and mergers and acquisitions in financial and business services, complemented with data on remuneration and bank assets. Our results show that São Paulo has consolidated its dominance as Brazil’s primary financial center, with market for corporate control as an important channel of this process. Rio’s decline as a financial center, which started more than fifty years ago, has continued into this century. At the same time, Brasília has emerged as the third most important financial center of Brazil. We document the recent dynamic of this territorial division of labor, with Rio’s specialization in insurance and Brasília’s dependence on government-owned banks. Finally, we show signs that Brazil’s financial center activities might be following an inverse U-shaped pattern whereby increasing geographical concentration is followed by its slow decline. Key Words: Brazil, concentration, financial centers, São Paulo, territorial division of labor.     

The Politically Incorrect Mutual Fund: A Web-based Activity Focusing on Transnational and the Environment

Abstract

Geographers are challenged to find tools to enhance students' appreciation of the environmental implications of the development process. This paper discusses a novel method of engaging students in the analysis of the environmental impacts of transnational corporations (TNCs) by having them create a “politically incorrect mutual fund.” The goal is for students to determine whether it is financially rewarding to invest in the stocks of TNCs with poor environmental records in developing countries compared to the returns possible from other types of investments, including socially responsible mutual funds. The project involves intensive student use of the World Wide Web, including creation of their own Web sites.     

上海从业劳动力空间分布变动分析

根据地方专业化指数与负指数函数模型方法, 利用上海市1996 年和2001 年两次基本单位普查基于工作地的从业劳动力数据, 分别以不同圈层、区县及乡镇街道为基本地域单元, 系统地考察了1996~2001年间上海从业劳动力的空间分布及其变动特征。发现上海从业劳动 力分布总体上呈都心区密度最高、由此向外依次降低的负指数函数分布的圈层结构模式。其 变动呈现都心区密度下降、周边地区上升、从业劳动力由都心区逐步向周边地区扩散的均衡化趋势。第二、三产业从业劳动力的分布变动互不相同: 第二产业主要表现为由中心城区向郊区扩散的较大范围的单向均衡化变动; 第三产业从业劳动力空间分布的变动则相对更向中心城区集聚, 表现为在距离市中心15 km 圈内由都心区向其边缘区扩散、15 km 圈以外地区特别是远郊区则反呈趋向中心城区的集中化变动。上海城市功能分异正向中心城区以“商” 为主、郊区以“工”为主, 空间模式由单中心结构向多中心结构演变。从业劳动力的这种空 间分布模式及其变动趋势, 基本符合大城市空间发展的一般规律。     

离岸金融中心的地理学研究进展

经济全球化是第二次世界大战后全球经济发展的特征,而金融国际化是其中重要的组成部分。离岸金融中心是在金融国际化和金融创新的背景下发展起来的,在促进资本流动与新兴金融市场发展中发挥重要作用。由于离岸金融中心独特的地理分布及其在全球经济和金融体系中的重要作用,离岸金融中心也开始受到地理学的关注。论文在对离岸金融中心的相关概念和发展进行介绍的基础上,系统回顾了离岸金融中心的地理学文献,从离岸金融中心产生的区位条件、离岸金融中心对全球和区域产生的影响、离岸金融中心与全球金融体系的互动关系、中国离岸金融中心的发展等方面对相关研究进行归纳,最后进行总结与评述,并对中国未来如何从地理学视角研究离岸金融中心给予展望。     

Intraurban Residential Location Of The Elderly

Abstract

Many socio-economic analyses of senior citizens presume the aged to be concentrated in the central cities of American metropolitan centers. This presumption was examined by studying the intraurban residential location patterns of the aged in Toledo, Ohio from 1940 to 1970. The residential location patterns of the elderly in each census period were mapped and discussed. Also, their residential location pattern was compared with the distributions of the non-elderly population and the black population. Although a slight concentration of aged in the central city was noted, their distribution was closely related to the distribution of the non-elderly population. Furthermore, they are much less segregated than the black population.     

中国银行业基层网点的空间演化机制

中国银行业改革持续深化,不同类型银行的业务限制和地域限制逐步取消,银行间竞争日益激烈,重新调整网点布局已成为各家银行应对措施之一。重点关注2007—2016年中国银行业基层网点的空间演化路径,在借鉴演化经济地理研究中产业关联思想的基础上,提出地方产业基础的金融关联度和区域间投资的金融关联度两个重要变量,以此构建解释框架。考虑到中国银行业渐进式的改革历程,按银行所有制及银行规模分组进行比较分析。研究发现：① 地方银行市场竞争越激烈会显著提升产业基础、投资流向的金融关联度在银行网点布局决策中的重要性,银行网点会向金融关联度高的地区集聚;② 各影响因素的作用机制随地方银行市场环境和银行成长过程发生变化,表现出阶段性特征;③ 银行的个体异质性也是影响银行网点空间演化路径的因素之一。     

Spatio-temporal variation and the driving forces of tea production in China over the last 30 years

As a daily necessity and an important cash crop in China and many other countries, tea has received increasing attention. Using production concentration index model and industry’ s barycenter theory, we analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution of tea production and barycenter movement trajectory of tea plantations and production in China between 1986 and 2015. Driving forces of the movement were also analyzed. From 1986 to 2000, tea production in China’s Mainland of grew slowly (by 210×10³ t). The continuous increase in tea yield per unit area was the primary contributor (more than 60%) to the growth in tea production during this period. Since China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, tea production has grown rapidly, by 1.59×10⁶ t between 2001 and 2015. The increase in the tea plantations area is the main contributor. Over the last 30 years, the barycenters of tea production in China have moved westward from the Dongting Lake Plain to the eastern fringe of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Guizhou, Guangxi, and Sichuan in southwestern China have gradually become regions of new concentrated tea plantations and main tea production provinces. Lower cost of land and labor in southwestern China are the main drivers of the westward movement of China’s tea industry. In addition, supportive policies and the favorable natural geographical environment contribute to the westward movement of tea industry. Our research highlights the spatio-temporal variation of China’s tea production in the last three decades. The result indicates importance to make appropriate policies to promote the development of tea industry in China.     

The Production of Investment Returns in Spatially Extensive Financial Markets

Investment returns are produced by combining financial assets with human capital, the decision-making protocols of investment houses, and the electronic infrastructure that supports the flow of information about investment. At the center of the production process stand senior managers; their power and authority in the production process is fundamental to the performance of investment organizations. This article provides a model of the production of investment returns in financial centers and spatially extensive financial markets. We begin with Coase's theory of the firm but go beyond models of the firm that represent commodity-producing industries. Having substantiated the model of investment management, it is applied to institutions that seek investment returns in geographically extensive financial markets. Operating in financial markets at a distance from home jurisdictions is an increasingly important aspect of investment management. Given recent turmoil in global financial markets, financial houses have sought higher rates of return from markets in which they have little direct experience. At issue is how different types of financial organizations (large and small, growing and declining) produce investment returns in this new environment.     

八十年代广州市区人口分布的变动

本文分析了广州市区人口分布变动特点、变动类型，探讨其影响人口分布变动因素及人口分布变动趋势。     

基于POI数据的长春市商业空间格局及行业分布

商业网点的空间集聚与分散是零售商业活动的重要表现,其合理化布局对发展城市经济、满足居民消费需求发挥着重要作用。基于核密度估计、区位熵指数及Ripley's K函数分析法,以长春市中心城区商业类城市兴趣点（POI）数据为基础,在分析城市商业空间格局特征的基础上,进一步从行业空间分异的视角,研究城市商业空间的行业分布及集聚特征。结果表明：① 长春市商业网点空间分布的集聚特征显著,并呈现多中心的分布形态,基于道路格网单元的商业网点热点区分布与识别的商业密度中心分布总体一致;② 不同商业中心表现出不同的等级规模差异,整体等级规模结构较为合理;③ 零售行业视角下的城市商业空间“中心—外围”分异明显,且不同行业表现出了不同的空间集聚模式;④ 各行业多尺度的空间集聚表现不同,综合零售、家用电器等行业区位选择的空间尺度范围较大,纺织服装、文化体育等行业区位选择的尺度范围较小;⑤ 行业视角的专业化功能区块差异显著,成熟区块呈现多功能要素、多优势行业集聚特征,发展中区块功能较为单一。     

SPATIAL INTERLOCKING DIRECTORATES IN THE CANADIAN URBAN SYSTEM, 1971–1989

This research investigates the evolution of the system of Canadian decision-making centers using the location of corporate board members as a surrogate for the location of economic control. The major premise examined by this study states that, through much of the study period, board linkages should tend to concentrate on Toronto, Canada's dominant corporate administration center. While Toronto gains importance, Montreal loses connections, devolving from close competition with Toronto for national influence to become a major regional center for Quebec. At the same time, cities in other parts of the country gain importance as they evolve into major centers for their region. The result of these changes is the emergence of a dominant national center, along with a second tier of cities of regional importance. The results of the board member analysis reveal that the economy as a whole increasingly concentrates control in Toronto through the 1970s and 1980s. Montreal loses director connections with the rest of the country through the same period. While the economy as a whole centralizes in Toronto, certain sectors of the economy decentralize their directors to regional centers. Calgary, in particular, emerges as a major regional center for western Canada. The paper relates these observations to the dual conceptual frameworks of quaternary location theory and the resource dependence perspective.     

中国石化产业空间组织的演进历程与机制

本文研究了中国石化产业空间组织的演进及格局,探讨了其影响因子及作用机制。研究认为,中国石化产业空间组织经历了内陆分散布局、沿海局部快速集聚及沿海全面加速扩张三个阶段。经过60年发展,中国已形成了“十大石化产业基地”.原材料、市场和政策因素是影响中国石化产业空间组织的三大主导因素,各因素在不同阶段的作用强度存在差异。在石化产业发展的早期,原材料是影响石化产业布局的主要因素,在此因素的影响下,中国石化产业主要布局在原油丰富的东北和西北地区。改革开放以来,随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,市场成为影响石化产业空间布局的主导因素,中国石化产业开始向沿海局部地区布局。2000年以来,在原材料、市场、政策等多种因素驱动下,石化产业加速向沿海地区集聚,沿海石化产业带初步形成,无序扩张态势初现端倪。     

Pluralism as Principle in Urban Geography

This paper examines the geographic shifts in the corporate control of banking which have resulted from interstate acquisitions between 1982 and mid-year 1986. Ninety-nine transactions during the study period have resulted in the interstate transfer of corporate control of $88 billion in assets. In the Southeast, North Carolina and Georgia banks have gained control of assets at the expense of the banking industry in Florida and South Carolina. Within the New England region, Massachusetts banks have made major acquisitions in neighboring states. In the West, California banks have been active with acquisitions in Arizona and Washington. The pattern of acquisitions has been influenced not only by the geographyof interstate banking legislation but also by the relative size of banks. The roles of Atlanta, Charlotte, Boston, and Los Angeles as regional money centers have been expanded because of interstate banking acquisitions.     

转型期广州市金融服务业的空间格局变动

以广州市1984年第三产业普查数据和1996年、2001年基本单位普查数据为主要数据源,结合其他社会经济统计数据和实地调查资料,采用定性与定量相结合的对比、评估和解释方法,对转型期广州市金融服务业空间格局变动过程及原因进行了研究。结果显示：① 转型期广州市金融服务业向城市新区扩散和向城市中心区集聚并存,“集中于越秀”的初始空间格局变为“中心区多点集聚”的现状空间格局,金融服务业集聚地段的生成表现为一个“由南而北、由西往东”的时空运动过程。② 社会经济体制和金融管理体制转型、金融机构行为变化以及城市空间扩张分别是金融服务业空间格局变动的前提条件、微观基础和空间张力;城市化集聚经济效应促进各区金融服务业差异化增长,递次集中兴建的城市办公活动空间吸引金融机构在城市特定地段集聚。③ 研究时段内广州市金融服务业缺少西方国家城市那样的高端金融服务总部集聚中心,也没有观察到西方大都市CBD衰退现象和金融服务“废弃型”城市空间。