The Space That Race Makes

This essay is a revision of a paper prepared for an NSF workshop on race and geography. Participants in the workshop were asked to offer their views on the topic and our suggestions for further research. This contribution explores some aspects of the relationship and relevance of geography to the question of race in North America. It touches on three “places” that constitute the discipline: the place of research, the place of teaching, and the workplace. With respect to research, it suggests some promising lines of inquiry. Among these are studies of the relationship of scale to the politics of identity and studies of “passing” in connection with studies of geographies of experience and geographies of power.     

The Space Community Policing Makes and the Body That Makes It

This paper examines the ways that community policing organizes urban space in order to increase the police's ability to observe and to enforce. The logic of that organization, I argue, rests in the particular way that police are integrating civilians into police practice as part of community policing's police-community partnership, a partnership that is characterized by the concrete metaphor of a policing body. This paper presents the results of twenty months of field research with the Boston Police Department whose community policing program, Neighborhood Policing, is being hailed as a national model.     

Geography,Race, and Quantification

This article reviews how race, quantification, and raced quantification have been used and written about in geography. Its two primary arguments are that race should be more central in the discipline and that a reluctance to address ontological and epistemological issues has left quantitative geography methodologically impoverished. These two issues merge in an examination of two cases where race is employed as a variable in quantitative models. The critique of these cases is not meant as a condemnation of quantitative geography but as an instructive example on which to construct a critical quantitative geography. The article ends by stressing the importance of quantification in geography and by presenting exemplars of race-critical quantification.     

Whiteness or Resilience? Placing Terror by Studying the Charleston,South Carolina Mother Emanuel Church Shooting

How do ideas of place support the development of racialized identities in times of terror violence? We situate this paper in the “deep” south via the shooting of 9 black churchgoers by a white supremacist. We explore how the community mobilized after the massacre, and in what ways it relied on ideas of place. While many claimed that the community exemplified resilience, we demonstrate a process of re-racialization. We analyzed local media to document place framing. This frame was recirculated in reporting of residents’ expressions about the tragedy. We conducted interviews with community leaders to deepen our understanding. We find that while place played a powerful role in the resilience narrative, the resilience was ultimately one of a city of whiteness. We advance several points: (1) whiteness adapts in times of terror; (2) place is important in the security studies; and (3) place also plays a role in attenuating fear.     

基于竞争力要素和空间尺度的城市旅游竞争力刍议--兼与城市竞争力比较

文章从竞争力要素出发,对城市竞争力和城市旅游竞争力进行对比,阐述了城市旅游竞争力由微观层面的旅游产品竞争力、中观层的旅游企业竞争力和表现在宏观层上的城市旅游产业竞争力构成,竞争主体、竞争对象与城市竞争力均不相同的观点。“旅游吸引物”内容的宽泛性及旅游产业的高度关联性,使城市旅游竞争力的基本影响要素与城市竞争力影响要素高度重合,因而研究城市旅游竞争力应致力于该产业的核心能力及其核心影响因素,界定“城市旅游”的范畴、区域空间特征以及空间尺度,才能在评价指标的选取中更有针对性,使城市旅游竞争力的研究更具科学性、可操作性和实际应用价值。     

空间句法理论与建筑空间的研究

空间传统是地理学研究中的四大传统之一,地理学家对城市形态的关注正是对空间重视的一个重要方面。空间句法理论是城市形态研究中的一个重要流派,在其创立之初即关注于空间与建筑、城市之关系的探讨。国外运用句法理论对建筑空间的研究已积累了丰硕的成果,而国内对于建筑空间的句法研究则相对匮乏。从渗透与隔离、引导与暗示、交流与共享3个方面对国外建筑空间的句法研究进行综观概述与分析,以期为国内建筑空间的研究提供启示和借鉴,并为在城市规划中如何更加理性地看待空间与社会的关联性提供有益的启示。     

空间认同:城市空间研究转向中的知识前沿、趋势与启发

中国城市化进程的快速发展,促使人们不断解构、调整和重构对城市空间的认同,这是城市化发展中不容忽视的新问题。以Web of Science（WoS）为数据源,对国外城市空间认同研究进行了分析和知识再现。研究发现：① 城市空间认同是人们对城市发展中社会经济认同、文化认同、集体认同、身份认同与情感认同的集合。作为重要的国民意识,城市空间认同主题是国外学者关注的重要领域,对该领域研究的本质上是对城市空间实践中人文主义空间诉求的知识表征;② 在2008~2017年的国外城市空间认同研究中,美国、英国、澳大利亚等国家具有明显优势,国际合作研究网络主要在美洲-欧洲、欧洲-澳洲,以及澳洲-欧美之间;国外城市空间认同研究高被引文献注重对“空间多中心性”“地方与连续性”“城市社区”“城市公民身份”“空间绅士化”“地方主义”等方面的讨论。③ 未来研究更加倾向在“认同”“空间”“城市”“地理”“政治”“地方”,以及“社区”等新主题方面。相比较而言,国内对城市空间认同的研究较为欠缺,随着中国城市空间实践不断推向纵深阶段,需要强化城市空间认同研究的“理论自觉”。     

空间生产视角下的旅游地空间研究范式转型——基于空间涌现性的空间研究新范式

面对中国经济、社会转型的实践背景和地理学"文化转向"、社会学"空间转向"的理论背景,空间生产为旅游地空间研究提供了新的重要视角,推动着旅游地空间研究范式的转型。在认识旅游地空间系统性的基础上,界定了空间涌现性的概念,提出了空间生产视角下的旅游地空间研究新范式。这一新范式主要表现在:1新的空间研究视角,厘清旅游地空间生产研究的理论逻辑和学科理路;2新的空间观,树立以内涵复杂性、尺度嵌套性、过程非守恒性为核心特征的新的旅游地涌现空间观,实现空间认识从要素到系统、从简单环境系统到过程系统再到复杂耦合系统的转变;3新的空间研究路径,更加注重社会空间、微观解构、尺度转换;4新的空间研究框架,遵循"过程-格局-机制"的研究路线,建立复杂系统涌现空间研究框架,开展多尺度、多类型旅游地空间生产的系统研究。空间生产视角下的旅游地空间研究范式转型,将有助于拓展旅游地理学研究视角和范式,增强旅游地理学对中国旅游发展实践的响应和指导。     

基于服务空间视角的长春市城市功能空间扩展研究

中国快速城镇化背景下城市功能空间迅速扩展引起了广泛关注。以长春市用地现状图和统计资料为数据源,借助ArcGIS和SPSS软件平台,引用多种模型基于服务空间视角研究了1995年以来长春市城市功能空间扩展的特征、效应与驱动机制。研究发现：① 1995~2013年长春市城市空间扩展迅速,扩展模式整体上以圈层式近域扩张为主,城市与服务空间整体的偏离问题始终存在,城市开发建设过程中服务空间明显滞后于城市空间的扩张。② 城市空间快速扩展产生了城市蔓延、功能空间失衡和城市功能空间的优化升级等效应。③ 行政因素和社会经济因素是城市空间扩展的主要驱动因素,回归模型结果表明人口城市化和人居环境水平的提高是城市功能空间本质内涵扩展的社会经济核心因素。     

转型期长春市服务空间与城市功能空间关系特征研究

基于1995 年、2003 年、2008 年长春市土地利用现状图以及2011 年遥感图像和相关年份统计年鉴,结合GIS技术和SPSS 统计工具,综合利用空间重心法、圈层分析法以及轴带扩展度等方法,对转型期长春市服务空间与城市功能空间关系特征进行探讨,结果表明:① 服务地块开发重心空间波动性差异性明显,扩展方式以快速向外推进为主,以内部填充为辅;② 服务地快呈现整体分散、局部集聚态势,且扩展强度增加,服务地块郊区化显现;③ 长春市服务空间扩展与工业空间扩展具有非协调性;服务空间与居住空间整体属于混融状态,但剥离趋势凸现;服务空间"单中心"结构相对于交通空间分散化发展,已表现出滞后趋势。在研究结果的基础上,进一步分析了长春市服务空间与城市功能空间时空特征形成的作用机理。     

城市开放空间的空间组织研究

传统的城市规划学和地理学的研究重心是对城市建筑实体的空间组织和管理基于城市建设实践的新需求和理论研究的新发展，文章以城市开放空间为研究对象，对其空间组织的概念、原则、依据、方法和步骤进行了理论概括，以期对我国城市的现代化建设和理论研究有所裨益。     

Space and time in river bank erosion research: a review

The intention of this article is to identify the ways in which ideas about space and time are manifest in river bank erosion research, thus linking abstract theoretical discussion with the 'practice' of geomorphological research. Bank erosion research to date has involved a range of space- and time-scales, different perspectives resulting from these views. Scale linkage via mathematical translation has been attempted in some cases, but studies are often contextualized through loosely hierarchical ideas. The application of hierarchy theory and notions of space–time are considered, concluding with the identification of questions that might usefully be considered in future research     

Reconsidering Race,Class, and Residential Segregation in American Cities

Scholars have often discounted social class as a substantial contributor to residential segregation by race, in part as a result of using the dissimilarity index, which is likely to show high levels of uneven group distribution regardless of socioeconomic status (SES), and in part as a result of using limited categories of SES. This study expands on prior research by examining residential segregation between black-alone and white-alone households in 36 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) with 2000 decennial census data, using both spatial unevenness (dissimilarity) and two types of experiential indicators (exposure indices), measuring SES across income levels and accounting for the presence of other races. Findings show that black households with higher incomes live in neighborhoods with greater exposure and lower isolation than do black households with lower incomes. Additionally, while the dissimilarity of black households decreases with income, unevenness is not as strongly connected to income as are the experiential measures. While race remains a primary determinant of residential segregation, results indicate substantial class differences.     

The Reinvention of Public Green Space

Much attention has been paid to preserving land at the urban fringe, and to the negative effects of sprawl and its costs. There is increasing recognition that enhancing green, public open spaces in cities provides a strategy to make those cities more sustainable, more livable, and more equitable. This involves a new approach to public spaces that integrates infrastructure needs, takes equity into account, and reexamines the range of uses public spaces offer. We consider the potential for urban greening through a case study in the dense inner core of Los Angeles that probed local resident attitudes and values toward a more inclusive strategy, and that measured the potential value of nature's services in the urban fabric using a GIS program.     

家的解码:空间句法对家空间研究的内容与方法

家是地理学透视社会现象的窗口,家空间是地理学关注人地关系的微观尺度。作为住宅建筑与其居住主体发生联系的空间系统,家空间内部的组构差异可以反映不同的社会文化逻辑。空间句法作为一种定量分析城市形态的理论方法,在研究家空间形态与其社会文化逻辑关系时兼具定量和定性分析的优势。国外运用空间句法对家（family、home、house）空间的研究已日益成熟,而国内的相关工作却尚未涉及。首先阐述空间句法对家研究的基本过程与思路;其次,基于对国外相关研究的梳理、分析后,从家的“基因型”、家的“恒定”与“转换” 、家的“二元性”3个方面进行了归纳和总结,发现空间句法中的“空间”与传统地理学中的“空间”既不同又互补;不同民族文化、生活方式与其家空间之间存在组构关系;相同文化背景下家空间的组构具有时代性。地理学对家空间的关注一直比较薄弱,空间句法对家空间的研究为探究人与其居住空间之关系提供了新的视角。     

Race,Gender, and Constrained Work Trips in Buffalo,NY, 1990

This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.     

Race,Gender, and Constrained Work Trips in Buffalo,NY, 1990

This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.     

社会文化地理学中小区域研究的意义

区域分析是地理学的研究范式之一．目前大陆社会文化地理学界出现了一个小区域研究热。本文从三个部分分析了小区域研究的意义,小区域研究需要把握的方向．以及不同方法论下小区域研究的特点。在第一部分中,本文从法国人文地理学的小区域研究入手．分析了小区域与大区域之间的关系,从而指出两者之间的研究不能彼此替代。从而说明．大陆人文地理学中小区域研究增多的趋势,不是地理学家从事小区域应用项目的结果,而是学科自身发展需要。本文第二部分强调,在小区域研究中需要选择与研究问题相当的区域,同时处理好小区域与大区域之间的逻辑关系,并运用小区域研究的方法,尤其是野外的方法。本文第三部分粗略分析了经验主义、实证主义、人文主义、结构主义和后现代主义视野下的小区域研究特点。     

基于空间信息技术的城市开放空间信息系统设计

文章从空间信息技术的发展、数据库建设和集成等方面介绍了空间信息技术的发展趋势,以及城市开放空间系统的概念,并阐述了建立城市开放空间信息系统的必要性和可行性。以此为基础,论述了城市开放空间信息系统设计,主要包括城市开放空间信息系统的总体设计和子系统设计;最后设计了包括系统效率评价、系统可靠性评价、系统可扩展性评价、系统可移植性评价和系统效益评价等5个方面在内的城市开放空间信息系统评价方案。