Interpreting the Civil Rights Movement: Place,Memory, and Conflict

Produced over the past decade, monuments and museums dedicated to the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s have desegregated America's memorial landscape. Tracing a broad arc across the US South, the material elements of this landscape — historic markers, monuments, parks, registered buildings, and museums — present a distinct challenge to representations of an elite, white American past. This challenge, however, is offered in a distinctly gendered manner, inasmuch as the role of women in organizing and leading the movement is obscured. Further, the historical narratives concretized at these sites are mediated by conventions associated with civil rights historiography and the tourism development industry. The result is a complex, sometimes ironic landscape. Via the narratives they embed and the crowds they attract, these landscapes are co‐constitutive with contemporary politics of representing the past in the United States. This paper offers an overview of current memorial practices and representations of the Civil Rights movement found at the country's major memorial landscapes.     

Reexamining the Montgomery Bus Boycott: Toward an Empathetic Pedagogy of the Civil Rights Movement

Geographers have assessed the success and failure of the U.S. Civil Rights Movement in terms of the African American struggle for justice, social identity, and economic survival. Conspicuously absent from the geographic literature are pedagogically oriented studies of the historical geography of the Civil Rights era. The Movement's popular image has congealed into a celebratory collection of names and dates, the sum of which is a vague, nearly mythic retelling that students might recognize but not necessarily care about. As a result, the Movement is at once contemptuously familiar yet bewilderingly strange for our students. This article offers a sympathetic critique of conventional Movement narratives, introducing the notion of empathetic pedagogy and presenting a case study of the Montgomery bus boycott. Our pedagogical approach stresses the role of empathy, both as a factor in shaping the actual sociospatial development of the Movement, as well as a strategy for encouraging students to appreciate the everyday courage and sacrifice that animated so many of its participants. Our study brings together two burgeoning literatures that have the potential to cultivate empathy among students: the critical reevaluation of mobility and explorations of subjectivity from a psychoanalytic perspective. Here mobility is understood in both its literal and figurative sense: in the case of the bus boycott, the intricate network established to literally move African Americans around the city, as well as the figurative movement of sympathy and solidarity that “moved” people to support their efforts and now informs popular, selective understandings of the protest.     

流动中的地方记忆：南海渔民的流动性与集体记忆建构

渔民是天然流栖性群体,不仅需要关注其流动性时空规律,更要关注其流动过程中所产生的社会文化意涵。文章从流动性与集体记忆视角出发,选取海南省东部典型渔村为案例地,通过访谈深入理解渔民在流动中的地方记忆建构,主要从流动、停泊、定居的3种不同状态归纳渔民流动中的时空盈缩、物质条件和流动路径节点,从时间、地方和权力三要素探讨渔民集体记忆的形成。研究发现：1）渔民跨界流动具有动态盈缩的特点,经历了从民间自觉到官方规范,从渔业生产到商渔复合,从局地到广域再到局地的动态过程。2）渔民的流动状态和过程赋予海洋以地方特性。人船组合拓展渔民自主流动的能力,“陆—海—岛”流栖空间中的地物和景观凸显集体记忆的物质依赖性。3）随着生产生活方式变迁,代际更迭削弱了原有的人海关联,流动资源的分配不均导致集体记忆结构性消退,渔业村镇的全球—地方的跨区域色彩逐渐被剥离,回归到同质化的域内流空间。     

旅游“网红村”居民的怀旧、集体记忆与地方认同的特征及互动关系——以内蒙古呼和浩特市恼包村为例

以内蒙古呼和浩特市旅游“网红村”——恼包村为例,通过实验法和问卷调查法,探讨了旅游网红村居民的怀旧、集体记忆与地方认同3种情感的特征。运用结构方程模型,验证了在旅游效应作用下,3种情感之间内在的互动机理。研究显示,在非本地旅游景观融入地方旅游社区的情境下,居民依然非常认同当前的景观与建筑,并对旅游发展保持积极态度;怀旧、集体记忆如果失去了物质载体,会在文化载体上集中表现;旅游景观的嬗变没有隔断居民对从前村落的集体记忆,但旅游景观优化带来的旅游效应削弱了居民的怀旧情感;居民的怀旧与集体记忆呈显著的正向相关关系,居民的集体记忆显著影响地方认同,旅游发展效应对集体记忆与地方认同有显著的正向影响。     

文化景观对建构地方集体记忆的影响——以徽州呈坎古村为例

以对黄山市徽州区呈坎古村居民和游客的问卷调查和半结构式访谈为基础,综合运用独立样本t检验和ArcGIS空间分析等方法,分析了文化景观在地方集体记忆建构中的作用。结果显示,无论居民或游客,都对呈坎古村的宗族文化和风水文化形成了集体记忆,而罗东舒祠和水口园林等文化景观则在建构地方集体记忆中发挥了重要作用。但由于与景观接触的方式不同,居民比游客更重视景观的真实性,相对排斥重建和新建的景观,也较少受到导游词的影响;而游客则对景观的真实性不敏感,文化景观和导游解说都可能影响游客的地方记忆。因此,为更好引导对古村落的集体记忆的建构,不仅要重视保护传统文化景观,更要在景观重建或新建过程中尊重居民的建议,争取在居民的传统意识和游客的旅游想象中实现平衡。     

基于集体记忆的红色旅游地地方性建构

红色历史的集体记忆嵌入动态的地方建构和空间生产过程,成为地方性重构的有力素材。文章以云南省宾川县新庄红军村为例,通过参与式观察和访谈文本分析等质性方法,从地方性景观与话语的再建构,以及地方性情境创设的空间实践,探讨新庄村的地方性建构机制。研究发现：具体的地方要素在地方-记忆的互动关系中起中介承启作用。地方要素既促进红色旅游情境下记忆的唤起、存储与再创造,又对集体记忆重新建构的地方特质、意义与场所精神进行地方性元素表达。旅游情境创设与地方性展演使集体记忆不断得到投影、表达与重构,推动差异化的地方叙述与体验。     

Landscapes in Music: Space,Place and Time in the World's Greatest Music

The purpose of this article is twofold. The first is to suggest that techniques for mapping public disagreements over claims to knowledge, or controversies, can act as assistive devices for researchers in geography to move from research topics to research questions. A second purpose is to offer a recipe or “how-to” guide of specific approaches and free scholarly software that researchers without specialized coding skills can use to achieve their own controversy mapping goals. We use a case of creating a controversy map covering the issue of transboundary movements of electronic waste (e-waste) to illustrate how these approaches and software can be associated together so that other researchers may put them to use for their own controversy mapping purposes.     

Place and Large Landscape Conservation along the Susquehanna River

Place theory can be used in natural resource sociology as a heuristic for identifying and incorporating differences in human and natural systems into large landscape conservation efforts. This paper draws on theories of place and applies mixed methods to understand the potential opportunities and challenges for a large landscape conservation initiative along the Susquehanna River. The research utilized key informant interviews of 62 conservation officials to develop a grounded theory of regions within the river corridor. These regions were used as the sampling frame for a telephone survey of approximately 1,000 residents. Analysis of attitudes about conservation actors, priorities, and place perceptions were layered with data acquired in key informant interviews to produce an understanding of social, physical, and symbolic aspects of the Susquehanna River landscape as a place. Identifying similarities and differences can aid in the integration of human perceptions and attitudes within large landscape conservation efforts.     

世界能源产消与流动分析

随着全球化的到来,各国都面临着更合理地分配和使用地球上的能源的机遇和挑战。能源的大规模空间流动已经成为不可避免的趋势。对近几十年能源产消与空间流动状态进行分析表明：第一,世界能源生产和消费一直保持大致平衡状态,但空间格局存在很大差异;第二,能源流动主要体现在石油流动;第三,能源空间收敛系数、能源消费结构演进和城市化发展都是能源产消差异和空间流动的重要影响因素．     

乡村文化记忆的场域认知、依恋与传承关系 ——以苏州金庭镇为例

以苏州金庭镇居民为研究对象,利用问卷及访谈数据,通过结构方程模型甄别场域认知、地方依恋和传承途径的维度差异,验证彼此的影响路径和作用关系.研究表明:1)居民对乡村文化记忆的场域认知包括纪念性场地、村落型场地、自然型场地和软记忆场等维度,其中,前三者对软记忆场有着正向显著影响;2)乡村文化记忆场域认知是居民地方依恋构建的...     

Movement and variation of four typical glaciers in the Qilian Mountains, northwestern China

We selected four typical glaciers in the Qilian Mountains and investigated their movements and variation using advanced technologies such as remote sensing,photographic measurements,and global positioning systems.The velocity of glacier movements in the Qilian Mountains is relatively low,and there has been no significant variation during the past 50 years.Glacier motion has maintained a normal style.The movement velocity of Laohugou Glacier No.12 presented a decreasing trend(by 48%) from 1960 to 2012.The movement velocity of the Qiyi Glacier also presented a decreasing trend(by 48.1%) from 1958 to 2012; it decreased by 29.4% from 1958 to 1977 and by 26.5% from 1977 to 2012.Therefore,the Qiyi Glacier's movement velocity varied greatly over the earlier 20 years(1958–1977),but presented a small decreasing trend during the latter 30 years(1977–2012).By comparing the movement velocity variation of these typical glaciers,we determined that the extent of variation was consistent among large glaciers(such as Laohugou Glacier No.12) and small glaciers(such as the Qiyi Glacier and Yanglonghe Glacier No.5),despite their different sizes.     

中国华北山地的层状地貌与喜马拉雅构造运动

层状地貌是在较短的距离内 ,从海岸到山顶的坡面上多级分布的阶梯状地貌。一般来说 ,它反映了地壳的构造运动。但并不是所有的层状地貌都是这样。只有地壳活动时期的火山喷发、砾石扇和地壳稳定时期的风化壳、古河道发育的层状地貌才能表明地壳的一次大的构造运动。据此认为 ,中国华北山地的喜马拉雅运动起始于始新世 ,至渐新世结束了第一幕。中新世是喜马拉雅运动的较激烈期 ,至上新世结束了第二幕。自第四纪进入了第三幕的第一亚幕 ,也就是新构造运动。自晚更新世进入了第三幕的第二亚幕 ,即最新构造运动。现在 ,第三幕尚未结束     

中国旅游业发展与航空运输业关联分析

运用灰色关联分析法,构建了中国旅游业与航空运输业关联度模型,定量分析了中国旅游业与航空运输业关联发展的演变规律及其作用机制。研究表明:14年来中国旅游业与航空运输业关联发展总体上趋于协调和强化,但其时序变动具有明显的波动性和阶段性;中国旅游业与航空运输业的关联作用机制比较复杂,一方面,旅游业与航空运输业相互促进,另一方面,旅游业与航空运输业的关联受外部因素影响较大。