AN EVALUATION OF SURFACE HARDNESS OF NATURAL AND MODIFIED ROCKS USING SCHMIDT HAMMER: STUDY FROM NORTHWESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA

Four rock types (quartz mica gneiss, schist, quartzite and calc-silicate) located in the Satluj and Alaknanda valleys were used to test whether a Schmidt hammer can be used to distinguish rock surfaces affected by various natural and man-induced processes like manual smoothing of rock surfaces by grindstone, surface weathering, deep weathering, fluvial polishing and blasting during road construction. Surfaces polished by fluvial process yielded the highest Schmidt hammer rebound (R-) values and the blast-affected surfaces yielded the lowest R-values for the same rock type. Variations in R-value also reflect the degree of weathering of the rock surfaces. It has been further observed that, for all the rock types, the strength of relationship between R-values for the treated surfaces (manual smoothing of rock surface by grindstone) and the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) is higher than for the fresh natural surfaces.     

多焦点地图投影

现在有些地图有这样的要求，即在一幅地图中，投影中心附近比例尺应较大，边缘部分可以较小，甚至相差几倍，以能详细地显示投影中心附近的地物。为了解决这个问题，曾有^拟定了辐射一变比侧尺投影，即自投影中心向四周辐射以显示其变化。本文在说明了辐射一变比侧尺投影的基础上，阐明了多焦点投影，其投影中心有若干个，各向其四周辐射，这就能更好地显示各地地物的变化。     

ROBUST PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS BY PROJECTION PURSUIT

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used technique in chemometrics.The classical PCAmethod is,unfortunately,non-robust,since the variance is adopted as the objective function.In thispaper,projection pursuit (PP) is used to carry out PCA with a criterion which is more robust than thevariance.In addition,the generalized simulated annealing (GSA) algorithm is introduced as anoptimization procedure in the process of PP calculation to guarantee the global optimum.The resultsfor simulated data sets show that PCA via PP is resistant to the deviation of the error distribution fromthe normal one.The method is especially recommended for use in cases with possible outlier(s) existingin the data.     

地理信息系统中图形数据的投影变换研究

投影变换是地理信息系统(GIS)中空间处理的重要环节, 根据GIS中图形数据操作与分析, 介绍投影变换的两种基本方法——反解变换法和数值交换法。反解交换法适用于两种投影的坐标公式较简单, 较易求出两种投影平面直角坐标之间直接联系的情况。数值变换法应用范围较广, 它可以避开较复杂的投影坐标公式的反解问题, 求出两个不同投影平面场上点的对应关系。     

南大洋海冰影像地图投影变换与瓦片切割应用研究

南大洋海冰分布是南极考察过程中影响破冰船航行的重要因素,也是南极研究的重要内容之一。目前国际上不同机构发布的南大洋海冰分布图,大多是球面投影,不能直接用于主流的瓦片地图发布。将极方位立体投影海冰图转换为目前主流的网络墨卡托投影地图,并利用合适的图像重采样方法,按照不同级别比例尺进行瓦片切割和编号存储,最终实现海冰影像地图的发布共享是本文的主要研究内容。笔者对不同的图像重采样方法进行了比较,分析了最邻近点采样方法、双线性内插和双三次卷积重采样方法的优劣,针对本文的研究优选双线性内插方法进行影像地图瓦片的切割,并最终叠加融合在Google地图上,实现了Google底图、准实时海冰影像图与破冰船走航位置的集成显示,为雪龙船的冰区航行提供了重要的数据支撑。     

基于投影寻踪回归技术的塔里木河水质模拟分析

利用投影寻踪回归技术（ＰＰＲ）进行水质评价是一种新方法。本文在现有水文观测资料基础上，通过ＰＰＲ分析，建立了塔里木河水质模型，并利用ＰＰＲ对影响河流水质的因素作了分析，可为流域水质管理和控制提供依据。     

基于投影寻踪法的滇中经济区土地资源生态安全评价

土地资源的可持续利用是当前国土资源开发与保护的主要内容,土地资源生态环境安全是土地资源可持续利用的基础,而土地资源生态安全评价是土地资源生态安全研究核心内容。本研究以云南省统计年鉴为数据源,首先采用"驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应"模型进行了滇中经济区土地资源生态安全评价指标体系的构建,进而利用投影寻踪法来确定土地资源生态安全评价权重。结果表明,滇中经济区42个县区的土地资源生态安全态势分布不均匀,即便是都处在经济发达的昆明市,资源状况也有较大差异;昆明市、楚雄州、玉溪市、曲靖4个市的土地生态安全利用压力层、状态层、响应层方面差距大;驱动力层有差异但差异较小,影响层几乎没什么差异。     

AN INVESTIGATION OF DROUCHT

THE OCCURRENCE OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT AT ASHBURTON, NEW ZEALAND: D. S. Rickard, N.Z. Journal of Agricultural Research     

SCHMIDT‐HAMMER EXPOSURE AGES FROM PERIGLACIAL PATTERNED GROUND (SORTED CIRCLES) IN JOTUNHEIMEN,NORWAY, AND THEIR INTERPRETATIVE PROBLEMS

Periglacial patterned ground (sorted circles and polygons) along an altitudinal profile at Juvflya in central Jotunheimen, southern Norway, is investigated using Schmidt‐hammer exposure‐age dating (SHD). The patterned ground surfaces exhibit R‐value distributions with platycurtic modes, broad plateaus, narrow tails, and a negative skew. Sample sites located between 1500 and 1925 m a.s.l. indicate a distinct altitudinal gradient of increasing mean R‐values towards higher altitudes interpreted as a chronological function. An established regional SHD calibration curve for Jotunheimen yielded mean boulder exposure ages in the range 6910 ± 510 to 8240 ± 495 years ago. These SHD ages are indicative of the timing of patterned ground formation, representing minimum ages for active boulder upfreezing and maximum ages for the stabilization of boulders in the encircling gutters. Despite uncertainties associated with the calibration curve and the age distribution of the boulders, the early‐Holocene age of the patterned ground surfaces, the apparent cessation of major activity during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) and continuing lack of late‐Holocene activity clarify existing understanding of the process dynamics and palaeoclimatic significance of large‐scale sorted patterned ground as an indicator of a permafrost environment. The interpretation of SHD ages from patterned ground surfaces remains challenging, however, owing to their diachronous nature, the potential for a complex history of formation, and the influence of local, non‐climatic factors.     

孟德斯鸠是“地理环境决定论”者吗？

孟德斯鸠是18世纪法国启蒙时期的思想家,他的《论法的精神》是他一生研究的最后结晶,于1748年出版,中译本于1961年分上下两册出版。由于孟德斯鸠在上册第3卷的第14至18章长篇大论地讨论了自然地理环境中气候、土壤要素与法律的关系,从而被后人误认为地理环境决定论者。中外学者对此误识都曾明确地指出和纠正过,愿此错误不再延续下去。     

PAUL WHEATLEY,AN APPRECIATION

I define how public space is constituted not by real property but by a regime made up of regulatory practices. What is at issue in assertions about the decline of public space is that this regulatory regime is reconfiguring liberty—that is, rights to public space—through a change in the conception of the public, of who and what belong as part of the public. By way of a case study (the redevelopment of the corner of Yonge and Dundas Streets in Toronto), I argue that liberty is defined by a multiplicity of practices (e.g., laws, regulations, urban design, surveillance, policing) that are oriented to a particular conception of the public, and which seek to guide the conduct of agents. This suggests that if our concern is to expand the political and social uses of public space then we need to turn our attention away from resources, spaces, and goods and toward how the regulatory regime configures liberty and in turn the possibilities that public space can be taken and made.