考虑非达西效应的边水气藏水平井见水时间预测模型

边水气藏水平井见水后产量下降,准确预测见水时间有利于选择合理的开发及配产方式、提高边水气藏采收率.考虑水侵速度、储层倾角及气相非达西效应等因素,建立边水气藏水平井见水时间预测模型;计算P边水气藏W井的见水时间,与未考虑水侵速度等因素的见水时间对比,并对影响因素进行敏感性分析.结果表明:水侵过程中,水质点向井底移动的速度...     

低渗透油田油井见水规律分析

为了解决低渗透油田不规则面积注水井网中油井见水时间的计算及其影响因素的定量表征问题,将面积注采井网单元细分为一源一汇三角形最小计算单元,运用非达西渗流流管微元法得到不同面积注采井网类型条件下的生产井见水时间计算通式.以鄂尔多斯盆地X油田为例,研究井网类型、储层非均质性和裂缝发育程度对低渗透油田油井见水时间的影响,并通过统计回归得到沿裂缝方向、裂缝半长与油井见水时间之间的经验公式.结果表明:储层非均质性和裂缝规模对油井见水时间的影响最大,井网类型对其影响程度最小;不规则井网或油井所在最小三角形井网单元差异较大时,油井见水存在一个阶梯上升规律;油井见水时间与裂缝半长呈幂指数减小关系.     

低渗透油藏非达西渗流面积井网见水时间计算

根据低渗透油藏面积注水开发的特点,在流管模型基础上推导出考虑启动压力梯度的四点井网、五点井网、反九点井网的油井见水时间的计算公式,并结合油田实际生产数据给出计算分析结果.该方法解决了低速非达西渗流不同于达西渗流的生产井见水时间的计算问题,为低渗透油田注水开发方案的设计提供了理论依据.     

低渗透底水气藏压裂井见水时间预测模型改进研究

目前低渗透底水气藏压裂井见水时间预测模型考虑了压裂裂缝的导流能力,但忽略了近井区域气相非达 西效应和地层表皮效应对计算模型的影响,导致见水时间的预测发生偏差.鉴于此,基于气相平面径向流和半球 形向心流相结合的底水锥进模型,以渗流理论为基础,综合考虑气相非达西效应和地层表皮效应的影响,推导出 低渗透底水气藏压裂井见水时间预测新模型.实例应用表明,本模型预测的见水时间更切合实际;压裂井可明显 延缓底水锥进;气相非达西效应和地层表皮效应会加速底水锥进;随着裂缝半长与气藏打开程度的增大,压裂井 见水时间呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,存在最优值.该研究成果为低渗透底水气藏压裂井见水时间的预测提供 了理论依据.      

高含水期水平井挖潜物理模拟

结合油藏渗流与水平井筒内流体流动的耦合性,以水驱油相似原理为基础,建立三维油藏物理胶结水平井多层模型,并从其微观孔隙特征及油水渗流特征等方面与实际油藏进行对比.以物理模型为基础,从动态变化指标及油水分布特征等角度研究不同挖潜方式在高含水期挖潜效果的差异性,总结水平井挖潜提高采收率的规律.结果表明:在交错井网及正韵律储层的条件下,高含水期剩余油多富集于井组中心储层顶部区域;高含水期应用水平井进行挖潜剩余油,其在多个动态变化指标上优于直井,并且水平井对井组边角区域及储层中下部位剩余油的控制能力也较强;水平井与常规井网的不同配置关系对挖潜效果有较大影响,水平井挖潜动态也随着含水率上升呈现不同的规律.     

非均质各向异性油藏水平井流入动态

为分析渗透率非均质性对水平井流入动态的影响,根据质量和动量守恒定律,建立全耦合的非均质各向异性盒式油藏渗流与水平井筒变质量流的耦合模型;通过坐标变换建立各向异性油藏水平井非均质表皮计算模型,将非均质渗透率场转化为等效均质渗透率场和沿井筒变化的非均质表皮;应用源函数法和势的叠加原理得到油藏渗流模型的解,给出基于模型离散的顺序迭代解耦方法.结果表明:渗透率非均质性对水平井流量剖面和采油指数影响较大.水平井流量分布规律与近井渗透率变化规律基本相同;高渗区流量大,低渗区流量小;在等效渗透率相同的情况下,随着近井非均质性的增强,水平井平均采油指数逐渐降低,平均流量分布不均衡因数逐渐增大.该研究为非均质各向异性油藏水平井产能预测和完井参数优化提供了依据.     

一维水驱油恒压驱替渗流过程推导

为研究常规砂岩油田注水开发过程中的多油层开采动态、层间干扰、开发效果分析等,对一维水驱油恒压驱替渗流过程进行理论推导.结果表明:在采出端见水前,通过油水两相区压力、纯油区压力及总压差之间关系,结合Buck-ley-Leverett方程,建立累计注入量与注入时间的关系,以及见水前位置、时间、含水饱和度之间的数学关系,求解前缘位置、前缘压差、注入速度等参数随时间的变化;在采出端见水后,分析注入速度与采出端含水饱和度关系、累计注入量与采出端含水饱和度关系,以及采出端含水饱和度与时间的关系,建立见水后位置、时间、含水饱和度之间的数学关系,求解见水后出口端含水饱和度、注入速度等参数随时间的变化.该结果为驱替过程中各物理量随时间的变化、含水饱和度的分布、各物理量之间的理论关系等研究提供指导.     

塔河油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏注水方式优选及注气提高采收率实验

塔河油田原油采收率偏低,底水能量衰竭,亟需探索扩大水驱波及体积与提高采收率.根据塔河油田四区地质资料和生产动态资料,应用物理模拟相似准则,设计并制作碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏三维立体储层仿真模型,开展油藏底水能量不足条件下转注水驱注水方式优选及后续注气驱提高采收率技术实验.结果表明:3种注水补充能量方法中,周期注水和脉冲注水提高采收率幅度相近,分别为16.39%和16.48%,均高于恒速注水的14.05%,而周期注水的总注水量小于脉冲注水的总注水量,优选周期注水为更有效的注水补充能量方法;转注水驱后的注氮气驱中,气水交替驱可提高采收率25.92%,优于连续注气驱的23.47%.这为碳酸盐岩油藏高效开发提供技术依据.     

不同提液方式对强水驱海相砂岩油藏驱油效率影响的实验研究

南海东部海相砂岩强底水驱稠油油藏经过多年开发,面临油田综合含水高、采出程度低的问题,油井提液是改善开发效果、实现稳产增产的重要措施,目前国内外关于不同提液方式对驱油效率的影响研究较少。为此,基于PY油田主力油藏典型渗透率级别天然岩心,开展了实际油藏条件下的水驱油核磁共振实验研究,分析了高含水期中不同提液组合方式下驱油效率的变化,从不同孔隙类型的动用程度揭示了影响驱油效率变化的内在因素并优选出适合该类型油藏的提液方式。实验结果表明:在多次控幅提液方式下,较于其他提液方式驱油效率平均提高了6.08%,能大幅提高微孔与小孔的动用程度,孔隙动用程度平均增加了7.76%,提液效果最佳。该成果为海相砂岩稠油油藏制定合理提液技术政策提供了依据。      

底水油层水平井产液剖面均衡性评价

胜利油田开采底水特征高含水油层的水平井数量多,其中油层向水平井非均衡供液现象普遍。为评价此类水平井产液剖面均衡性,量化其生产动态改善潜力,定义了产液剖面基尼系数GN,并结合现场案例介绍其计算方法,随后统计胜利油田60口样本井,分析GN对见水时间t_RL和底水突破前累积产油量Q_RL的影响,最后据此对GN分级。计算和分析结果表明:GN可以整体表征实际非均衡产液剖面偏离理想均衡产液剖面的程度,通常取值0~1之间,数值越大,均衡性越差;划分GN>0.1为产液剖面不均衡,其样本井数54口,占比90%,以理想均衡产液状态为基准,t_RL和Q_RL分别至少有100%和69.5%的提升潜力。      

Effect of algae and water on water color shift

This study showed that the combined effect of absorption of planktonic algae and water on water color shift can be simulated approximately by the exponential function: Log(E _100cm ^W +E _100cm ^Xch1 )=0.002λ−2.5 whereE _{100 cm} ^W ,E _100cm ^Xchl are, respectively, extinction coefficients of seawater and chlorophyll—a (concentration is equal toX mg/m³), and λ (nm) is wavelength. This empirical regression equation is very useful for forecasting the relation between water color and biomass in water not affected by terrigenous material. The main factor affecting water color shift in the ocean should be the absorption of blue light by planktonic algae.     

Numerical simulation of water and sand blowouts when penetrating through shallow water flow formations in deep water drilling

In this study, we applied a two-phase flow model to simulate water and sand blowout processes when penetrating shallow water flow(SWF) formations during deepwater drilling. We define ‘sand' as a pseudo-component with high density and viscosity, which can begin to flow with water when a critical pressure difference is attained. We calculated the water and sand blowout rates and analyzed the influencing factors from them, including overpressure of the SWF formation, as well as its zone size, porosity and permeability, and drilling speed(penetration rate). The obtained data can be used for the quantitative assessment of the potential severity of SWF hazards. The results indicate that overpressure of the SWF formation and its zone size have significant effects on SWF blowout. A 10% increase in the SWF formation overpressure can result in a more than 90% increase in the cumulative water blowout and a 150% increase in the sand blowout when a typical SWF sediment is drilled. Along with the conventional methods of well flow and pressure control, chemical plugging, and the application of multi-layer casing, water and sand blowouts can be effectively reduced by increasing the penetration rate. As such, increasing the penetration rate can be a useful measure for controlling SWF hazards during deepwater drilling.     

天山北麓蓄水构造模式与水循环特征

从控制地下水形成的地形地貌、地质构造出发，探讨了新疆天山北麓串珠式、隐伏串珠式、隆起间歇式、连续式和山间谷地式5种蓄水构造模式．提出大气降水、地表水和地下水（土壤水）相互转化一次循环、两次循环和多次循环类型，在此基础上研究水资源开发利用不同方式，为指导天山北麓水资源合理开发利用与生态环境保护提供技术依据。     

RELATION BETWEEN WATER TEMPERATURE, WATER EXCHANGE AMOUNT, FEED AND PRAWN DISEASE

ImooUrnONTheedycarsePiddricofprawndiscaseintheprawnculturecoastalarmsofChi-naandsoutheastAsiaresultedinnoproduCtinnoutputfromrnostprawnpondsandheaVyerenoAnclosscyumbull,l994).Upt0now,devemeasimtopreventandtreatthediseasehavenotbopresental,althoughwaterenvironmentdeteriorationisconunn-lyknowntobethekcyfactorcausingthisdhase(Jiang,l994).ThispreliIninrystudyonthereati0nsbetweenprawndiseaseandfactorsthatseriouslyaffodwatetenvirDimtalquality(WaterteInPeratllre,waterexchangeamount,andarnountSa…     

Spatial patterns of irrigation water withdrawals in China and implications for water saving

By considering numerical features, spatial variation, and spatial association, the spatial patterns of China's irrigation water withdrawals in 2001 and 2010 were explored at the regional, provincial, and prefectural scales. In addition, an overlay analysis was used to develop specific water-saving guidance for areas under different levels of water stress and with different degrees of irrigation water withdrawals. It was found that at the regional scale, irrigation water withdrawals were highest in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River region in both years, while at the provincial scale, the largest irrigation water withdrawals occurred in Xinjiang. During 2001–2010, the total of irrigation water withdrawals decreased; however, in the Northeast region, especially in Heilongjiang Province, it experienced a dramatic increase. The spatial variation was largest at the prefectural scale, with an apparent effect. The spatial association was globally negative at the provincial scale, and Xinjiang was the only significant high-low outlier. In contrast, the association displayed a significant positive relationship at the prefectural scale, and several clusters and outliers were detected. Finally, it was found that the water stress in the northern part of China worsened and water-saving irrigation techniques urgently need to be applied in the Northeast region, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain region, and Gansu-Xinjiang region. This study verified that a multi-scale and aspect analysis of the spatial patterns of irrigation water withdrawals were essential and provided water-saving advice for different areas.     

New developments in water efficiency

1Water LossInitiativesUnaccounted-for water(or unbilled water)has beenreceiving newscrutiny at both the state and nationallevels.For years,water conservationeffortsin Europehave emphasized reduction in water loss to a muchgreater extent thaninthe United S…     

Influence of a water regulation event on the age of Yellow River water in the Bohai

Abrupt changes in freshwater inputs from large rivers usually imply regime shifts in coastal water environments. The influence of a water regulation event on the age of the Yellow River water in the Bohai was modeled using constituent-oriented age and residence time theory to better understand the change in the environmental function of the hydrodynamic field owing to human activities. The water ages in Laizhou Bay, the central basin, and the Bohai strait are sensitive to water regulation. The surface ages in those areas can decrease by about 300 days, particularly in July, and the age stratification is also strengthened. A water regulation event can result in declines in the water age in early July ahead of declines in the water age under climatological conditions (without the regulation event) by about 1 and 5 months in the central basin and Laizhou Bay, respectively. The change in the coastal circulation due to the water regulation event is the primary reason for the change in the Yellow River water age. The high Yellow River flow rate can enhance the density flow and, therefore, reduce the age of the Yellow River water. The subsequent impact of a single water regulation event can last about 1.0 to 4.0 years in different subregions.     

MEASUREMENT OF TRITIUM IN NATURAL WATER

A detergent-scintillation liquid mixture applied to measure low specific activity of tritium in natural water was studied. The DYS-1 low level liquid scintillation counter designed and manufactured by our institute was employed. In comparing the Triton X-100 scintillation liquid mixture with the dioxane-based-scintillation liquid, a better formula for Triton X-100 scintillation liquid mixture was determined, the mixture possesses the quality of high water content, high efficiency and low background in measuring tritium in waten Chemiluminescence of the Triton X-100 scintillation liquid mixture can be totally de-excited in short time. It can be employed at ambient temperature 11-28℃. For 20ml sample in quartz vials, counting efficiency is 15% with a background 2.17 cpm, Y=31 TU (t=30 min).     

ON REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF RIVER WATER ENVIRONMENT CAPACITY AND STRATEGIES TO CONTROL WATER ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION IN CHINA

ＯＮＲＥＧＩＯＮＡＬＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＴＩＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＲＩＶＥＲＷＡＴＥＲＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＣＡＰＡＣＩＴＹＡＮＤＳＴＲＡＴＥＧＩＥＳＴＯＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＷＡＴＥＲＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＰＯＬＬＵＴＩＯＮＩＮＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＷａｎｇＨｕａｄｏｎｇ（王华...     

MIXING OF SALT WATER AND FRESH WATER IN THE CHANGJIANG RIVER ESTUARY AND ITS EFFECTS ON SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

Using field hydrological data, the relationship between the mixing of salt water and fresh water and the tidal range/ high tidal level in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary is discussed, and the transporting and concentrating of suspended sediment in the estuary were also analysed in respect to the circulation, flocculation and stratified interface resulting from mixing.The calculation results by two-dimentional box model have confirmed the effects of the circulation on the concentrating of suspended sediment in the estuary. The conclusions derived from this work have deepened the understanding on the mixing in the Changjiang River estuary and are of significance in bo'th theory and practice.