1984 年以来北京零售业空间发展趋势与特征

在采用虚拟变量对密度函数进行调整的基础上, 借助扩展方法引入时间变量构建计量经济模型测度北京零售业空间发展的分异与趋势, 并利用GIS技术研究了新型零售业的空间布局特征。结果表明:① 1984-2010 年, 近郊区零售业保持着强劲的增长势头, 增速是远郊区的近两倍, 而远郊区快于中心区, 说明中心区零售业地位的相对下降, 类似于20 世纪中期美国大都市区的发展特征。② 2000 年以来, 远郊区零售业增速下降, 近郊区小幅提升, 而中心区发展速度明显回升, 说明部分学者提出的20 世纪90 年代末期旧城区零售业“空洞化”、“边缘化”的发展趋势并未延续。③ 紧随人口的郊区化, 90 年代中期兴起的连锁超市以三环路为基础外向发展, 三、四环路和五、六环路之间数量较多, 而传统百货商店则主要布局在三环路以内。④ 以超市为代表的新型零售业空间布局呈现大分散、小集聚的特征, 没有表现出明显的等级性, 集聚区域既包括近郊人口密集区, 也包括远郊新城和城郊大型居住区。零售业的空间发展趋势与超市的空间特征共同显示, 北京应进一步提升远郊零售业的连锁化水平, 提高服务水平和质量, 促进居住与消费的空间平衡。     

广州市零售业态空间分异特征与机制

零售业业态空间分异识别对优化城市资源配置至关重要,基于高精度大样本数据的零售业态空间分布识别较传统研究更精确便捷。以广州市2014年47 026个零售业网点数据为基础,基于信息熵、平均最近邻分析法、核密度估计等研究方法,探讨广州市的零售业分布格局、业态空间分异与零售业结构影响机制。结果表明：1）广州市零售业功能显著集聚于城市核心区,越秀、荔湾与天河北的零售功能发育相对均衡,均衡度从核心向外围显著下降;2）不同业态零售业分异较大,以商业服务和基本生活服务为主的零售业态网点分布的集聚度显著高于大体量的综合类零售业态;3）各业态零售业随着城市圈层的外拓分异显著,大体量型零售业态分布相对均衡,以商服功能为主的零售业态则主要集中于核心层与内圈层;4）人流集聚程度、交通通达性、职住人口分布、地方政策与社会空间分异共同影响着零售业业态空间的形成与演化。     

商圈划分中多元市场域的界定与实证

对商业设施的商圈进行科学识别与划分是分析其商业前景、优化商业空间结构的基础。本研究首先提炼和界定了商圈划分的两种类型、四种市场域方法,分别是基于到访比例的邻近型与份额型市场域、基于出行概率的共享型和首位型市场域,通过比较其优劣发现这四种视角仅能反映商圈的某一特征,无法刻画出商圈空间分布全貌。据此,尝试提出了一种新的复合型市场域模型,并应用手机信令数据,以上海市商业中心为例,对其商圈划分进行了实证检验。研究发现：复合型市场域模型可以综合反映空间距离、客流规模和惠顾概率等要素对商圈的影响,可以弥补单一市场域视角下商圈划分方法的不足。与传统邻近型相比,基于复合市场域模型识别划分的商圈不仅重叠度低,而且其空间分布更加符合实际。     

新零售背景下连锁店区位选择及其空间关联特征

零售活动的空间关系研究是城市地理学研究的一个热点问题.以上海市内环地区的星巴克、COSTA和瑞幸咖啡三家咖啡连锁公司的门店为研究对象,综合运用多种空间统计方法和实地调研分析三者之间的空间关联特征.结果表明:1)无论是传统零售还是新零售模式下的咖啡门店,其空间分布均大致表现出靠近消费市场的空间导向特征;2)星巴克门店的空...     

Spatial morphology of an Australian high street: a century of retail change in Subiaco town centre

ABSTRACT

This paper describes an empirical case study of the Subiaco town centre in Western Australia. The research method employs geospatial mapping of archival and contemporary data sources to explore the town centre's changing spatial structure and high street morphology at the micro-scale over the past century. Once a thriving retail and business centre, Subiaco's (and possibly the state's), premier retail high street destination is now being compromised as the disruptive influence of online retailing gains further traction in the marketplace. Retail disruption provides the paper's conceptual foundation. Agents of disruption include the processes of creative destruction and innovation diffusion, which together with macro-economic factors help to explain the centre's evolution over time and space. The paper examines changes in the town centre's morphological character including residential gentrification, a growing dominance of fast food outlets, an overabundance of comparison stores and a more gendered offering in retail and personal services establishments. The paper also refers to the potential of the town centre to regain its past residential status as a means of fostering economic growth and renewal and suggests that this will only be achieved with radical intervention at the policy and planning level.     

上海市区商业中心的等级体系及其变迁特征

改革开放促进了上海商业的发展和商业空间结构的演变。文章以上海市区内的30余个商业中心为研究对象,认为上海市区商业中心的变迁具有以下特征：商业中心的整体职能有所提高,等级差异有所缩小,在空间上商业中心的集聚与扩散、衰落与兴起并存。最后,就商业中心的建设提出3项建议。     

Spatial Pattern and Order in Sunbelt Retailing: Shopping in Phoenix in the Twenty-First Century

Understanding the complexity of store location in sprawling polycentric cities requires exploitation of new spatial analysis methods that can decipher patterns in georeferenced point data. This article shows how the intrametropolitan location of retailing is best understood as a series of interconnected spatial distributions with varying order-based characteristics. A scattered pattern, which initially appears random or chaotic, is a web of differentiated spatial regimes containing wide-ranging order. A variety of clustering and colocation methods are used to uncover spatial patterns of retailing in Phoenix, Arizona. The analysis simultaneously identifies establishment associations and disassociations within and across sectors. Results show that clothing and motor vehicles are the most likely to cluster next to establishments in the same sector. These sectors also have strong intersectoral relationships across retailing. We find limited evidence that the size of establishments significantly increases with distance from sectoral mean centers. Geospatial technologies are increasingly used by individual retailers to locate and manage their facilities. It is important that scholarly analysis of retailing spatial patterns keeps pace, especially as cities grow and land use and land value patterns become more complex.     

Foreign Hypermarket Retailers in China: Spatial Penetration,Local Embeddedness,and Structural Paradox

As the world economy shifts towards services, transnational corporations (TNCs) in the service sector have accelerated their expansion in emerging economies. This paper examines the development and embeddedness of foreign hypermarket retailers in China. It also analyzes the spatial penetration patterns of retail TNCs, the impacts of home and host economies on their local embeddedness, and how they resolve the structural paradox between enforcing standardization and conducting localization. The expansion of retail TNCs has been influenced by the gradual liberalization policies of the Chinese government. Spatially, they expanded in two directions: from the eastern costal region to the central and western hinterland, and along China's urban hierarchy from larger cities to smaller cities. While home economies greatly influenced their initial strategies, foreign hypermarket retailers are constantly adjusting to better embed in the Chinese market and to more effectively resolve the structural paradox.     

JUVENILE GUN CRIME AND SOCIAL STRESS: BALTIMORE, 1980–1990

Violence, particularly among minority youths, is a perennial social problem widely regarded as synonymous with the inner city. This analysis examines 2, 639 juvenile gun crimes reported to the police in an 11-year period, 1980-1990, in Baltimore, Maryland. Attention focuses on patterns of selected categories of gun crimes and their relationship to a generalized areal measure of social stress. Salient findings were temporal persistence of pattern; close spatial relationship between gun crimes and (predominantly African-American) census tracts at or above the 8th decile in terms of a social stress index; the territorial nature of gun crimes; and a “frontier” effect with respect to gun crimes with black offenders and white victims. Applications of this analysis to violence prevention are discussed.     

大型跨国零售企业进军中国的市场分析

CEPA和WTO框架的全面实施，对我国零售业将产生巨大影响．本文以进入中国市场的大型跨国企业为研究对象，分析其业态特征、进入中国市场的条件及其对中国零售业的挑战。文中以销品茂和大卖场为重点，探讨其准入现状、准入环境、规模经济优势和技术优势。论文最后就在竞争中学会竞争，提高中国零售企业的国际竞争力提出自己的见解。     

North American Cartographic Information Society

Multivariate classifications of intra-urban retailing centers have been based almost exclusively on functional variables. This paper advocates, by using a case study, the application of standard multivariate techniques to non-functional and mixed-variable data sets, a procedure that has implications for parsimonious field inventories at a time of accelerated commercial change.     

PARSIMONIOUS MULTIVARIATE CLASSIFICATIONS OF URBAN RETAILING SYSTEMS

Multivariate classifications of intra-urban retailing centers have been based almost exclusively on functional variables. This paper advocates, by using a case study, the application of standard multivariate techniques to non-functional and mixed-variable data sets, a procedure that has implications for parsimonious field inventories at a time of accelerated commercial change.     

Gentrification in Porto: floating city users and internationally-driven urban change

The heightening scale of urban tourism and the fast-growing number of “floating” city users raise new challenges to understand contemporary urban change – namely for internationally open, heritage-rich medium-sized cities. Discussing the case of Porto at a time when the contested notion of gentrification infuses local politics, we highlight the transnational drivers of this process in Portugal´s second city. While acknowledging perils and benefits, we argue that more than simply leaving a footprint to be solved with taxation, internationally-driven gentrification may endanger city diversity and identity, raising implications for urban policy and for our understanding of local development as a whole.     

Taming a “chaotic concept”: gentrification and segmented consumption in Brooklyn, 2002–2012

Public debate and prior scholarship tend to emphasize the link between gentrification and high-end chain retail, underscoring the importance of taste cultures tied to social class in making sense of gentrification’s impact on neighborhood identity. In this study, we present evidence from 10 years of change in the businesses of Brooklyn, New York City, a period of extensive gentrification across a wide variety of neighborhood and census-tract level contexts. Adopting census tracts clustered in neighborhoods as the units of analysis, we model the effects of institutional and demographic change on two separate outcomes: chain retail density and homogeneity in the types of goods and services available. We argue that changes in consumer culture embedded in broader processes of gentrification are neither “chaotic” nor “unitary” but are “segmented” according to local spatial and demographic context, taking two discrete forms: institutionally facilitated corporatization; lifestyle-driven homogenization.     

The Multifunctionality of Country Stores: Insights on Resilience from Rural Vermont

A multifunctionality analysis of built environments within rural landscapes can deepen understanding of how contemporary rural places function. There is an urgent need for this knowledge as small towns in the United States lose socio‐economic infrastructure resulting from restructuring, demographic change, and the centralization of services. This qualitative and exploratory study of country stores in rural Vermont finds that stores operate as key socio‐spatial nodes within broader geographic networks. Analysis of the goods, functions, and services stores furnish reveals the reflexive relationships stores have with the physical and cultural geographies of their regions. In moments of community crisis and under certain conditions, stores exhibit hyper‐functionality. Built environments and their socio‐spatial roles in multifunctional landscapes should be included in analyses of rural community resilience.     

The role of resistance in a retail production network: Protests against supermarkets in India

In many developing economies, a partial or full liberalization of the retail trade has encouraged the establishment of supermarkets. This innovation and the consequent shifts in market share can evoke protest from a spectrum of traditional and small‐scale retailers, wholesalers, farmers and market workers whose organized resistance can influence the investment policies and decisions of governments and corporations. Yet, so far, resistance is rarely considered in global production networks analysis. The paper uses the case of the ongoing resistance and protest against the entry of modern supermarket operations in cities in India to show how such resistance and protest groups have influenced retail investors and public opinion, and gained collective power. In the Indian democracy, these mobilizations have developed a strong enough political influence in certain geographic regions to curtail the operations of transnational corporations and induce shifts in corporate expansion strategies.     

长春市零售商业空间分布特征及形成机理

以长春市中心城区大型零售商业网点的调研数据为基础,运用空间密度分析、最近邻距离分析及区位熵分析等研究方法,探讨长春市零售商业空间分布特征及其形成机理。研究结果表明：① 长春市零售商业网点的空间分布整体呈现单中心集聚与多中心分散特征,商业业态空间分化逐渐显现,不同业态空间分布特征差异性较大;② 零售商业网点规模容量呈现老城区小规模密集分布,外围开发区大规模离散分布特征,且商业网点的规模容量等级结构较为合理;③ 不同区块的零售行业特征存在较大差异,成熟区块表现出多行业、多功能复合特征,发展中区块单一功能特征较为明显;④ 商业业态演进及其内在特性选择、居民消费结构与行为因素影响、集聚经济效应驱动及公共政策的宏观调控共同影响零售商业空间格局的形成与发展。     

CHANGING SUBURBAN RETAIL PATTERNS IN METROPOLITAN LOS ANGELES*

Competition among California communities for retail sales tax revenues has increased since the imposition of property tax limitations in the late 1970s. Suburban adoption of redevelopment and other economic planning practices is altering the spatial pattern of retailing in suburban Los Angeles. In the inner suburbs, economic planning contributes to increased spatial concentration of retailing. In the outer suburbs, local economic planning in predominantly residential suburbs has helped reduce the spatial concentration of retailing.     

The Geographic Exposure to Lifestyles by U.S. Retail Chains

Fifty retail chains with more than 70,000 U.S. store locations were placed into a cluster analysis to group together similar chains based on lifestyle segmentation composition of store trade areas. Five distinct cluster groups emerged. The objective was to analyze whether the geographic exposure to various lifestyles is aligned with the value platform of each retailer. Competitors were also analyzed along the lines of group membership. Although not all competitors were in the same groups, category killers generally located near higher income segments, whereas value retailers and chains that feature off-price merchandise generally located near customers with more modest incomes.