覆砂年限对砂田砂层质量、土壤水热状况及西瓜生长的影响

为探明砂田土壤水、热状况乃至西瓜生长发育随覆砂年限的变化趋势,为提高中、老砂田的生产效率提供理论依据,本试验选取了5～40年砂田为研究对象,对其砂层含土量、砂层厚度、土壤水热效应及西瓜生长发育进行了研究。结果表明:铺砂年限每增加一年,砂层含土量平均增加0.6%左右,砂层厚度减少0.12 cm左右;西瓜生育期内,10、15、20、30、40年砂田较5年砂田0～20 cm土层积温分别降低了47.68、117.28、122.49、206.56、320.06 ℃;1 m土层内土壤贮水量分别下降了11.74、33.15、39.31、51.99、57.3 mm,表现出新砂田与中砂田较老砂田的增温、保墒效果均随着土层的加深递减,且该趋势在西瓜生育前期较强,中后期逐渐减弱。西瓜生育期随着铺砂年限的延长而延长,土壤水、热状况及西瓜产量、品质、水分利用效率均随着种植年限的延长而逐渐降低,以30年砂田为对照,5、10、15、20年砂田西瓜产量分别增加了170.91%、85.06%、58.76%、46.83%;西瓜含糖量分别提高了1.7%、1.6%、1.3%和0.8%;水分利用效率分别提高了83.48%、35.18%、35.35%和31.50%。     

Loving Water,Resenting Regulation: Sense of Place and Water Management in the Willamette Watershed

Although the Pacific Northwest is often associated with abundant water and images of wide, salmon-filled rivers, water-related conflicts throughout the region are not uncommon as adequate supplies fall short of increasing demand. This article investigates water stakeholders’ perceptions of local waters and their water-related behaviors within the Willamette watershed of western Oregon. I conducted 25 interviews with key users of the Willamette watershed's water supply. My analyses of these data suggest that stakeholders perceive water as a scarce resource. In addition, the participants indicated strong attachments to local water bodies but demonstrated little incentive in making personal sacrifices to safeguard these “scarce” water supplies. Given that equitable water distribution is a present and growing concern, this case study contributes to a body of knowledge that legitimizes direct experience in shaping resource management, as well as illuminates the complicated relationship between place attachment and environmental behaviors.     

新疆阿勒泰地区2002-2011年地表水资源变化趋势

在RS技术支持下,应用气象数据（主要为气温、降水）、基础地理数据及2002-2011年时间序列的Landsat TM、ETM+、MODIS/Terra+Aqua MCD43A4遥感影像产品,对阿勒泰地区地表水资源时空变化特征进行了分析,探索气象因素影响下阿尔泰山冰川积雪和地表水资源之间的相互作用。结果表明：在研究时段内,阿尔泰山6月2日的冰川积雪面积呈波动增加趋势,8月21日的冰川积雪面积则呈波动减少趋势。从景观格局的特征来看,随着夏季冰雪融水量增加,水资源量总体呈上升趋势,在研究时段内水域总面积增加了57.91 km²,增加面积主要来源于湖泊和水库,2011年的湖泊和水库面积分别为1 044.33 km²和196.27 km²,比2002年分别增加了16.67 km²和101.79 km²;沼泽湿地和坑塘湿地的面积变化呈一定的起伏,2002-2011年间面积分别减少了35.91 km²和24.27 km²,湖泊和水库的破碎度较低,沼泽湿地、河流和坑塘湿地的破碎度高,表明沼泽湿地、河流和坑塘湿地对气象因素变化较敏感。     

Summer Water Balance Characteristics of Koryto Glacier, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia

The daily water balance for the drainage basin of Koryto Glacier, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, was calculated during the period from August to September 2000. The result shows that 14×10⁶ m³ of meltwater and 2×10⁶ m³ of rainwater entered the basin, while 26×10⁶ m³ of water drained from the basin through proglacial streams. Thus, about ?9×10⁶ m³ of water storage reduction occurred in the basin. Vertical displacements of the glacier surface showed that the volume change due to contraction of subglacial cavities was nearly 20% of the total storage change. The remaining fraction of water storage during the period is thought to be stored in englacial and supraglacial locations. The estimate of water balance components in the early ablation season in 2000 indicates that meltwater was already stored within the glacier before the spring, even during the previous year, and that the stored water drained through the ablation season.     

张掖市社会经济系统水循环过程研究与水量估算

 采用投入产出分析方法,估算了张掖市各部门产品中的虚拟水含量; 基于对各产品转化和流动的跟踪,系统研究了本地实体水资源与外地流入虚拟水资源在张掖市社会经济系统各环节中的流动与转化过程。结果表明,种植业部门的实体水转化与虚拟水流动构成了张掖市社会经济系统水循环的主体,外地流入的虚拟水量较少,且主要集中于水资源稀疏型产品; 经济生产对种植业产品较低的消耗水平导致了大量虚拟水的流出。认为增强种植业产品在社会经济系统中的循环强度是张掖市降低水资源流失以及提高水资源利用效率的有效手段。     

Residential Tourism,Swimming Pools,and Water Demand in the Western Mediterranean

Many Mediterranean areas have recently witnessed a proliferation of new urban and tourist-related features following low-density residential patterns that contrast with the traditional high-density urban typologies of Mediterranean cities. The aim of this research is to investigate the links between residential tourism and water consumption through swimming pools, which constitute one key element of the new urban landscapes in the coast of Alicante (southeastern Spain). We have digitized pools in nine municipalities of coastal Alicante and calculated the average depth and estimated water losses due to evaporation. Results show that swimming pools are widely available in tourist residential enclaves but that they tend to display different characteristics according to factors such as the history of the urbanization process and relative wealth of the different areas. We have detected a clear contrast between the large individual pools of the richer northern municipalities and the smaller individual pools and community pools in the newly developed but less well-off urban enclaves of the southern coast.     

甘肃省武威市大气降水特征及水汽来源

对2013年4月至2014年7月甘肃省武威市降水事件中常量离子进行测定,运用相关分析、富集因子分析、因子分析和HYSPLIT后向轨迹分析对常量离子的化学特征进行分析。结果表明：武威市降水pH值的变化范围为6.69～8.84,加权平均降水pH值为7.56;降水电导率的分布范围为33.9～1 011 μS·cm^-1,加权平均降水电导率为191.07 μS·cm^-1;降水中离子浓度SO₄^2- > Ca²⁺ > NO₃^- > Na⁺ > Cl^- > K⁺ > Mg²⁺ > NH₄⁺ > F^-。SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺、NO₃^-、Cl^-和Na⁺浓度占总离子浓度的92.14%;阴阳离子浓度随季节变化均表现出显著的波动,Na⁺、Ca²⁺、NH₄⁺均在春季出现最大值,K⁺、Mg²⁺、F^-、Cl^-、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-均在冬季出现最大值。人类活动产生的污染对武威市降水离子浓度有很大影响,特别是工农业生产以及人类活动排放SO₂、NO_x以及氯化物等污染物。据水汽通量、流线分布和后向轨迹将武威市的降水划分为西风源降水和混合源降水（受季风和西风共同影响）。     

西南喀斯特山区三水转化与水资源过程及合理利用

中国西南喀斯特山区由于地质背景和地貌结构的特殊性,致使三水转化与水资源形成过程不同于非喀斯特山区。文章探讨该区三水转化机理、水资源补给方式和形成过程,得出喀斯特流域对于相同或相似降雨过程的响应,不同的流域结构决定了补给方式、三水转化、径流调蓄和输移特征。提出喀斯特山区水资源合理利用模式应按照因地制宜、因土制宜、因水制宜及因需制宜原则,采用以小微型为主的水资源开发利用模式,实施分散拦蓄、分散供水,以化整为零方式解决喀斯特山区的整体性干旱缺水。     

The Residual Water Flow through the Solent, South England

Summary. A reduced equation of motion is used to compute the residual velocity and the residual transport through the West Solent from the water levels recorded over an eight-month period at tide gauges at either end of the channel. A coefficient of bottom friction of 5·0 × 10⁻³ is assumed. There was a spring-neap variation and a significant correlation of fluctuations in the residual velocity with meteorological conditions. Westward residual velocities occurred at spring tides with low barometric pressure and south-westerly winds. Eastward residual velocities occurred at neap tides with high pressure and north-easterly winds. Because of the progressive nature of the tidal wave the long term residual transport appeared to be towards the west and the flushing time for the Solent system was long for considerable periods. The maximum velocities experienced during a tidal cycle half way along the channel are towards the west with a probability of values exceeding 160 cm s⁻¹ for 10 min in 5·4 days.     

青海湖湖水的蒸发实验研究

青海湖位于青藏高原的东北部，是一个典型的大陆微咸水湖．该湖湖水的水化学类型属硫酸钠亚型．其盐度为１４．２３‰，在化学组成上与海水有着明显的差别．该湖水为ＣａＣＯ３所饱和，正在析出文石．为了查明该湖湖水的化学演化趋势、折盐序列和各种盐类析出的条件，１９９０年我们在该湖南岸采集了大量湖水样品，进行了蒸发和蒸发－冷冻－蒸发实验．其蒸发实验结果表明：随着湖水浓缩首先析出水菱镁矿，随后逐步析出石盐、无水芒硝、白钠镁矾、软钾镁矾、泻利盐、钾石盐和光卤石．其蒸发－冷冻－蒸发实验也首先拆出水菱镁矿，其后逐步析出芒硝、三水菱镁矿、石盐、泻利盐、光卤石和水氯镁石．这些实验的最终母液在室内保存了１－２个月，均有硼酸盐析出．上述实验所获得的折盐顺序和结晶途径不仅阐明了青海湖湖水的化学演化趋势，同时也阐明了青藏高原盐湖和我国东部第三纪古湖盆形成与演化过程，以及其各种盐类析出的条件．     

Water policy,trust and governance in the Murray-Darling Basin

Concerns for river health in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) area and shifting priorities for water use have led to a significant process of water reform over the last decade. The MDB area, also known as the food bowl of Australia, produces much of the country's food and is home to a significant portion of the population. A long-term drought, historical over-allocation of water for irrigation and climate variability have led to mounting concerns about the long-term viability of the rivers. While the reform process has resulted in the Commonwealth government taking control of the rivers from the States, it has also been influenced by changes in governments and consequent shifts in water allocation priorities from a privileging of agriculture to a broader approach encompassing economic, environmental and social concerns. This had led to uncertainty for the people and communities in the Basin and some confusion between the various layers of governance structures. This paper presents the results of exploratory research conducted with key, high-level stakeholders involved in water reform to examine their perceptions of the evolving water policy process. Despite agreement amongst stakeholders that returning water to the environment to ensure river health is critical, our research reveals significant tensions between stakeholders concerning the evolving process, particularly centred on the potential social outcomes and fairness and equity. This suggests the need for more integrated and transparent governance structures, attention to levels of trust between partners and a common vision that incorporates environmental, economic and social goals.     

四川九寨沟水循环系统的同位素示踪

运用天然水的同位素示踪技术追溯四川九寨沟水的来源及运移过程,研究九寨沟水循环系统,即大气降水、地表水和地下水的动态转换关系。揭示不同水体的补排关系和不同水文地 质单元之间的水力联系,可用于保护及合理开发这里自然景观资源。     

Exploitation,Utilization Status,and Development Prospects of Water Resources in Ningbo City

Water resources insufficiency is one of the bottlenecks that restrict sustainable socio-economic development in Ningbo city. Good handling of the relationship between water resources utilization and development is of great significance for the realization of continuous economic growth and sustainable socio-economic development. This study systematically evaluated water resources utilization with respect to water supply and demand. Water resources development and utilization prospects and regional differences were then assessed at multiple scales, at both county/district and city level in Ningbo city, using the water resources carrying index. Results showed that: (1) The volume of water resources supply and consumption gradually rose each year, with surface water as the primary source and groundwater as the secondary source. Regarding consumption, industrial water consumption was the primary element, and domestic and environmental water consumption were the secondary elements. Even though the use of water resources for irrigation, secondary and, tertiary industry were becoming more efficient, comprehensive per capita water consumption was gradually increasing. (2) The water resources carrying index for Ningbo city fluctuated in the range of 4.51-23.35 during 2001-2015; the degree of water resource utilization and potential exploitation evaluation of water resources were not stable. The average value of the water resources carrying index was 11.68; the degree of utilization of water resources was very high, and the introduction of water from external water bodies was necessary, to the extent external source were available. (3) Future water resources exploitation will be quite difficult in Ningbo city, especially in Cixi county, Ningbo municipal district and Yuyao county. So the introduction of external water as a supplemental source will be required.     

水资源可持续发展的概念、内涵及指标体系

根据可持续发展理论,结合我国水资源的特点,界定了水资源开发利用可持续发展的概念与内涵。建立了其评价指标体系,最后就实现我国水资源可持续发展问题提出了几点建议。     

北京市通州区水资源综合承载力

目前,通州区已被定为北京市的新的发展中心,但水资源短缺和污染已经严重限制了当地的可持续发展。本文以可持续发展为原则,基于"自然—社会"水循环,提出了通州区水资源综合承载力量化模型。根据通州区的未来发展规划,设计了3种情景来提高该地区的水资源综合承载力。研究表明水资源短缺严重制约了通州区的城市化进程和可持续发展,外调水、本地区节水和控制污染是解决通州区水资源短缺的有效途径。     

Spatial Variations of Single-Family Residential Water Consumption in Portland,Oregon

Although water demand theories identify price structures, technology, and individual behavior as determinants of water demand, limited theoretical or empirical evidence suggests a link between urban development patterns and water use. To assess the role of urban development patterns on water demand, we used GIS and statistical models to analyze single-family residential water consumption in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area. Our results show that residential water consumption per household at the census block group scale is best explained by average building size, followed by building density and building age, with low water consumption areas clustering together and typically located in high-density and older neighborhoods. Accounting for spatial dependence among residuals, explanatory variables explain up to 87% of variations in water consumption. Our results help to develop a water demand framework that incorporates existing factors with urban development policies to more effectively manage limited water and land resources.     

兰州秦王川灌区水资源配置分析

水资源是干旱区社会经济发展的重要支撑。通过对秦王川区内、区际科学、合理配置水资源措施和手段的分析,以达到使水资源流向合理、流量优化,最大发挥其价值的目的,从而为确保秦王川经济社会的可持续发展奠定了良好的基础。