Theory of Basin Scale Dynamics of a Stratified Rotating Fluid

The dynamics of a stratified fluid contained in a rotating rectangular box is described in terms of the evolution of the lowest moments of its density and momentum fields. The first moment of the density field also gives the position of the fluids centre-of-mass. The resulting low-order model allows for fast assessment both of adopted parameterisations, as well as of particular values of parameters. In the ideal fluid limit (neglect of viscous and diffusive effects), in the absence of wind, the equations have a Hamiltonian structure that is integrable (non-integrable) in the absence (presence) of differential heating. In a non-rotating convective regime, dynamically rich behaviour and strong dependence on the single (lumped) parameter are established. For small values of this parameter, in a self-similar regime, further reduction to an explicit map is discussed in an Appendix. Introducing rotation in a nearly geostrophic regime leads through a Hopf bifurcation to a limit cycle, and under the influence of wind and salt to multiple equilibria and chaos, respectively.     

煤矿采空区的地震动力响应及其对地表的影响

为了研究煤矿采空区的地震动力响应及其对地表的影响规律,基于工程结构波动理论,从地震的加速度和位移变化角度,对煤矿采空区的地震动力响应及其对地表的影响进行系统的定量分析;得出了煤矿采空区地震波的变化。根据结构动力学理论,建立煤矿采空区岩层的动力学方程,利用有限元软件定量地研究了在不同工况下煤矿采空区场地在地震作用下的响应规律,得出如下结论:煤矿采空区的存在降低了地表的位移和加速度峰值,明显改变了场地地表的动力反应特性。岩土介质的松散度和破碎度得到增加,降低了地表的地震动力响应。     

定襄泉水氡正常和异常动态特征及其相互关系的研究

系统分析了定襄泉水氡的正常与异常的动态变化。 定襄水氡具有“正弓型”年变化; 依据其主要的影响因素, 一个水文年内可分出气温影响期和降水-径流影响期; 水氡还有季节性短期变化和多年周期变化。 采用“改进从属函数法”, 其定襄水氡异常与华北多次强震有明显对应关系; 前兆异常变化具有破年变、 相关关系改变及多年周期性等特点, 可作为震兆性质的动态判断标志; 正常与异常动态有着相同与不同点, 表明两者间具有一定的成因联系。     

Surface roughness length dynamic over several different surfaces and its effects on modeling fluxes

Roughness length and zero-plane displacement over three typical surfaces were calculated iteratively by least-square method, which are Yucheng Experimental Station for agriculture surfaces, Qianyanzhou Experimental Station for complex and undulant surfaces, and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station for forest surfaces. On the basis of roughness length dynamic, the effects of roughness length dynamic on fluxes were analyzed with SEBS model. The results indicate that, aerodynamic roughness length changes with vegetation conditions (such as vegetation height, LAI), wind speed, friction velocity and some other factors. In Yucheng and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station, aerodynamic roughness length over the fetch of flux tower changes with vegetation height and LAI obviously, that is, with the increase of LAI, roughness length increases to the peak value firstly, and then decreases. In Qianyanzhou Experimental Station, LAI changes slightly, so the relationship between roughness length and LAI is not obvious. The aerodynamic roughness length of Yucheng and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station changes slightly with wind direction, while aerodynamic roughness length of Qianyanzhou Experimental Station changes obviously with wind direction. The reason for that is the terrain in Yucheng and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station is relatively flat, while in Qianyanzhou Experimental Station the terrain is very undulant and heterogeneous. With the increase of wind speed, aerodynamic roughness length of Yucheng Experimental Station changes slightly, while it decreases obviously in Qianyanzhou Experimental Station and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station. Roughness length dynamic takes great effects on fluxes calculation, and the effects are analyzed by SEBS model. By comparing 1 day averaged roughness length in Yucheng Experimental Station and 5 day averaged roughness length of Qianyanzhou and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station with roughness length parameter chosen by the model, the effects of roughness length dynamic on flux calculation is analyzed. The maximum effect of roughness length dynamic on sensible heat flux is 2.726%, 33.802% and 18.105%, in Yucheng, Qianyanzhou, and Changbai Mountains experimental stations, respectively.     

沂沭带形变、重磁场时空变化特征与地震活动

综合利用流动水准和流动重磁复测资料,分析沂沭断裂带上地壳形变场和地球物理场的时空强变化特征,揭示沂沭断裂带活动特征是以鲁中隆起的继承性活动为主,沂沭带北端的双山-李家庄断裂两盘的垂直形变受区域断裂控制并与区域地震活动有关,与1983年荷泽地震和1995年苍山地震有较好对应关系;沂水附近地磁场有“窗口效应”,尤其与南黄海地震活动及沂沐断裂带上的小震活动有关。     

天津地区土动力学参数变异性对地表地震动参数的影响

收集天津地区十多年来的83份地震安全性评价报告,统计202个钻孔的1 650组动三轴数据,分别给出不同种类土在不同区间深度下的统计代表值及其标准差。以某典型Ⅲ类场地为例,用等效线性化方法进行多种地震动强度及相位输入下的水平成层场地地震反应分析计算,详细研究该地区覆盖土层动剪模量比和阻尼比变异性对地表峰值加速度及其反应谱的影响。结果表明:场地地表峰值加速度和反应谱随土动剪切模量比增大或减小而增大或减小,随土动阻尼比增大或减小而减小或增大;在大震输入条件下,地表峰值加速度和地表反应谱的中、高频段随土动剪切模量比减小而减小的变化尤为明显,动阻尼比变化也有一定影响,但不如土动剪切模量比减小变化时影响明显;在中震、小震地震动输入条件下,场地土的动剪模量比和阻尼比变异性对地表峰值加速度和反应谱影响并不显著。     

Using postglacial sea level, crustal velocities and gravity-rate-of-change to constrain the influence of thermal effects on mantle lateral heterogeneities

Lateral heterogeneities in the mantle can be caused by thermal, chemical and non-isotropic pre-stress effects. Here, we investigate the possibility of using observations of the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) process to constrain the thermal contribution to lateral variations in mantle viscosity. In particular, global historic relative sea level, GPS in Laurentide and Fennoscandia, altimetry together with tide-gauge data in the Great Lakes area, and GRACE data in Laurentide are used. The lateral viscosity perturbations are inferred from the seismic tomography model S20A by inserting the scaling factor β to determine the contribution of thermal effects versus compositional heterogeneity and non-isotropic pre-stress effects on lateral heterogeneity in mantle viscosity. When β = 1, lateral velocity variations are caused by thermal effects alone. With β < 1, the contribution of thermal effect decreases, so that for β = 0, there is no lateral viscosity variation and the Earth is laterally homogeneous. These lateral viscosity variations are superposed on four different reference models which differ significantly in the lower mantle viscosity. The Coupled Laplace Finite Element method is used to predict the GIA response on a spherical, self-gravitating, compressible, viscoelastic Earth with self-gravitating oceans, induced by the ICE-4G deglaciation model.Results show that the effect of β on uplift rates and gravity rate-of-change is not simple and involves the trade-off between the contribution of lateral viscosity variations in the transition zone and in the lower mantle. Models with small viscosity contrast in the lower mantle cannot explain the observed uplift rates in Laurentide and Fennoscandia. However, the RF3S20 model with a reference viscosity profile simplified from Peltier's VM2 with the value of β around 0.2–0.4 is found to explain most of the global RSL data, the uplift rates in Laurentide and Fennoscandia and the BIFROST horizontal velocity data. In addition, the changes in GIA signals caused by changes in the value of β are large enough to be detected by the data, although uncertainty in other parameters in the GIA models still exists. This may encourage us to further utilize GIA observations to constrain the thermal effect on mantle lateral heterogeneity as geodetic and satellite gravity measurements are improved.     

同球向双球面减隔震支座关键部件力学参数影响因素分析

以同球向双球面减隔震支座中的剪力销与减震榫耗能器为研究对象,针对减隔震支座剪力销和减震榫力学参数的影响因素及其规律进行研究。通过反应谱分析和有限元数值模拟的方法讨论了墩高和场地类型变化对剪力销剪断力的影响和减震榫几何参数对减震榫力学性能的影响,同时分析了减震榫在屈服荷载和极限荷载作用下的应力应变分布情况。结果表明,支座剪力销剪断力受墩高和场地条件的影响较大,不能简单地取支座竖向力与某一百分数的乘积设置剪力销的剪断力;减震榫的力学性能主要受d₀、L₁和L3个几何参数控制,本文给出的几何参数对减震榫力学性能的影响规律为减震榫力学参数的初步设置提供了参考。     

综合数据分析青藏高原东北缘六盘山地区构造形变及其构造成因独特性探讨

青藏高原边缘是研究青藏高原构造生长的重要场所.然而,青臧高原各边界却呈现出不同的地貌形态响应.尤其是青藏高原东北缘的六盘山地区,与青藏高原东缘相比,它与邻近稳定鄂尔多斯地台之间表现出了截然不同的地形变化.青藏高原东边界所对应的龙门山构造带呈现出高陡的地貌形态：在100 km范围内,海拔高程从四川盆地的500 m陡升至临近的龙门山构造带的3500 m.而青藏高原东北边界所对应的六盘山构造带则与邻近的鄂尔多斯盆地表现为宽缓的地形变化.之前由于缺少高精度的数据资料,对造成这一地表形态差异所对应的地壳结构缺少必要的了解.在本次研究中,将着重利用前期在青藏高原东北缘六盘山地区所获得的165 km长高分辨率深反射地震数据,并结合在此区域所获得的航磁数据资料进行该地区地壳结构的综合解释,得出青藏高原东北缘—鄂尔多斯地块构造转换带的地壳结构变形模型.研究表明六盘山地区主要物质组成为构造增生楔,其两侧分别存在陇西火山岛弧和鄂尔多斯结晶基底.高原生长所产生的构造应力并不能使相对松散的构造增生楔无限制的抬高而是容易发生重力坍塌,从而造成六盘山地区比较宽缓的地形结构.同时本文还将此地壳结构研究结果与前人在青藏高原东缘所获得的地壳结构及变形机制进行对比分析,探讨这两个地区的构造变形模式,并找出两个地区的构造变形共性和差异.研究结果也将为了解青藏高原侧向构造生长过程提供理论和数据支持.

     

A preliminary study on vegetation-erosion dynamics and its applications

The development of vegetation in mountainous and hilly areas depends on the local climate, precipitation, soil texture, parent material, topography, soil erosion, types of land use and human activities. Among them, soil erosion is an important natural factor and impacts the vegetation development directly and indirectly, changing the morphology and even changing the cli-mate. An erosion-induced efflux of carbon is about 1.14 billion tons per year totally from soil to the at-mosphere, which gen…     

Transient dynamic response of fluid-saturated soil under a moving cyclic loading

Based on the Theory of Porous Media (TPM), a mathematical model of a two-dimensional incompressible fluid-saturated elastic soil is established, and the periodic boundary conditions are presented to analyze the transient dynamic response of this soil under a moving cyclic loading. The differential quadrature method (DQM) and the second-order backward difference scheme are applied to discretize the governing equations on the spatial and temporal domains, respectively. As application, a typical two-dimensional wave-induced transient problem with a seabed of finite thickness is analyzed, and the numerical results are compared with the analytical results presented in the present work. In addition, a transient dynamic response of fluid-saturated soil under limit moving vehicle loadings is studied. The effects of the velocity of vehicle and the volume fraction on the settlement and the pore water pressure are studied.     

基于表层岩土渗透对三峡井网井水位降雨影响的精准分析

为研究三峡井网表层岩土渗透对井水位降雨的影响,采取井区表层岩土垂向渗透性测试方法试验,测得表层岩土垂向渗透性,并建立数学模型,用于降雨渗入补给分析。在此模型基础上,通过三峡井网8口井水位、气象三要素的对比观测资料对井水位日动态、月动态、年动态的影响进行精准分析与验证。结果表明:这种影响的特征是相当复杂的,同一个降雨过程在不同井上产生的影响特征不同,这一方面可能与各井的水文地质条件不同有关,另一方面可能还与各井点的降雨过程的差异也有关。     

The effect of tides and storms on the sediment transport across a Dutch barrier island

Under natural conditions, barrier islands might grow vertically and migrate onshore under the influence of long‐term sea level rise. Sediment is transported onshore during storm‐induced overwash and inundation. However, on many Dutch Wadden Islands, dune openings are closed off by artificial sand‐drift dikes that prevent the influx of sediment during storms. It has been argued that creating openings in the dune row to allow regular flooding on barrier islands can have a positive effect on the sediment budget, but the dominant hydrodynamic processes and their influence on sediment transport during overwash and inundation are unknown. Here, we present an XBeach model study to investigate how sediment transport during overwash and inundation across the beach of a typical mesotidal Wadden Sea barrier island is influenced by wave, tide and storm surge conditions. Firstly, we validated the model XBeach with field data on waves and currents during island inundation. In general, the XBeach model performed well. Secondly, we studied the long‐term sediment transport across the barrier island. We distinguished six representative inundation classes, ranging from frequently occurring, low‐energy events to infrequent, high‐energy events, and simulated the hydrodynamics and sediment transport during these events. An analysis of the model simulations shows that larger storm events cause larger cross‐shore sediment transport, but the net sediment exchange during a storm levels off or even becomes smaller for the largest inundation classes because it is counteracted by larger mean water levels in the Wadden Sea that oppose or even reverse sediment transport during inundation. When taking into account the frequency of occurrence of storms we conclude that the cumulative effect of relatively mild storms on long‐term cross‐shore sediment transport is much larger than that of the large storm events. © 2017 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

地磁场子夜均值逐日动态演化特征及与汶川大地震关系研究

利用我国地磁台网每天的“子夜均值”资料,应用高性能计算技术,建立中国地磁场动态演化模式,研究汶川5．12地震前后中国地磁异常场逐日演化特征。结果表明：地震前后地磁异常场变化特性较明显,在时间上有显著的阶段性特征,这可能反映了地震不同孕育阶段的特征。     

基于耦合场分割算法的ANSYS二次开发及其应用

耦合场分割算法是当前研究的热点之一。本文首先对比研究了瞬态热传导方程和孔压增长消散方程,提出了一种适用于ANSYS二次开发的分割算法,并对2种不同的预测值计算模式对计算稳定性的影响进行了分析。然后,据之对ANSYS温度—结构耦合场模块进行了开发,形成了岩土工程有效应力计算模块。数值实验表明,这种方法具有较高的计算精度和良好的计算稳定性,并且能够充分利用现有程序资源,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

聊古-井逸出气氦数字化观测资料分析及其映震能力的初步研究

简要介绍了一种新型测氦仪-GWK-201型测氦仪，分析了聊古一井1998年9月1日～1999年11月30日的逸出气氦观测资料。结果表明：该资料的正常动态为近直线型，并且在附近4.0级地震前有显的异常显示，对今后的地震预报探索研究具有一定的参考价值。     

也谈地壳内第二深度空间石油、天然气的形成及勘探前景

在当前国内油气供需紧张的严峻形势下,开展"第二深度空间"的油气勘探"势在必行",也是"当务之急"."第二深度空间"的油气勘探需解决3个问题.一是油气无机成因的地球化学证据.原油、沥青、干酪根的Pb,Sr,Nd同位素示踪、原油中异常高含量的金属微量元素、原油中有机硅化合物的发现等均表明原油可以由无机反应而生成.二是油气无机成因论是可以指导油气勘探的.油气的分布与中地壳的低速、高导层的耦合表明有成因关系,中地壳的低速、高导层是油气的发生器,也是初始储层,据此可以对油气田进行预测.柴达木盆地昆北花岗岩油田的发现是一典型案例.三是"第二深度空间"的油气勘探需要地球物理方法和技术的支撑.目前第4代采集处理新理论、新方法业已提出.地球物理学家已经把深部勘探的新方法、新技术提到议事日程.总之,"第二深度空间"的油气勘探是有理论依据的,是可能的,是可操作的.发现大型、超大型油气田指日可待.     

Correlating measured and simulated dynamic responses of a tall building to long‐distance earthquakes

For almost a decade, a 66‐storey, 280m tall building in Singapore has been instrumented to monitor its dynamic responses to wind and seismic excitations. The dynamic characteristics of the tall building have been investigated via both the finite element method and the experimental modal analysis. The properties of the finite element model have been shown to correlate well with those derived from the data recorded during the ambient vibration tests. During the study period, 21 sets of earthquake ground motions have been recorded at the building site. The basement motions may be divided into three categories based on their predominant frequency components with respect to the building's fundamental frequency. The calibrated three‐dimensional finite element model is employed to simulate the seismic response of the tall building. Correlation analysis of the time histories between the recorded data and the simulated results has been carried out. The correlation analysis results show that the simulated dynamic response time histories match well with those of the recorded dynamic responses at the roof level. The results also show that the simulated maximum response at the roof level is close to the peak response recorded during the earthquakes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of a simple parameterization of convective gravity-wave drag in a stratosphere-troposphere general circulation model and its sensitivity to vertical resolution

Systematic westerly biases in the southern hemisphere wintertime flow and easterly equatorial biases are experienced in the Météo-France climate model. These biases are found to be much reduced when a simple parameterization is introduced to take into account the vertical momentum transfer through the gravity waves excited by deep convection. These waves are quasi-stationary in the frame of reference moving with convection and they propagate vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where they may exert a significant deceleration of the mean flow at levels where dissipation occurs. Sixty-day experiments have been performed from a multiyear simulation with the standard 31 levels for a summer and a winter month, and with a T42 horizontal resolution. The impact of this parameterization on the integration of the model is found to be generally positive, with a significant deceleration in the westerly stratospheric jet and with a reduction of the easterly equatorial bias. The sensitivity of the Météo-France climate model to vertical resolution is also investigated by increasing the number of vertical levels, without moving the top of the model. The vertical resolution is increased up to 41 levels, using two kinds of level distribution. For the first, the increase in vertical resolution concerns especially the troposphere (with 22 levels in the troposphere), and the second treats the whole atmosphere in a homogeneous way (with 15 levels in the troposphere); the standard version of 31 levels has 10 levels in the troposphere. A comparison is made between the dynamical aspects of the simulations. The zonal wind and precipitation are presented and compared for each resolution. A positive impact is found with the finer tropospheric resolution on the precipitation in the mid-latitudes and on the westerly stratospheric jet, but the general impact on the model climate is weak, the physical parameterizations used appear to be mostly independent to the vertical resolution.     

太湖水质的动态变化及影响因子的多元分析

利用１９９１～１９９２年监测资料,分析了太湖梅梁湾和局面西太湖水域水质的动态变化。用主成分分析方法揭示出各因子间的相互关系。结果表明,水质主要因子有明显的时空变化特征,沿南北方向从湾内向湾外,ＴＰ、ＴＮ、ＣＯＤ、Ｃｈｌ－ａ和电导率明显递减,且ＴＰ和ＴＮ含量季节变化,冬季高于夏季,梁溪河口更是如此,Ｃｈｌ－ａ含量与ＴＰ、ＴＮ含量密切相关,其变化基本与水温同步,时间上略后滞。主成分分析说明,ＴＰ、ＴＮ