俄罗斯极地乌拉尔硬玉岩成因矿物学研究

俯冲带是壳-幔物质循环的重要场所,硬玉岩可以记录这一循环过程。文中总结了俄罗斯极地乌拉尔硬玉岩的研究进展。硬玉岩呈脉状或透镜状产在蛇纹石化的方辉橄榄岩中,主要由硬玉和绿辉石组成。根据结构和颜色,硬玉可识别出两个世代。硬玉韵律环带发育,含有H₂O和CH₄流体包裹体,显示从流体中结晶的特征。硬玉岩中的锆石为热液锆石,锆石稀土元素中La_N/Yb_N=0.001~0.01,Lu_N/Gd_N=10~83,Ce/Ce^*=2.8~72,显示正异常,δEu=0.53~1.02,类似于岩浆锆石。锆石的¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf=0.282 708~0.283 017,ε_Hf(t)=+6~+17,类似于N-MORB的Hf同位素组成,锆石δ¹⁸O组成为5.03‰~6.04‰,平均δ¹⁸O为(5.45±0.11)‰,类似于岩浆热液和地幔的氧同位素组成。这可能反映了锆石是被俯冲带流体从途经火成岩中捕获的或者形成锆石的流体与寄主岩(方辉橄榄岩)达到了平衡。硬玉岩稀土元素配分模式近平坦或轻稀土元素略显富集,La_N/Yb_N比值为0.82~2.42,δEu为1.2~1.6,显示正异常,这与寄主岩稀土元素配分模式相似。富集Sr、Ba、Zr、Hf,Nb为负异常,与岛弧岩浆特征类似。(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_t为0.703 400~0.703 519(t=368 Ma),变化较小,与古海水差别明显;ε_Nd(t)值为+0.77~+5.61,变化较大,与寄主岩(方辉橄榄岩)的Nd同位素组成类似,但不同于海水及沉积物的Nd同位素组成,表明硬玉岩的物质来源与寄主岩有明显继承关系,海水与沉积物的贡献不是主要的。矿物学和岩石学证据支持极地乌拉尔的硬玉岩主要是俯冲带流体与橄榄岩相互作用后并在其中结晶的产物。     

Laurite and zircon from the Finero chromitites (Italy): New insights into evolution of the subcontinental mantle

Chromitites enclosed within metasomatised Finero phlogopite peridotite (FPP) contain accessory platinum-group minerals, base metal (BM) sulfides, baddeleyite, zircon, zirconolite, uraninite and thorianite. To provide new insights into mantle-crustal interaction in the Finero lithosphere this study evaluates (1) the mineral chemistry and Os-isotope composition of laurite, (2) the crystal morphology, internal structure, in-situ U-Pb, trace-element and Hf-isotope data of zircon from two chromitite localities at Alpe Polunia and Rio Creves. The osmium isotope results reveal a resticted range of ‘unradiogenic’ ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os values for laurite at Alpe Polunia (0.1247–0.1251, mean 0.1249 ± 0.0001). Re-Os model ages (T_RD) of laurite reflect an Early Paleozoic partial melting event (ca 450 Ma or older), presumably before the Variscan orogeny. The Os isotopic composition of laurite/chromitite probably preserves their mantle signature and was not affected by later metasomatic processes. U-Pb and Hf-isotope data show that the Finero chromitites have distinct zircon populations with peculiar morphology, internal cathodoluminescence textures, trace-element composition and an overall U-Pb age span from ∼310 Ma to 190 Ma. Three age peaks at Rio Creves (220 ± 4 Ma, 234.2 ± 4.5 Ma and 277.5 ± 3.2 Ma) are consistent with a prolonged formation and multistage zircon growth, in contrast to the common assumption of a single metasomatic event during chromitite formation. The trace-element signatures of zircons are comparable with those of mantle-derived zircons from alkaline ultramafic rocks, supporting the carbonatitic nature of the metasomatism. Hf-isotope compositions of the Finero zircons, with εHf values ranging mainly from −3 to +1, are consistent with crustal input during metasomatism and could indicate that the parental melts/fluids were derived from a relatively old source; the minimum estimates for Hf model ages are 0.8–1.0 Ga. Our findings imply that mantle rocks and metasomatic events at Finero have a far more complex geological history than is commonly assumed.     

Refractory chromitites recovered from the Eretria mine,East Othris massif (Greece): Implications for metallogeny and deformation of chromitites within the lithospheric mantle portion of a forearc-type ophiolite

The chrome ores of the abandoned Eretria mine of the East Othris ophiolite occur within a pervasively serpentinized and sheared harzburgite body. They consist of massive chromitites with mylonitic fabric in imbricate shaped pods. Modal analyses of these ores average at about 90–95% chromian spinel (Cr-spinel) and 5–10% secondary silicates. Chromian spinel compositions vary in Cr# [Cr/(Cr + Al) × 100] and Mg# [Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺) × 100] from 44 to 62 and from 59 to 81, respectively. Trace element (Ti, Ni, V, Mn, Zn, Sc, Co and Ga) contents in Cr-spinel do not show significant variations from grain cores to grain boundaries. However, Cr-spinel compositions show depletions in Ti, Zn and Sc when compared to the composition of accessory Cr-spinel from typical mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). Mineral inclusions hosted in Cr-spinel comprise a range of (hydrous and anhydrous) silicate and base metal (BM) minerals occasionally intergrown with phosphate minerals and rare intermetallic compounds. A number of these inclusions have Cr-spinel rims with higher Cr# (63–68) than those of the enclosing Cr-spinel grains.The absence of dunite sheaths around chromitites is interpreted as an artifact of dunite structural obliteration during prolonged ductile shearing within harzburgite. The microtextural characteristics of a number of inclusions in Cr-spinel imply that they were initially fully molten. Furthermore, primary hydrosilicate (amphibole, phlogopite) inclusions in Cr-spinel indicate that chromitites crystallized from a water-bearing melt. Chromian spinel rims around silicate inclusions probably represent early crystals generated from a primitive magma produced by melting of a depleted mantle source.Geochemical calculations demonstrate that the parental melts of chromitites had intermediate affinity between MORB and arc-related magmas. Our preferred hypothesis for the genesis of the Eretria chromitites is that they were formed from a melt originated within the hydrated mantle wedge beneath a nascent forearc basin during subduction initiation.     

煎茶岭硫化镍矿床的铂族元素地球化学特征及其意义

采用ICP-MS分析方法对煎茶岭硫化镍矿床岩石及矿石的铂族元素地球化学研究表明,煎茶岭矿床蛇纹岩的Cu/Pd值低于原生地幔岩浆的Cu/Pd值,说明岩浆熔离作用较弱,其Au/Pd值反映存在后期变质热液成矿作用镍矿石的Pd/Ir比值变化较小,指示其多数矿石属于岩浆型,尽管岩浆活动弱,但以岩浆成矿作用为主。该硫化镍矿床的铂族元素特征参数(Pt/(Pt Pd)、(Pt Pd)/(Ru Ir Os)、Pd/Ir及Cu/(Ni Cu)等)具有过渡特征,这与其处于过渡的构造环境、特殊的岩浆性质和复杂的成矿作用有关煎茶岭镍矿床成矿过程中有壳源物质的混染,整体上岩、矿石铂族元素含量较低,这与其岩浆熔离作用弱,PGE成矿作用不发育等因素有关     

太平洋海山富钴结壳铂族元素（PGE）和Os同位素地球化学及其成因意义

本文分析了中西太平洋海山富钴结壳及其各主要层圈(外层、疏松层、亮煤层)和玄武岩基岩的铂族元素(PGE)和Au含量以及Os同位素组成,发现富钴结壳中PGE和Au含量均较高,且变化很大,∑PGE为(70.09～629.26)×10-9,平均289.48×10-9,Au为(0.60～26900)×10-9.具三层结构的富钴结壳中,疏松层(∑PGE=(339.37～545.82)×10-9)和亮煤层(∑PGE=(280.09～629.26)×10-9)的∑PGE明显高于外层((70.09～133.27)×10-9.单层结壳的∑PGE为(83.94～479.75)×10-9,Au含量普遍高于具三层结构者.结壳的∑PGE和Au含量远高于太平洋多金属结核(分别为(101.57～155.83)×10-9和(1～4)×10.沉积深度和海水氧逸度的不同是导致结壳和结核中PGE含量明显差异的主导因素.富钴结壳∑PGE和Pt与Mn(%)之间呈明显的正相关关系,而与Fe(%)具负相关性,与多金属结核正好相反,显示结壳中的PGE主要赋存在水羟锰矿(8-MnO2)等锰矿物相中,与针铁矿(FeOOH·nH2O)等铁矿物相关系不大,而结核中的PGE主要赋存在铁矿物相中.PGE球粒陨石标准化曲线和各项参数显示富钴结壳的PGE和Au主要来自海底玄武岩的蚀变释放,部分来自铁陨石微粒等地外物质,而与海底热水活动无关.计算显示西太平洋结壳距今42.5 Ma左右开始生长,生长过程中分别在8.OMa和21.8Ma处出现间断,相应形成外层、疏松层和亮煤层,其各自沉积速率为2.64 mm/Ma,1.45 mm/Ma和1.06 mm/Ma,相应海水的187Os/188Os分别为0.948～0.953,0.599～0.673和0.425～0.536,显示外层含有较多的大陆风化尘,而疏松层和亮煤层的沉积物主要来自海底洋壳蚀变和陨石碎屑或宇宙尘等地外物质.     

The effect of metasomatism on the Cr-PGE mineralization in the Finero Complex, Ivrea Zone, Southern Alps

The magmatic metasomatism that was responsible for producing chromitite–dunite bodies in the unusual phlogopite peridotite of the Finero Complex in Permian to Triassic times also influenced the Cr-platinum group elements (PGE) mineralization. At least the end stages of this metasomatism are recorded in compositional zoning of chromite grains in the podiform chromitite. Metasomatic melt, with or without vapor, reacted with chromite to produce core-to-rim Cr enrichment of extant chromite grains and was concurrent with pyroxene crystallization. Under conditions of lower melt/rock ratio, metasomatism resulted in core-to-rim Al enrichment in chromite and crystallization of amphibole between chromite and clinopyroxene. This early, high-temperature metasomatism is unrelated to the later and pervasive K-metasomatism that crystallized phlogopite and was associated with the intrusion of clinopyroxenite dikes that cut the peridotite. Much later, serpentinization of olivine locally depleted chromite in Al and enriched it in Fe and formed minor amounts of magnetite.The PGE, which are present mainly as laurite inclusions in chromite, were remobilized by the early metasomatism. This resulted in substantial variation in the PGE contents of chromitites and imposed a characteristic PGE pattern in which chondrite-normalized Os, Ir, Ru and Rh contents are high but Pt and Pd contents are low. The slopes of PGE chondrite-normalized concentration patterns are systematically related to absolute PGE abundance and to rock mode. Chromitites with low modal orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and amphibole exhibit negative PGE slopes and contain relatively high PGE concentrations, whereas chromitites rich in these silicate minerals have positive slopes and low PGE contents.     

Revisiting platinum group elements of Late Permian coals from western Guizhou Province, SW China

Twenty five coal samples from the Late Permian coal-bearing strata in Weining, Nayong, and Zhijin, western Guizhou Province, SW, China, were analyzed for platinum group elements (PGEs). The coal ashes were digested by the Carius tube technique and accurately measured by isotope dilution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS) for all PGEs. The results are much lower than the previous reported values. Our study suggested that the previously reported PGE values are incorrect and may due to the polyatomic interferences in ICP-MS measurements. In our study, samples from the Weining coalfield have the lowest PGE contents (from 0.019 Ir to 0.42 ng/g Pd), which represent the PGE background value in coal in western Guizhou province. Some of the coals have Pt and Pd contents about 20-times higher than the background value, indicating PGEs are concentrated. We also reported new and reliable PGE data and background value of coal in western Guizhou province, SW, China, and suggested to rework the PGE background values of Chinese coals.     

铂族元素的地球化学行为及全球主要铂族金属矿床类型

全球铂族金属矿床主要有6种类型,分别为：（1）镁铁质-超镁铁质层状岩体铂族金属矿床;（2）镁铁质-超镁铁质Cu-Ni硫化物矿床伴生的铂族金属矿床;（3）Urals杂岩体型铂族金属矿床;（4）蛇绿岩型铂族金属矿床;（5）与热液相关的铂族金属矿床;(6）外生型铂族金属矿床。除第4类型外其他类型的铂族矿床都具有经济意义。铂族金属矿床的形成主要与幔源岩浆性质及岩浆演化过程密切相关。大规模的幔源岩浆活动及在岩浆演化过程中具有产生硫饱和的条件是形成铂族金属矿床的有利条件,同时岩浆期后的热液作用能使铂族元素迁移并在特定条件下富集,对铂族金属矿床的形成有利。镁铁质-超镁铁质层状侵入体形成铂族金属矿床的有利条件是岩浆分异作用强,并且具有能产生高R因子的环境;镁铁质-超镁铁质Cu-Ni硫化物矿床中形成铂族金属矿床的有利条件是硫化物熔体的结晶分异作用;Urals型杂岩体中,由于岩浆在早期演化过程中硫的不饱和,形成的主要铂族矿物为Pt-Fe、Pt-Ir合金,且主要与铬铁矿共生,在岩浆演化硫饱和阶段可形成富Pd的铂族矿物,且与Cu-Fe-V-Ti-P金属共生;蛇绿岩型杂岩体中,主要形成的铂族矿物为含Ir- 、Os- 、Pt- 的合金或少量硫化物矿物,且主要赋存于铬铁矿中。     

Chemical composition and osmium-isotope systematics of primary and secondary PGM assemblages from high-Mg chromitite of the Nurali lherzolite massif,the South Urals,Russia

The isotopic and geochemical characteristics of PGE mineralization in high-Mg chromitite from the banded dunite–wehrlite–clinopyroxenite complex of the Nurali lherzolite massif, the South Urals, Russia is characterized for the first time. Electron microprobe analysis and LA MC-ICP-MS mass spectrometry are used for studying Cr-spinel and platinum-group minerals (PGM). Two processes synchronously develop in high-Mg chromitite subject to metamorphism: (1) the replacement of Mg–Al-rich Cr-spinel, orthopyroxene, and diopside by chromite, Cr-amphibole, chlorite, and garnet; (2) the formation of a secondary mineral assemblage consisting of finely dispersed ruthenium or Ru-hexaferrum aggregate and silicate–oxide or silicate matter on the location of primary Ru–Os-sulfides of the laurite–erlichmanite solid solution series. Similar variations of Os-isotopic composition in both primary and secondary PGM assemblages are evidence for the high stability of the Os isotope system in PGM and for the possibility of using model ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ages in geodynamic reconstructions.     

Jusa and Barsuchi Log Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits from the Southern Urals of Russia: Tectonic Setting, Structure and Mode of Formation

The Jusa and Barsuchi Log volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits formed along a paleo island arc in the east Magnitogrosk zone of the Southern Urals between ca 398 and 390 Ma. By analogy with the VMS deposits of the west Magnitogrosk zone, they are considered to be Baimak type deposits, which are Zn‐Cu‐Ba deposits containing Au, Ag and minor Pb. Detailed mapping and textural analysis of the two deposits shows that they formed as submarine hydrothermal mounds which were subsequently destroyed on the sea floor under the influence of ocean bottom currents and slumping. Both deposits display a ratio of the length to the maximum width of the deposit >15 and are characterized by ribbon‐like layers composed mainly of bedded ore and consisting principally of altered fine clastic ore facies. The Jusa deposit appears to have formed in two stages: deposition of colloform pyrite followed by deposition of copper–zinc–lead sulfides characterized by the close association of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, tennantite, arsenopyrite, marcasite, pyrrhotite, bornite, native gold and electrum and high concentrations of gold and silver. The low metamorphic grade of the east Magnitogorsk zone accounts for the exceptional degree of preservation of these deposits.     

云南维西大宝山铜矿PGE和微量元素地球化学特征及其成因意义

大宝山铜矿是青藏高原东南缘哀牢山-金沙江构造带西北部雪龙山成矿带中典型的浅成中低温热液型铜矿床.矿石和围岩的PGE和微量元素地球化学分析结果表明从围岩、矿化围岩到矿石:1)∑PGE、δRh逐渐增加,PPGE/IPGE、Pd/Ir、Pt/Ir和δPt逐渐降低.在铂族元素原始地幔标准化图解上,岩、矿石中Os、Ir、Ru和Pd具有相似的演化趋势,而矿石Rh正异常、Pt负异常明显不同于围岩.在δRh-Cu和∑PGE-Cu关系图上,Cu含量与8Rh和∑PGE呈明显的正相关关系,而在δPt-Cu关系图上表现为明显的负相关关系;2)稀土总量、轻/重稀土比值、δCe逐渐减小,Eu和Nb、Ta、Sr、Hf、Zr的亏损程度逐渐增大,矿石中大离子亲石元素存在不规律性的变化.这些特征揭示出大宝山铜矿矿石与围岩在PGE和微量元素地球化学特征上存在明显的差异.结合矿区内矿体呈脉状、受顺糜棱面理发育的脆韧性构造破碎带控制,围岩蚀变强度较弱、规模小和矿区内新生代同构造岩浆岩脉发育,以及主要矿石矿物δ34S值主要集中在+ 1.3‰～-5.2‰之间,部分落在-8.2‰～-12.8‰范围的特点,说明大宝山铜矿中的成矿物质主要来源于新生代岩浆期后热液,围岩的贡献很小.大宝山铜矿与矿区内新生代同构造岩浆岩脉同为雪龙山韧性剪切带隆升过程中形成的产物,岩浆分异产生的含矿流体在上升过程中与地下流体混合导致物理化学条件发生明显的改变,促使成矿物质沿构造破碎带晶出形成矿脉.     

Platinum group elements and gold in ferromanganese crusts from Afanasiy-Nikitin seamount,equatorial Indian Ocean: Sources and fractionation

The major element relationships in ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts from Afanasiy-Nikitin seamount (ANS), eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, appear to be atypical. High positive correlations (r = 0.99) between Mn/Co and Fe/Co ratios, and lack of correlation of those ratios with Co, Ce, and Ce/Co, indicate that the ANS Fe-Mn crusts are distinct from Pacific seamount Fe-Mn crusts, and reflect region-specific chemical characteristics. The platinum group elements (PGE: Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, and Pd) and Au in ANS Fe-Mn crusts are derived from seawater and are mainly of terrestrial origin, with a minor cosmogenic component. The Ru/Rh (0.5–2) and Pt/Ru ratios (7–28) are closely comparable to ratios in continental basalts, whereas Pd/Ir ratios exhibit values (<2) similar to CI-chondrite (∼1). The chondrite-normalized PGE patterns are similar to those of igneous rocks, except that Pd is relatively depleted. The water depth of Fe-Mn crust formation appears to have a first-order control on both major element and PGE enrichments. These relationships are defined statistically by significant (r > 0.75) correlations between water depth and Mn/Co, Fe/Co, Ce/Co, Co, and the PGEs. Fractionation of the PGE-Au from seawater during colloidal precipitation of the major-oxide phases is indicated by well-defined linear positive correlations (r > 0.8) of Co and Ce with Ir, Ru, Rh, and Pt; Au/Co with Mn/Co; and by weak or no correlations of Pd with water depth, Co-normalized major-element ratios, and with the other PGE (r < 0.5). The strong enrichment of Pt (up to 1 ppm) relative to the other PGE and its positive correlations with Ce and Co demonstrate a common link for the high concentrations of all three elements, which likely involves an oxidation reaction on the Mn-oxide and Fe-oxyhydroxide surfaces. The documented fractionation of PGE-Au and their positive association with redox sensitive Co and Ce may have applications in reconstructing past-ocean redox conditions and water masses.     

Jusa and Barsuchi Log Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits from the Southern Urals of Russia: Devonian Analogs of the Kuroko Deposits of NE Honshu, Japan

Chemical analysis of 60 samples from the Jusa and Barsuchi Log volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry shows that, on average, the Jusa deposit is more enriched in the chalcophilic elements than the Barsuchi Log deposit, whereas the Barsuchi Log deposit is more enriched in the lithogenous elements and Te. In addition, the yellow ores in these deposits are more enriched on average in Cu, As and Mo and the black ores more enriched in Zn, Ga, Cd, Sb, Ba , Hg and Pb relative to each other. Both these deposits are similar in composition to the Kuroko deposits of NE Honshu and may be considered to be analogs of these deposits. The Kuroko deposits, however, contain much higher concentrations of As, Ag, Sb, Ba, Hg and lower contents of Te on average than the Jusa and Barsuchi Log deposits. Based on the higher contents of Te in the Barsuchi Log deposit compared to the Jusa deposit, as well as on textural considerations, it is concluded that the Barsuchi Log deposit is intermediate between the Urals- and Kuroko-type deposits, whereas the Jusa deposit is more analogous to the Kuroko-type deposits. Based on the compositional data presented here, the Jusa and Barsuchi Log deposits may be described as Zn-Pb-Cu-Ba deposits rather than as Zn-Cu-Ba deposits, as the Baimak-type deposits of the west Magnitogrosk zone have previously been described.     

Platinum-group minerals in chromitites from the ojen lherzolite massif (Serrania de Ronda,Betic Cordillera,Southern Spain)

Summary Chromitites (Cr ores) of the Ojen lherzolite massif (Serranía de Ronda, Betic Cordillera, Southern Spain) were found to contain platinum-group minerals (PGM) as discrete inclusions in the chromite and in the associated silicates. The PGM mineralogy consists of sulfides [laurite, erlichmanite, malanite, unnamed (Ni-Fe-Cu)₂ (Ir, Rh) S₃, unidentified Pd-S], sulfarsenides (irarsite, hollingworthite, ruarsite, and osarsite), arsenides [sperrylite, unidentified (Pd, Ni)-As], one unidentified Pd-Bi compound, and native platinum group elements (PGE) consisting of Ru and Pt-Fe alloys. Textural considerations suggest that the PGE chalcogenides with S and As were formed in the high-temperature magmatic stages, as part of the chromite precipitation event (primary PGM), in contrast with the native PGE, which originated during the low-temperature serpentinization of the ultramafic host of the chromitites (secondary PGM).The primary PGM inclusions in the Ojen chromite are unusual compared with PGM inclusions in chromitites from tectonitic upper-mantle of ophiolites and other alpine-type complexes in that i) they display a great variety of mineral species sulfides, sulfarsenides and arsenides, and ii) comprise specific phases of all six PGE. The singularity of the primary PGM mineralization probably reflects high activities of both S and As during chromite precipitation at Serrania de Ronda to be related with particular physico-chemical conditions during uplifting of sub-continental, astenospheric mantle.The nature, composition, and paragenetic association of secondary PGM at Ojen confirm the relatively-high mobility of the PGE at low temperature, and indicate that remobilization can be selective under appropriate redox conditions causing separation and redistribution of the PGE in the rocks as a result of the alteration process.

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Platingruppen-Minerale in chromititen aus dem ojen-lherzolithmassiv (Serranía de Ronda, Betische Kordillere, Süd-Spanien)

Zusammenfassung Platingruppen-Minerale in Chromititen aus dem Ojen-Lherzolithmassiv (Serranía de Ronda, Betische Kordillere, Süd-Spanien) In den Chromititen (Cr-Erzen) aus dem Ojen-Lherzolithmassiv (Serranía de Ronda, Betische Kordillere, Süd-Spanien) warden Platingruppen-Minerale (PGM) als einzelne Einschlüsse im Chromit and in den begleitenden Silikaten gefunden. Die Mineralogie der PGM setzt sich aus Sulfiden [Laurit, Erlichmanit, Malanit, einem unbenannten (Ni-Fe-Cu)₂ (Ir, Rh)S₃ und einem nicht identifizierten Pd-S], Sulfarseniden (Irarsit, Hollingworthit, Ruarsit und Osarsit), Arseniden [Sperrylit, einem nicht identifizierten (Pd, Ni)-As], einer nicht identifizierten Pd-Bi-Verbindung sowie gediegenen Platingruppen-Elementen (PGE) bestchend aus Ru and Pt-Fe-Legierungen, zusammen. Texturelle Untersuchungen haben ergeben, daß die PGE-Chalkogenide mit S und As im Zuge der Chromitfällung (primäre PGM) in den hochtemperierten, magmatischen Stadien gebildet warden, während die gediegenen PGE während der niedriggradigen Serpentini sierung des ultramafischen Nebengesteins der Chromitite (sekundäre PGM) gebildet warden.Die primären PGM-Einschlüsse in den Ojen-Chromiten sind im Vergleich zu PGM-Einschlüssen in Chromititen aus dem tektonisierten oberen Mantel in Ophiolithen und anderen alpinotypen Komplexen ungewöhnlich: i) Einerseits zeigen sie eine große Vielfalt an Mineralarten aus der Gruppe der Sulfide, Sulfarsenide und Arsenide. ii) Andererseits enthalten sie spezifische Phasen aller sechs PGE. Die Einzigartigkeit der primären PGM-Mineralisation könnte hohe Aktivitäten von S and As während der Chromit-Fällung in Serranía de Ronda widerspiegeln, die mit besonderen physiko-chemischen Bedingungen während der Hebung des subkontinentalen, asthenosphärischen Mantels zusammenhängen.Die Art, die Zusammensetzung and die paragenetische Vergesellschaftung von sekundären PGM in Ojen bestätigen die relativ hohe Mobilität der PGE bei niedriger Temperatur und zeigen, daß die Remobilisierung unter geeigneten Redox-Bedingungen selektiv wirken kann, wodurch eine Trennung und Neuverteilung der PGE in den Gesteinen als Ergebnis des Alterationsprozesses bewirkt wird.

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With 7 Figures     

Emplacement processes and cooling history of layered cyclic unit II-7 from the Lovozero alkaline massif (Kola Peninsula, Russia)

The Lovozero alkaline massif (Kola Peninsula, Russia) is composed of three major units. The central unit (80% of the volume) comprises numerous well developed layers composed, from bottom to roof, of an urtite–juvite–foyaite–lujavrite continuous lithological sequence (ijolite–foid-bearing alkali feldspar syenite in IUGS nomenclature). The mode of emplacement of the massif and the mechanism of formation of the layering are still under debate. Petrological, mineralogical (two stages of crystallisation) and structural evidence from the detailed analysis of one of these layers (unit II-7) is interpreted in terms of both mechanical (magmatic to sub-solidus, non-coaxial deformation) and thermal differentiation operating on a crystal-laden (alkali feldspar, high T nepheline, aegirine-augite) material of foyaitic composition. Textural and mineralogical data suggest that a sheet of foiditic magma intruded into solidified earlier units of the Lovozero layered sequence and acquired a sill-like structure on cooling.     

中国大陆岩石圈地幔镍-钴-铂族元素组成及其成矿意义: 地幔捕虏体证据

镍、钴和铂族元素（PGEs,Platinum group elements）是我国紧缺的关键金属,它们作为亲铁元素主要储存在地核和地幔中。幔源岩浆作用能否超常富集镍、钴和铂族成矿在一定程度上取决于地幔源区这些元素的组成与富集程度,地幔捕虏体可揭示中国大陆岩石圈地幔镍、钴和铂族元素的组成与含量。本文总结了中国华北克拉通、华南克拉通和中亚造山带东部等主要构造单元地幔捕虏体中镍、钴和铂族元素的组成与含量,认为：（1）华北和华南克拉通岩石圈地幔镍、钴和铂族元素原始含量较高,高于原始地幔,且随深度增加而增加,是镍、钴和铂族元素成矿岩浆的有利地幔源区;（2）镍、钴和铂族元素以纳米原子团簇、合金或硫化物等形式赋存、运移与富集;（3）不同构造单元岩石圈地幔镍、钴和铂族元素的富集程度不同;（4）岩石圈地幔镍、钴和铂族元素含量从元古代到新生代有所降低,意味着该区存在镍、钴和铂族元素抽取的岩浆事件,故其成矿潜力巨大。

     

Platinum-group Element Geochemistry of Magnetite from Porphyry-Cu-Mo Deposits and their Host Rocks (Siberia,Russia)

The concentrations of platinum-group elements (PGE) have been analyzed in primary magmatic magnetite samples from the Zhireken,Shakhtama and Aksug porphyry Cu-Mo deposits (Siberia,Russia) by laser abla...     

Lead isotope study of the late Archean Lac des Iles palladium deposit,Canada: enrichment of platinum group elements by ponded sulfide melt

Lead isotopic compositions of mineral separates are presented from the mineralized zones (Roby, Twilight, and High Grade zones) of the Lac des Iles palladium deposit (approximately 2.69 Ga) and tonalitic country rocks (approximately 2.727 to 2.775 Ga) in the Wabigoon subprovince of the western Superior Province of Canada. Plagioclase separates show Pb isotope ratios similar to those of the late Archean depleted mantle. Sulfide minerals coexisting with plagioclase have a more radiogenic Pb isotope composition, but very low concentrations of U (<0.2 ppb U) and Th (<0.01 ppb) compared to Pb (≫50 ppb). The isotope data are consistent with a model involving the incorporation of radiogenic Pb from country rocks to sulfide melt near the base of the magma chamber or along the conduit of the parental magmas. The proposed interpretation is also supported by decreasing Cu/Pd ratios from earlier barren to late fertile gabbro intrusions in the complex. The ponding sulfide melt became enriched in platinum group elements, as it was interacting with a large magma volume during the evolution of the Lac des Iles igneous complex.     

Fission-track dating of the south-eastern Bohemian massif (Waldviertel,Austria): thermochronology and long-term erosion

Apatite fission-track thermochronology was applied to the outcropping Variscan basement of the south-eastern Bohemian massif in order to resolve its post-Variscan cooling and denudation history. Nineteen samples could be dated by the grain-population method. The ages range from 235 to 90 Ma (Middle Triassic to Middle Cretaceous). Neglecting some local variations, they show a decrease from the western edge of the Moravian Thaya window towards the west and the south. Fission-track length histograms mainly exhibit broad distributions with arithmetic means between 12.3 and 13.4 µm, and standard deviations between 1.5 and 2.0 µm. Thermochronological model calculations of the measured data demonstrate that the apatite fission-track memory of the samples reaches back until the begin of the Cretaceous, and for some samples even until the Permian. The regional fission-track cooling pattern is not related to the limitations and the internal structure of the Moravian Thaya window, which appears to be an elder—probably Late Carboniferous to Permian—tectonic feature. Also the Vitis fault does not delimit areas of different thermochronological behaviour. Therefore, significant vertical offset on that fault can be excluded for the Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Thermochronological model calculations of fission-track ages and length data are consistent with the assumption of regional sedimentary reburial during the Late Cretaceous. The amount of reburial could have attained 1 km. The Cenozoic bulk denudation was in the order of 1 to 3 km.

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Zusammenfassung Die postvariszische Abkühlungs- und Denudationsgeschichte der südöstlichen Böhmischen Masse wurde mittels Apatit-Spaltspuranalyse untersucht. Neunzehn Proben wurden mit der Kornpopulationsmethode datiert. Die Spaltspuralter liegen zwischen 235 und 90 Ma (mittlere Trias bis mittlere Kreide). Abgesehen von kleinen lokalen Abweichungen, nehmen die Alter von der Westecke des Thayafensters in Richtung Süden und Westen ab. Nahezu alle Histogramme der Spurenlängen zeigen relativ breite Verteilungen mit arithmetischen Mittelwerten zwischen 12,3 und 13,4 µm, und mit Standardabweichungen zwischen 1,5 und 2,0 µm. Thermochronologische Modellberechnungen mit den gemessenen Daten zeigen, daß das Apatit-Spaltspurgedächtnis aller Proben mindestens bis zum Beginn der Kreide, für manche Proben sogar bis ins Perm zurückreicht. Die regionale Verteilung der Spaltspurdaten zeigt keine Übereinstimmung mit den Grenzen und dem inneren Bau des Thayafensters, welches eine offenbar ältere—wahrscheinlich oberkarbonische bis permische—tektonische Struktur darstellt. Auch an der Vitisstörung tritt keine sprunghafte Änderung des thermochronologischen Verhaltens der Gesteine auf. Daher kann ein bedeutender kretazischer oder känozoischer Vertikalversatz an dieser Störung ausgeschlossen werden. Thermochronologische Modellberechnungen der Apatit-Spaltspurdaten unterstützen die Annahme einer regionalen Wiederversenkung infolge oberkretazischer Sedimentbedeckung. Die Mächtigkeit der oberkretazischen Sedimente über dem Grundgebirge könnte bis ca. 1 km betragen haben. Der känozoische Gesamtabtrag lag zwischen 1 und 3 km.

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Au-Cu-Ag mineralization in rodingites and nephritoids of the Agardag ultramafic massif (southern Tuva,Russia)

Gold-bearing albite-amphibole-pyroxene rodingites of the Agardag ultramafic massif (southern Tuva, Russia) are confined to the E-W striking serpentinite crush zone. A zone of gold-bearing nephritoids is localized at the contact of rodingites with serpentinites. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and fluorescent, chemical, ICP MS, and X-ray phase analyses were applied to study Au-Cu-Ag mineralization in the serpentinites, rodingites, and nephritoids. Copper sulfides, chalcocite and digenite, are present in the serpentinites, whereas gold and silver minerals are absent. Copper impurity is found in antigorite, Cr-spinel, and magnetite (up to 0.1-0.3 wt.%) as well as parkerite (up to 1.2 wt.%) and millerite (up to 7.9 wt.%). A wide variety of native gold and copper minerals has been identified in the rodingites: (1) cuproauride and tetra-auricupride free of or containing silver impurities (0.1 to 1.2 wt.%); (2) electrum of composition Ag0.50_-0.49Au0.50_-0.5₁ (650-660%c) intergrown with AuCu, sometimes as exsolution structures; (3) electrum of composition Ag₀._70-0.6₄Au₀._30-0.₃6 (440-510%c), with inclusions of AuCu and copper sulfides (geerite and yarrowite); (4) high-fineness gold (750-990%c) as veinlets in electrum; and (5) native copper. The composition of copper sulfides varies from chalcocite to covellite. Submicron inclusions of hessite Ag2Te were found in chalcocite. The amount of copper, gold, and silver minerals in the nephritoids is much less than that in the rodingites. The nephritoids contain chalcocite, electrum of composition Ag0.6_4-0.63Au0.36_-0.3₇ (530-540%c), cuproauride, and tetra-auricupride. The detected hypergene minerals are auricuzite, apachite, brochantite, high-fineness gold, native copper, and cuprite. The sequence of mineral formation in the Agardag ore occurrence has been established on the basis of mineral structures and mineral relations in the rodingites and nephritoids. It is proved that Au-Cu-Ag mineralization formed with the participation of Au- and Ag-bearing chloride-free low-sulfur carbon dioxide alkaline fluids in reducing conditions.