Characteristic Curves for Deep Circular Tunnels in Poroplastic Rock

A complete analytical solution for an axisymmetric deep tunnel excavated in a saturated poroplastic rock is presented. Results are found for short- and long-term analyses and for different drainage conditions at the rock–liner interface. In the derivation, the following assumptions are made: (1) circular cross-section, (2) deep tunnel, (3) plane strain conditions on a cross-section perpendicular to the tunnel axis, (4) axisymmetric loading, (5) the rock is saturated, homogeneous and isotropic, and (6) the rock is elastic-perfectly plastic with brittle failure and non-associated flow rule. The results obtained indicate that, if the rock remains elastic during construction, the stresses of the liner and the tunnel deformations are the same for short- and long-term conditions and are independent of the drainage conditions at the rock–liner interface and on the magnitude of Biot’s parameter α. If the rock yields, the stresses in the liner and the tunnel deformations strongly depend on the type of analysis. Effective radial and tangential stresses inside the rock decrease with Biot’s parameter α, while radial displacements increase. The response of the liner in terms of stresses and deformations strongly depends on its stiffness relative to the rock, yielding of the rock, groundwater and drainage conditions, and construction operations, while it is somewhat less sensitive to the rock’s poroplastic properties. Stresses and deformations inside the rock, however, show a much stronger dependency.     

Lined Circular Tunnels in Elastic Transversely Anisotropic Rock at Depth

Closed-form solutions for displacements and stresses of both the liner and the rock are presented for a deep circular tunnel excavated in transversely anisotropic rock above or below the water table subjected to static or seismic loading. The solutions are obtained with the assumption of elastic response of rock and liner, tied contact between rock and liner, impermeable liner, plane strain conditions along the tunnel axis and simultaneous excavation, and liner installation. The liner of a tunnel placed below the water table must support, in addition to the rock stresses, the full water pressure, while a tunnel located above the water table must support only the rock pressures. The solutions presented for static loading show, however, that displacements and stresses of the liner and rock are the same when the tunnel is placed above or below the water table as long as the total far-field stresses are the same. With rapid loading, e.g. seismic loading, excess pore pressures may be generated in saturated rock, which induce a different response than that of a tunnel excavated in dry rock. The analyses indicate that stresses and displacements are more uniform when excess pore pressures are produced, which seems to indicate that pore pressure generation tends to reduce non-uniform response in anisotropic rock.     

Analytical and Numerical Study of the Mechanics of Rockbolt Reinforcement around Tunnels in Rock Masses

Summary  This paper addresses the problem of quantifying the mechanical contribution of rockbolts installed systematically around tunnels excavated in rock masses. The mechanical contribution referred to here is that of increased stress confinement and decreased tunnel convergences as compared with corresponding stresses and displacements obtained for non-reinforced tunnels. The problem is treated analytically first by presenting a closed-form solution for stress and displacement distributions around a circular tunnel excavated in elastic material and reinforced by grouted or anchored rockbolts. The analytical solution assumes that rockbolts are regularly spaced around the tunnel and that axi-symmetry conditions of geometry and loading apply. The results obtained with the closed-form solution are shown to be equivalent to the results of the same problem solved with traditional numerical methods. Based on the analytical and numerical results and by introducing dimensionless ratios that allow to quantify the increase of radial stresses and the decrease of radial displacements in the reinforced region of the tunnel, the paper shows that reinforcement can have a significant mechanical effect (i.e., increasing the confinement and decreasing the convergences) in tunnels excavated in rock masses of poor to very poor quality. The paper analyzes then the mechanical contribution of rockbolt reinforcement when the rock mass is assumed to behave elasto-plastically. For this case, it is shown that rockbolt reinforcement can also have a critical effect in controlling the extent of the plastic failure zone and the convergences of the tunnel. Correspondence: C. Carranza-Torres, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Duluth Campus, 1305 Ordean Court, Duluth, USA     

Hydrocarbon Potential of Deeply Buried Reservoirs in the Astrakhan Oil and Gas Accumulation Zone: Problems and Solutions

Geotectonics - Global experience in oil exploration and the discovery of the Tupi field in Brazil and the Tiber field in the Gulf of Mexico in the last decade have confirmed the existence of giant...     

深埋藏砂岩储层中异常孔隙的保存机制探讨

通常情况下,砂岩储层的孔隙度和渗透率随埋深的增大而减小,但越来越多的地质实践表明深埋藏(＞3 500 m)的砂岩储层在一些特定情况下可以保持异常高的孔隙度和渗透率.有多种成因机制可以使其孔隙在深埋藏条件下得以保存,主要包括:①早期烃类的充注;②颗粒包层和(或)颗粒环边的存在;③流体超压的存在;④次生孔隙的发育.在综合国内外大量相关文献的基础上,对这些成因机制进行了深入的探讨,并给出了相应的实例.这些研究将为油田的储层评价、储量预测等勘探开发工作提供进一步的决策依据.     

双圆形洞室群开挖过程围岩应力场变化分析

洞室群稳定性是水利水电、铁路公路、国防工事、能源开发与储备工程等领域的研究热点问题。结合新疆某水电站洞室群工程,利用3D-Sigma软件建立了5个洞室群模型(每个模型均含有两个圆形洞室),模拟了洞室开挖过程中围岩应力场变化状况,通过在拱顶、拱底、左右拱脚等区域设立应力监测点,详细分析了前期洞室开挖过程中围岩应力场的变化、后期洞室开挖对前期洞室围岩应力场影响以及随两洞室间距增大应力场的变化规律,得出了洞室群开挖过程中的应力集中分布特征。研究成果对深部洞室群稳定性控制具有一定的参考价值。     

Mid-Deep and Deeply Buried Clastic Reservoirs Porosity Evolution Simulation with Using the Process-Based Method

Geotectonics - It was showed that reservoir diagenetic and reservoir-forming characteristics are of great value for exploration and exploitation of conventional and unconventional reservoirs. Thus...     

提高深埋成品油管道探测精度的方法

为满足工程建设的需要,如何提高深埋地下管线的探测精度是探测工作中的难点.在地铁盾构土建施工的工地,采用FDEM (frequency domain electromagnetic method) 法对埋深约16 m的成品油管道进行探测,第一步是经过地面测线X方向的探测工作,确定了目标管道的走向Y并缩小了范围,因为受干扰物体的影响,所以两种工作频率探测结果之间的定深误差很大,尚未满足工程实际的需要;第二步是在经过距目标管道5.0 m处的两个孔内的Z方向进行探测,获得了离开目标管道较近“测线”上的H_z实测曲线;第三步是用H_z理论曲线与H_z实测曲线进行拟合反演,最终获得了定位、定深误差分别为20 cm、10 cm以内的探测精度,为地铁施工建设提供了精准的基础性技术资料.孔内Z方向的探测工作表明,“测线”离目标管道更近,又可以避开地面X方向测线上的干扰物的影响,可以提高探测精度.孔内探测是对地面X方向探测成果的检验,值得推广到对地面探测成果质量的验收中;采用拟合软件进行推断解释,是对探测数据的信息处理技术,将在FDEM法探测地下管线中得到广泛的应用.      

Evaluation of Surface Subsidence During TBM Construction of Urban Tunnels Based on Generalized Rheological Theory

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - During TBM construction of urban underground tunnels, it is necessary to strictly measure the surface subsidence, crown settlement inside the tunnel,...     

塔中地区热化学硫酸盐还原作用对深埋白云岩储层的改造

塔里木盆地塔中地区深埋碳酸盐岩储层显示出极强的非均质性。如灰岩地层孔隙度极低,而含酸性气藏的白云岩储层最大孔隙度高达27%。然而,造成这些现象的原因仍然不清楚。通过岩芯、薄片、扫描电镜观察,结合流体包裹体均一温度、盐度分析,方解石、白云石的碳氧同位素测定,试图解决这一问题。前人研究认为,塔中地区碳酸盐岩优质储层分布主要受控于原始沉积条件（如高能的礁滩相）和表生溶蚀,热液活动和断裂活动也起到重要作用。然而,多期流体活动和成岩作用导致大量同生期和表生期形成的溶蚀孔洞被破坏。在某些井区（如ZG9井和TZ75井）,埋藏溶蚀作用可能对优质储层形成起到重要作用。在寒武系和奥陶系岩芯中发现了大量硬石膏、重晶石、黄铁矿、沥青、方解石等,方解石交代硫酸盐,方解石具有较高的均一温度及较低的碳同位素值说明其形成与热化学硫酸盐还原作用（TSR）有关。在发生TSR的白云岩井段,储层物性较好,说明TSR可能对深埋储层的改善具有促进作用。这些认识有助于指导深层寒武系碳酸盐岩储层的进一步勘探。     

Numerical Analyses of the Influence of Blast-Induced Damaged Rock Around Shallow Tunnels in Brittle Rock

Most of the railway tunnels in Sweden are shallow-seated (<20 m of rock cover) and are located in hard brittle rock masses. The majority of these tunnels are excavated by drilling and blasting, which, consequently, result in the development of a blast-induced damaged zone around the tunnel boundary. Theoretically, the presence of this zone, with its reduced strength and stiffness, will affect the overall performance of the tunnel, as well as its construction and maintenance. The Swedish Railroad Administration, therefore, uses a set of guidelines based on peak particle velocity models and perimeter blasting to regulate the extent of damage due to blasting. However, the real effects of the damage caused by blasting around a shallow tunnel and their criticality to the overall performance of the tunnel are yet to be quantified and, therefore, remain the subject of research and investigation. This paper presents a numerical parametric study of blast-induced damage in rock. By varying the strength and stiffness of the blast-induced damaged zone and other relevant parameters, the near-field rock mass response was evaluated in terms of the effects on induced boundary stresses and ground deformation. The continuum method of numerical analysis was used. The input parameters, particularly those relating to strength and stiffness, were estimated using a systematic approach related to the fact that, at shallow depths, the stress and geologic conditions may be highly anisotropic. Due to the lack of data on the post-failure characteristics of the rock mass, the traditional Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion was assumed and used. The results clearly indicate that, as expected, the presence of the blast-induced damage zone does affect the behaviour of the boundary stresses and ground deformation. Potential failure types occurring around the tunnel boundary and their mechanisms have also been identified.     

颗粒包膜在深埋藏砂岩储层原生孔隙保存中的意义

埋藏条件下颗粒包膜对原生孔隙的保存机制是深埋藏砂岩储层原生孔隙演化的关键机制,但不同类型颗粒包膜的成因机制及其在深埋藏砂岩储层原生孔隙保存中的意义颇具争议。本文系统介绍了自生绿泥石包膜、微晶石英包膜和其它类型颗粒包膜的基本特征、成因机制及其对深埋藏砂岩储层质量的影响。目前,自生绿泥石包膜和微晶石英包膜对深埋藏砂岩储层原生孔隙的良好保存作用已经越来越被接受和认同,但自生伊利石、混层粘土、沥青和蛋白石等其它碎屑颗粒包膜的原生孔隙保存作用仍缺乏足够的说服力。对不同类型颗粒包膜本质的模糊认识是当前开展深入研究的现实瓶颈,尤其需要加深对深埋藏储层砂岩原生孔隙保存过程中颗粒包膜形成和演化的理解,以提高油气勘探中钻前储层质量预测的准确性。     

Significance of Geological Parameters for Predicting Water Inflow in Hard Rock Tunnels

One of the most challenging aspects of tunnelling is prognostication of water inflows. More reliable prediction of groundwater inflow may give considerable economical saving for future tunnel projects and may also prevent damage of environment and installations on the surface. This paper is discussing the significance of eight hypotheses regarding geological parameters for predicting water inflow in tunnels. The respective hypotheses have been tested as part of a recent research project in Norway. Six Norwegian tunnels with different geological conditions were selected for the research; the Romeriksporten, Frøya, T-baneringen, Lunner, Skaugum, and Storsand tunnels. Based on detailed study of these tunnels, the hypotheses are tested by comparing water inflow with geological parameters and factors such as Q value, faulting, rock stress orientation, rock cover, thickness of permeable soil or depth of lake/sea above the tunnel, rock type, and width of weakness zones. It is found that four out of the eight tested hypotheses are supported, two have low to medium support and two are not supported. One unexpected result is that for the tunnels covered by this study, the water inflow was found to increase with rock cover.     

模糊层次综合评价在深埋隧道围岩质量分级中的应用

针对现行隧道围岩分类中存在的模糊性问题,引进模糊层次分析模型,实现了围岩定性分类向定量分类的转变,经过工程实践取得了良好的效果.首先确定了影响隧道围岩质量的主要因素,如岩块坚硬程度、结构面发育程度、岩石质量指标以及地下水出水特征,然后建立了模糊评价模型,并采用层次分析法确定了各因素的权重,最后针对堡镇铁路隧道围岩采用模糊层次综合评价决策的数学模型所得到的结果对隧道各段岩体质量的级别进行了划分.     

不同尺寸的圆形隧洞剪切应变局部化过程模拟

利用FLAC模拟了两个不同直径圆形隧洞的剪切应变局部化过程。为了模拟隧洞开挖,利用编写的FISH函数删除隧洞内部的单元。岩石服从莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,破坏之后呈现应变软化-理想塑性行为。本文的模拟分为3步：首先,将静水压力施加在模型上,直至达到静力平衡状态;然后,利用编写的FISH函数,开挖隧洞;最后,计算重新开始,直至达到静力平衡状态（对于小孔隧洞）或者塑性流动状态（对于大孔隧洞）。模拟结果表明,多个“狗耳”形或V形坑在小孔隧洞周边附近产生,最终,围岩处于平衡状态。这一结果与陆家佑和王昌明（1994）的实验结果及许多现场观察结果一致。对于大孔隧洞,由于在围岩中出现了多条剪切带,因而隧洞的整个断面均遭到了破坏。这一现象与现场观察到的猛烈破坏现象类似。隧洞的剪切应变局部化受隧洞尺寸的影响。     

寒区有隔热层的圆形隧道温度场解析解

在多年冻土地区修建隧道,会影响到多年冻土的热稳定性,目前一般采用在隧道衬砌中设置隔热层的方法来防止冻土嗣岩融化.根据隧道现场实测的气温资料,考虑正弦曲线规律变化的对流换热边界条件,建立了一次衬砌、隔热层、二次衬砌及围岩4层结构的圆形隧道热传导方程.运用微分方程求解方法和贝塞尔特征函数的正交和展开定理,对4个热传导方程进行了求解,得到隧道一次衬砌、隔热层、二次衬砌及同岩4层结构温度场的解析解,将计算结果与现场实测结果进行比较,吻合良好.计算结果还表明,在衬砌中铺设厚5 cm、导热系数为0.03 W·m-1·℃-1的隔热层可以保证风火山隧道围岩不发生季节性融化.该解析解可用于验证其它数值方法的计算结果,也便于工程设计人员和施工人员对同类寒区隧道进行温度场的计算,因而具有一定的工程应用价值.     

A Simple Method for Analysis of Point Anchored Rockbolts in Circular Tunnels in Elastic Ground

Summary. A simple analytical method for the analysis of point anchored rockbolts is presented in this paper. The solution has been derived for elastic ground and rockbolts, for plane strain conditions, and for tunnels with circular cross section. The method provides accurate results for the rockbolts’ loads and displacements and explicitly includes the connection of the rockbolts to the surrounding ground. The addition of such details to a Finite Element numerical model is critical; otherwise the solution obtained may be dependent on the discretization used and on the stiffness of rockbolts and ground. As an alternative to including details of the rockbolt head and anchor point in the numerical model, which could be computationally very expensive, an equivalent spring constant is proposed. The spring constant is obtained by matching numerical with analytical results for a simple case, but keeping the geometry, material properties, and discretization unchanged.     

Sedimentary Patterns and Stratigraphic Trap Models of Deeply Buried Intervals in the Baxian Depression, North China

The Baxian depression is a typical half-graben located in the Jizhong sub-basin, north China. Commercial petroleum traps have been discovered in the Jizhong sub-basin. However, the 3rd and 4th members of the Shahejie Formation in this sub-basin have been poorly explored. These two members, belonging to the Lower Paleogene age, are buried deeply in the depression. Favorable petroleum reservoir conditions exist in such deep intervals of the half-graben due to the presence of different types and extent of deltas and turbidity fans in various areas. In fact, three types of turbidite fans are developed in the sag below the transitional belt on the eastern gentle slope. This work summarized three stratigraphic trap belts, i.e., the steep slope, gentle slope, and sag. On the steep slope, structural-stratigraphic traps with small-scale delta fronts and turbidite sandbodies are well developed. On the gentle slope, hydrocarbons generally accumulate in the large-scale delta front, onlapping beds and those sandbodies adjacent to unconformities. In the sag, petroleum trap models are typically characterized by pinched-out turbidite sandbodies. Stratigraphic traps were easily formed in turbidite fans below the eastern transitional belt. The petroleum traps that have already been discovered or predicted in the study area indicate that stratigraphic traps have favorable petroleum exploration potential in deeply buried areas (depth >5000 m) in a half-graben basin or depression.