压剪作用下裂隙扩展过程渗流与应力耦合模型研究

裂隙的剪胀特性及扩展演化规律对岩体的渗流特性具有重要影响。为揭示裂隙剪胀及扩展演化对岩体渗流的影响,基于残余强度提出了一种能较好描述岩石硬化-软化特性的全剪切本构关系;结合剪切变形与裂隙开度的关系,利用最小势能原理和立方定律,建立了压剪作用下考虑裂隙剪胀特性的渗流应力耦合模型;假定压剪作用下裂隙发生Ⅰ型扩展,提出了伴有翼型裂纹的渗流模型,该模型不仅考虑了岩石的剪胀特性,更反映了裂隙扩展过程渗流的演化规律。对不同裂隙粗糙度的剪切应力-位移曲线进行分析,全剪切本构模型表现出较高的拟合精度。在剪切应力-位移关系基础上,通过剪切渗流试验数据对压剪作用下渗流模型进行验证,结果表明,该模型能较好地描述岩体剪胀阶段渗透性演化规律。利用等效裂隙简化裂隙网络,并通过试验数据进行验证,证实了裂隙扩展过程渗流-应力耦合模型的准确性与适用性。     

Shear behaviour of fractured rock as a function of size and shear displacement

This paper presents laboratory results regarding the shear behaviour of an artificial tensile fracture generated in granite. We used a direct shear rig to test fractures of different sizes (from 100 mm to 200 mm) under various shear displacements up to 20 mm and cyclic shear stresses with constant normal stress of 10 MPa. To determine the evolution of surface damage and aperture during shear, cyclic loading was performed at designated shear displacements. These changes in the surfaces topography were measured with a laser profilometer ‘non-contact surface profile measurement system’. In addition, changes were also measured directly by using pressure-sensitive film.

The results showed that the standard deviation (SD) of the initial aperture of the sheared fracture significantly increases with both shear displacement and size, which result in an increase in the non-linearity of the closure curve (since the matedness of the fracture surfaces decreases with shear displacement). Therefore, we concluded that shear dilation is not only governed by the surfaces sliding over each other, but is also strongly influenced by the non-linearity of closure with shear displacement. Furthermore, while the shear stiffness of the fracture during the initial stage decreases with fracture size, it increases with fracture size in the residual stage. This can be attributed to the fact that only small asperities with short wavelengths were mainly damaged by shearing. Moreover the result showed that the damaged zones enlarge and localise with shear displacement, and eventually tend to form perpendicular to the shear displacement.     

Mechanisms of shear failure in artificial fractures of sandstone and their implication for models of hydromechanical coupling

Summary Direct shear tests, in which the behaviour of the rock surfaces during shear could be continuously observed, were used to study the shear failure of a profiled and clean discontinuity artificially prepared from natural sandstone. Displacement transducers were used to measure the normal and shear displacements. A series of strain gauges glued on the sides of the upper block provided information on the change of the stress field occurring close to the discontinuities whilst shear displacement increased, and these changes were then compared with the behaviour of the profiled surface. The results of the laboratory tests, the sequence of photographs taken for most of them, and the results conducted with a sample of similar shape made from the same rock material and tested in a rotary shear machine, allowed several stages and mechanisms of failure to be defined: static friction and mobilization of initial shear stiffness; mobilization of sliding; mobilization of brittle fracture; post-peak failure of the teeth; descent of the teeth; gliding and ploughing; commencement of second cycle of shearing. In many respects these stages are similar to those occurring between sliding surfaces of metal and suggest that the analyses developed in tribology may be relevant to the development of constitutive models for predicting the hydromechanical coupled behaviour of a discontinuity with shear displacement. Such models will have to consider these different stages of shear, because the original discontinuity changes its geometry with displacement and is filled with gouge which changes its grain size with displacement.     

Multi-Modal Monitoring of Slip Along Frictional Discontinuities

Seismic wave transmission and digital image correlation (DIC) are employed to study slip processes along frictional discontinuities. A series of biaxial compression experiments are performed on gypsum specimens with non-homogeneous contact surfaces. The specimens are composed of two blocks with perfectly mated contact surfaces with a smooth surface with low frictional strength on the upper half and a rough surface with high frictional strength on the lower half. Compressional, P, and shear, S, wave pulses were transmitted through the discontinuity while digital images of the specimen surface were acquired during the test. A distinct peak in the amplitude of transmitted wave occurs prior to the peak shear strength and is considered a “precursor” to the failure. Precursors indicate that slip initiates from the smooth surface and extends to the rough surface as the shear load is increased. From the DIC data, slip is identified as a jump in the displacement field along the fracture that initiates from the smooth surface and propagates to the rough surface. Precursors are associated with an increase in the rate of slip across the discontinuity and are a measure of the reduction in the fracture shear stiffness.     

岩石拉伸剪切破裂试验研究

岩石拉伸剪切破裂是一类特殊应力状态条件下的破裂形式,属于同时受垂直于破裂面的法向拉应力和平行于破裂面的剪应力作用的复合破裂模式。在研制的DSC-800电液伺服测控岩石拉伸剪切试验仪的基础上,进行了大量花岗闪长岩和砂岩的拉伸剪切试验,开展了配套的破裂断口三维激光扫描、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、岩石物理力学性质试验、颗粒流离散元（PFC）数值模拟等相关试验,利用分形理论研究了岩石拉剪破裂面特征,研究了岩石拉剪-压剪全区破裂准则、剪切速率对岩石拉剪破裂强度的影响,采用颗粒流离散元研究了岩石拉剪破裂过程。研究结论如下:（1）岩石拉剪破裂面的宏观与微观分形维数即粗糙度随着拉应力的增加而增大;（2）岩石的微观断裂形式是拉伸破坏和剪切破坏的结合。当拉应力较小时,岩石的微观断裂形式主要表现为剪切破坏,并且随着拉应力的增加,岩石的拉伸破坏形式表现得更加明显;（3）岩石在拉伸剪切区的破裂拉应力与剪应力成线性负相关关系,在拉伸剪切应力区的岩石破裂线斜率比压缩剪切区大,岩石在拉伸剪切应力条件下比压缩剪切应力条件下容易破裂;（4）在岩石拉伸剪切条件下,剪切速率与剪切强度成非线性反相关关系,随着剪切速率的增加,岩石拉剪破裂面粗糙度增加;（5）建立了岩石拉伸剪切PFC数值试验模型,模拟了岩石拉伸剪切破裂过程中的力链演化以及剪切速率对拉剪破裂面粗糙度的影响,获得了与实验室试验一致的结果。     

含软弱夹层板岩抗剪强度试验及表征方法

在微机控制岩石剪切试验机上,针对预裂的含薄层黏土充填结构面板岩试件,进行不同法向应力下的结构面直剪试验,发现:结构面直剪试验中,并不是整个结构面都参与抗剪工作,只有部分结构面发挥抗剪作用,而且发挥抗剪作用的有效摩擦面积随法向应力的增大而增大,但是增大速率逐渐减小。基于整个结构面发挥抗剪作用的假设,获得了结构面表观剪应力-剪位移关系曲线,拟合计算了结构面表观抗剪强度指标;同时基于每次直剪试验中结构面部分区域发挥抗剪作用的假设,获得了结构面有效剪应力-剪位移关系曲线,拟合计算了结构面有效抗剪强度指标。对比两者发现:结构面抗剪强度指标中,内摩擦角与发挥抗剪作用面积的选取无关,黏聚力则受发挥抗剪作用面积选取的影响;基于结构面有效摩擦面积计算得到的有效黏聚力,相比表观黏聚力,提高了95%。本文研究成果对于滑坡工程治理方案的评估与选择具有重要的意义和价值。     

岩石节理在固定法向压力刚度条件下的剪切理论研究

节理在固定法向压力刚度（CNS）条件下的剪切过程比较复杂,剪切中由于剪胀的存在使得法向压力增大,而法向压力的增加又限制了剪胀的发生。根据CNS剪切过程中某一瞬时状态下法向压应力大小,以节理在该法向压应力下法向剪胀位移与剪切位移的关系为基础,建立一个楔形物理模型。通过循环迭代求得CNS剪切过程中每一步的法向压应力值,进而得到整个过程的剪切应力值。通过该模型,讨论了节理各参数对CNS剪切过程的影响,结果表明,其剪切应力值受法向压应力刚度与节理法向变形参数共同协调控制（包括单轴压缩变形及剪胀角的磨损）,节理在剪切过程中越不易发生压缩变形,其剪切应力值越大。     

Numerical modelling of fluid flow tests in a rock fracture with a special algorithm for contact areas

The fluid flow in rock fractures during shear processes has been an important issue in rock mechanics and is investigated in this paper using finite element method (FEM), considering evolutions of aperture and transmissivity with shear displacement histories under different normal stress and normal stiffness conditions as measured during laboratory coupled shear-flow tests. The distributions of fracture aperture and its evolution during shearing were calculated from the initial aperture, based on the laser-scanned sample surface roughness results, and shear dilations measured in the laboratory tests. Three normal loading conditions were adopted in the tests: simple normal stress and mixed normal stress and normal stiffness to reflect more realistic in situ conditions. A special algorithm for treatment of the contact areas as zero-aperture elements was used to produce more accurate flow field simulations, which is important for continued simulations of particle transport but often not properly treated in literature. The simulation results agree well with the measured hydraulic apertures and flow rate data obtained from the laboratory tests, showing that complex histories of fracture aperture and tortuous flow fields with changing normal loading conditions and increasing shear displacements. With the new algorithm for contact areas, the tortuous flow fields and channeling effects under normal stress/stiffness conditions during shearing were more realistically captured, which is not possible if traditional techniques by assuming very small aperture values for the contact areas were used. These findings have an important impact on the interpretation of the results of coupled hydro-mechanical experiments of rock fractures, and on more realistic simulations of particle transport processes in fractured rocks.     

充填物性质影响结构面剪切特性试验研究

通过自主研发的煤岩剪切-渗流耦合试验装置,开展了无充填结构面和充填石膏、岩屑、黄泥结构面的剪切试验。利用三维光学扫描技术,研究了结构面的三维形貌特征和裂隙开度演化。结果表明：充填结构面的峰值剪应力和法向位移由充填石膏、岩屑到黄泥依次递减,受充填物强度影响较大;无充填结构面由于直接接触,剪切后表面发生明显磨损,结构面粗糙度系数（JRC）整体减小且变化最为显著,充填石膏和岩屑结构面的JRC变化次之,充填黄泥结构面几乎没有变化;充填物破坏和结构面磨损主要受裂隙开度演化和局部应力集中的影响。随着剪切位移的增大,在裂隙开度较小的区域,应力分布较大,充填物易沿此处破碎,无充填结构面沿此处严重磨损。     

Degradation of rock fracture asperities in unloading,reloading, and reversal

Among the constitutive models for rock fractures developed over the years, Barton's empirical model has been widely used. Although Barton's failure criterion predicts peak shear strength of rock fractures with acceptable precision, it has some limitations in estimating the peak shear displacement, post‐peak shear strength, dilation, and surface degradation. The first author modified Barton's original model in order to address these limitations. Barton proposed his model for degradation of fracture asperities in unloading, reloading, and shear displacement reversal based on just one cyclic direct shear test. In this study, a database of results of 18 cyclic direct shear tests available in the literature was collected and analyzed. Modifications were made to Barton's original model (in terms of fracture cyclic shearing) to make it consistent with the modified model proposed by the first author. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

吉林省夹皮沟金矿区控矿构造研究

夹皮沟金矿受夹皮沟断裂的一系列次级脆性构造控制，按构造性质可划分为NW向、NE—NEE向、近SN向3种控矿构造类型。其中NW向构造显示左行剪切特征，NE—NEE向构造显示右行剪切特征，近SN向构造显示压性特征。经研究提出区内控矿断裂的形成与中生代敦化一密山断裂大规模左行平移有关；NE向敦化一密山断裂与次级平行分布的两江断裂左行平移，使早期形成的夹皮沟压性断裂显示左行压扭特征，诱导应力场派生出一系列NW向、NE—NEE向的剪切断裂，以及近SN向的压性断裂。这3组断裂成为本区员主要的容矿构造。     

垃圾填埋场复合衬垫剪切特性单剪试验研究

针对垃圾填埋工程中复合衬垫的界面抗剪特性,利用改进的叠环式单剪仪,对由砂土-无纺型土工布-土工网格-土工膜-夯实粘土组成复合衬垫进行了整体剪切试验研究。重点讨论了复合衬垫整体单剪试验的应力-位移曲线、相同剪切应力下各个界面的位移大小与变化特征和强度特性。研究结果表明：复合衬垫整体单剪试验的应力-位移曲线在低法向应力试验中没有呈现明显的软化特征,在高法向应力试验中有硬化现象;随法向应力增加剪切破坏面会发生转移;目前常用的把复合衬垫拆分为单个界面进行研究来确定最危险界面的方法不能够正确地反映填埋场中的复合衬垫在加载过程中的衬垫单元的实际受压变形情况和在剪切变形过程中最危险破坏面转移的情况;复合衬垫界面的抗剪强度包线呈现双曲线性质。     

上海重塑粘性土的直剪特性研究

上海地区浅层广泛分布的淤泥质粉质粘土、淤泥质粘土和粘土具孔隙比大、含水量高、压缩性大、强度低等特点,容易对工程造成严重不良影响。对这三种土重塑样的直剪特性进行了系统研究,试验方法包括固结快剪和固结慢剪,剪切过程中量测剪切位移和竖向压缩量,剪切结束后量测了破坏面上的土样含水率。结果显示,固结慢剪试验中土样均硬化,剪切位移达6mm时仍未破坏;而固结快剪试验中,除粉质粘土外另两类土在0.2mm的位移下就达到剪切强度。通过试验得到了剪切应力与剪切位移关系、剪缩变形量和抗剪强度参数等。结合试验结果,对粉质粘土与粘土的不同结构导致直剪特性的差异进行了分析讨论。可为上海重塑土的结构及力学特性研究提供依据和借鉴。     

初始静剪应力对粗粒土与结构接触面循环力学特性的影响

运用80 t大型三维接触面试验机,对初始静剪应力存在时粗粒土与结构接触面循环力学特性及初始静剪应力大小的影响进行了研究。循环剪切时,接触面沿初始静剪应力方向产生了明显的切向位移,且该位移与正交切向的剪切路程基本呈直线关系,该直线与初始静剪应力的夹角和初始静剪应力水平关系可用二次多项式描述。初始静剪应力大小对接触面抗剪强度、正交切向应力-应变关系形式影响较小,主要影响正交切向应力峰值、接触面剪切体变数值及剪切体变与切向位移关系等。初始静剪应力越大,该方向产生的切向位移越大,其正交切向应力峰值越小,该应力峰值对应的切向位移亦越小,接触面剪切硬化程度越高;初始剪切时接触面剪胀量越大,而后期循环剪切时剪缩量和剪胀量则越小。     

Effects of Scale and Normal Stress on Shear Behavior of a Soft Fracture Replica

The effects of the fracture scale (size) and normal stress on the shear behavior of a fracture were investigated in direct shear rig using mortar fracture replicas of different sizes (100–200 mm), which were reproduced from a tensile fracture created in granite. Monotonic shear loading was applied at normal stresses of 0.3 and 1 MPa for shear displacements of 2 and 20 mm. The change in surface topography was measured by using a profile measurement system with a laser profilometer to determine the changes in surface damage and the aperture during shear. Additionally, the effect of gouge material on the non-linearity of the closure curve during shear was investigated. The results show that the standard deviation of the initial aperture during shear increases not only with scale but also with the normal stress, since the matedness decreases due to the fact that asperities are more damaged with normal stress, and accordingly, the non-linearity in the closure curve during shear increases with normal stress. The results also show that the non-linearity of the closure curve during shear increases with the presence of gouge material/debris that is produced in the shearing process. This is mainly because gouge is soft and easily deforms under the application of normal stress. Moreover, gouge material is distributed non-uniformly around the contact areas. Thus, the normal stiffness during shear decreases not only with a decrease in the matedness between the surfaces, but also with the presence of gouge material.     

Hydraulic Characteristics of Rough Fractures in Linear Flow under Normal and Shear Load

Summary A hydro-mechanical testing system, which is capable of measuring both the flow rates and the normal and shear displacement of a rock fracture, was built to investigate the hydraulic behaviour of rough tension fractures. Laboratory hydraulic tests in linear flow were conducted on rough rock fractures, artificially created using a splitter under various normal and shear loading. Prior to the tests, aperture distributions were determined by measuring the topography of upper and lower fracture surfaces using a laser profilometer. Experimental variograms of the initial aperture distributions were classified into four groups of geostatistical model, though the overall experimental variograms could be well fitted to the exponential model. The permeability of the rough rock fractures decayed exponentially with respect to the normal stress increase up to 5 MPa. Hydraulic behaviours during monotonic shear loading were significantly affected by the dilation occurring until the shear stress reached the peak strength. With the further dilation, the permeability of the rough fracture specimens increased more. However, beyond shear displacement of about 7 to 8 mm, permeability gradually reached a maximum threshold value. The combined effects of both asperity degradation and gouge production, which prohibited the subsequent enlargement of mean fracture aperture, mainly caused this phenomenon. Permeability changes during cyclic shear loading showed somewhat irregular variations, especially after the first shear loading cycle, due to the complex interaction from asperity degradations and production of gouge materials. The relation between hydraulic and mechanical apertures was analyzed to investigate the valid range of mechanical apertures to be applied to the cubic law. Received June 12, 2001; accepted February 26, 2002 Published online September 2, 2002     

土与钢材料接触面性能的试验研究

利用应变控制式直剪仪,对上海土与钢材料接触面进行直剪试验,研究了土与钢材料接触面内的变形特性,分析了法向应力对接触面剪切破坏特性的影响。分析结果表明,土与钢材料接触面内剪应力与剪切位移呈双曲线关系,并且法向应力影响剪切应力的发挥。     

DEM simulation of collapse behaviours of unsaturated granular materials under general stress states

In this study, a numerical simulation of true triaxial tests was conducted using the three-dimensional distinct element method (DEM) in order to examine how unsaturated granular materials collapse under general stress states. The collapse process was simulated by reducing the intergranular adhesive forces corresponding to the effect of the capillary suction during the isotropic compression and the shearing processes under general stress states. Based on the relationship between the void ratio and the mean principal stress after collapsing, it was found that the initially soaked compression line obtained with an inundation test may be used to predict the collapse of granular materials under a general stress state. From the analysis for the fabric tensor in the particle aggregate after collapsing, the skeleton structures became identical to those in which no intergranular adhesive force was applied. Furthermore, even though the collapse process was simulated under a plane strain condition, the shear band inside the sample did not occur clearly, and the slippage between particles was instead induced randomly during collapsing.     

三轴压缩煤岩三维裂隙CT图像重构及体分形维研究

通过对煤岩试件进行常规三轴力学试验,并对破坏后的煤岩试件进行CT扫描,之后将处理过的CT图片导入Mimics10.01进行三维重构,得到了煤岩试件内部裂隙空间的分布情况。另外,利用自编的Matlab程序对煤岩试件的体分形维进行了初步分析。结果表明：煤岩试件在三轴加载条件下主要发生压剪破坏;且围压不同,煤岩试件表现出了特定的力学规律;利用Mimics10.01重构得到的煤岩三维裂隙空间分布情况显示,随着围压的增大,煤岩试件剪切破坏面的连通率和体密度有增大的趋势;体分形维计算的结果显示,煤岩内部破坏越严重,体分形维值越小。     

基于分形与损伤理论的岩石声-应力相关性理论模型研究

建立单一微裂纹在单轴压缩荷载作用下的力学模型,采用宏观复合型断裂理论中的最大周向应力理论,求出单一微裂纹达到稳定时的形态尺寸.利用分形损伤理论,求出不同荷载阶段的分形维数;由分形维数的定义导出了不同荷载阶段的裂纹个数的变化情况;结合单一微裂纹的形态尺寸,求出不同荷载阶段中岩石孔隙率与荷载值之间的关系;利用目前被广泛采用的超声波纵波速度与孔隙率的关系式,最终导出单轴压缩荷载作用下岩石超声波纵波速度与应力的理论关系式.进行岩石声-应力的试验测试,根据试验成果作出声-应力曲线,并与理论声-应力曲线进行比对,结果表明,理论模型比较适合于反映岩石受载全过程中的后半部分的声-应力关系.