环渤海海洋产业与区域经济关联性研究

环渤海地区是海洋产业发展的重要基地,以占全国5．269／6的面积创造了占全国1／4强的经济总量。文章从环渤海地区的海洋产业发展现状出发,分析了这一地区的海洋产业结构、海洋产业占经济总量的比重,并就海洋产业的经济增长贡献率进行了量化分析,运用灰色关联度分析方法对海洋产业集群与海洋产业发展进行了分析和预测,最后得出三次产业之间发展不均衡的结论,并提出了相应措施。     

海洋产业结构优化与海洋经济增长研究

改革开放以来,随着我国经济建设的大力发展和我国综合国力的不断提高,对海洋经济的战略性作用越发重视,于2013年提出"21世纪海上丝绸之路"战略。文章采用产业结构合理化和高级化这两个指标来衡量产业结构,进而构建海洋生产函数,将产业结构合理化和高级化引入生产函数,运用固定效应模型分析产业结构合理化和高级化的指标对海洋经济增长的实证影响。研究表明:海洋经济增长不仅取决于资本与劳动的投入,而且产业结构优化对海洋经济增长的贡献显著。虽然产业结构高级化指标对海洋经济有显著正的影响,但是产业结构合理化指标对海洋经济的影响为负且不太显著。这证明我国海洋经济产业间要素流动不自由,因而政府要加强消除海洋产业间要素自由流动的障碍力度。同时还发现海洋经济具有规模经济效应,因此大力引导资本和劳动力进入海洋经济是促进海洋经济增长的主要手段,尤其是从那些已经产能过剩的产业,以此来帮助我国经济转型。     

海洋产业结构变动对海洋经济效率影响研究

产业结构变动对经济增长影响已经得到了现代经济增长理论的肯定,但是产业结构变动对经济增长效率的影响一直是学术界没有解决的问题。目前中国已经进入了中等收入国家,粗放式增长逐渐结束,集约式增长越来越受到重视。文章基于海洋产业,研究了海洋产业结构变动对经济增长效率的影响,将海洋产业结构变动具体量化,分为海洋产业结构高级化和合理化;其次运用海洋产业全要素生产率来衡量海洋经济增长效率,通过从海洋生产函数中剔除初级要素带来的海洋经济增长效率得出海洋产业全要素生产率;同时计算出海洋产业劳动和资本的生产效率;最后收集了1996—2015年全国沿海11个省、市、自治区的数据,运用混合面板数据模型来研究海洋产业结构高级化和合理化对海洋经济增长效率的影响。研究发现海洋产业结构合理化和高级化对海洋经济增长具有正面影响,对于未来发展海洋经济提出了提高海洋产业技术来提高海洋产业结构优化,从而使得海洋经济发展走上集约式增长之路。     

海洋战略性新兴产业集群形成机理的初步探索

近年来,海洋战略性新兴产业的集群式发展已经成为国家或地区提升产业竞争力、拉动海洋经济转型、实现跨越式发展的重要方式,逐渐引起学术界的高度重视。文章在对产业集群、海洋战略性新兴产业、海洋战略性新兴产业集群等概念进行界定的基础上,从影响因素、促进效应、空间组织模式等3个方面初步探索海洋战略性新兴产业集群的形成机理,并对海洋战略性新兴产业集群形成的促进效应进行重点分析,认为存在规模效应、辐射效应和协同效应等直接效应以及自我强化效应、累积效应和适应性预期效应等间接效应,对这些效应的原理进行深入探讨和案例分析。     

“十四五”时期广东培育海洋创新型产业集群路径初探——基于欧洲经验启示

广东作为我国第一海洋经济大省,重点布局了海洋电子信息等海洋六大产业,目标打造2～3个产值千亿元级产业集群。文章以欧洲107个海洋创新型产业集群为研究对象,梳理其海洋产业前沿交叉领域布局,分析产业集群空间分布特征,探讨产业集群的先进组织管理模式。结果表明,欧洲海洋创新型产业集群以可持续蓝色增长为发展主线,空间分布均衡且实行错位分工协同发展,通过系统建立大量产业集群促进机构和监管体系,构建国际战略集群伙伴关系,引导集群的良性发展。在此基础上,从合作对象、组织机构、交流合作、资金激励和监管体系等角度提出了广东培育海洋创新型产业集群相关建议。     

渤海海峡跨海通道建设对环渤海地区海洋功能区划的影响

渤海海峡跨海通道建设项目是一项规模浩大、技术复杂和工程艰巨的海洋工程,具有明显的社会经济和生态环境效应,对环渤海地区海洋功能区划工作和重要海域海洋功能区将产生广泛而深远的影响.积极的做法是继续通过科学论证和系统研究,预测长时间尺度跨海通道建设及其运营可能带来的社会经济和生态环境影响,提高海洋功能区划编制的科学性和前瞻性,促进与跨海通道建设相关的海洋开发利用活动的合理布局和环渤海区域经济的协调发展.     

海洋全要素生产率测算研究：2001—2015年

基于柯布－道格拉斯生产函数,通过对海洋产业加权汇总,构建海洋全要素生产率的测算模型;实现了长时间序列的海洋全要素生产率测算,并分析海洋产业供给侧资本要素、劳动力要素和全要素生产率的特点与变化趋势。研究表明：我国“十五、十一五、十二五”期间的海洋全要素生产率分别为7.95%、6.99%和7.10%,略有波动;海洋全要素生产率对海洋经济增长始终位于高位水平,超过资本、劳动力要素增长对海洋经济增长的贡献。     

宁波市陆域经济与海域经济协调发展研究

分析了宁波市海陆经济关系,对宁波市主要海洋产业与陆域产业的关联性进行了详细的研究,同时运用贡献率分析和拉动效应分析,计算出海洋经济对区域经济的贡献以及海洋经济对陆域经济的产值拉动效应;得出海陆经济的协调发展必须尽可能地通过利用港口的发展来实现.依靠港口开发和港口经济发展,推进宁波地区的工业化进程,拓展和加强第三产业,逐步完善产业结构,保持海陆经济持续稳定高效发展.     

我国海洋经济劳动生产率区域差异与演变分析

劳动生产率差异是导致区域经济发展差异的重要原因,提高劳动生产率是促进经济增长的有效手段。分析我国海洋经济的劳动生产率的区域差异与演变对发展我国海洋经济具有积极意义。在分析我国海洋经济劳动生产率的特点基础上,文章运用基尼系数和泰尔指数计算我国沿海地区1997—2014年海洋经济劳动生产率区域差异,并进行σ-收敛性检验,结果表明区域差异呈现倒V字形走势,1997—2005年呈现σ-发散,2005—2014年呈现σ-收敛。采用泰尔指数分解方法测度表明,环渤海、长三角、泛珠三角三大经济区海洋经济劳动生产率地区内差异占总体差异的比重达80%以上,而地区间差异比重较小,环渤海经济区地区内差异最大。分阶段对我国各沿海地区海洋经济的劳动生产率进行排名并观察演变过程。提出提高我国海洋经济劳动生产率的相关建议:一是努力提高海洋经济全要素生产率;二是促进海洋产业合理布局,努力提高传统海洋产业劳动生产率;三是统筹区域海洋经济发展。     

东部海洋经济圈的海洋科技发展水平和海洋经济

为科学合理评价区域海洋科技发展水平,进一步促进区域海洋经济增长,文章以东部海洋经济圈为例,采用主成分分析方法构建海洋科技发展水平综合指标,采用多元线性回归模型分析海洋科技发展等因素与海洋经济增长之间的关系,并提出建议。研究结果表明:海洋科技发展水平综合指标包括海洋科技支撑、海洋科技成果转化和海洋科技投入3个主要素及其11个指标,2006—2015年东部海洋经济圈各地海洋科技发展水平整体处于上升趋势,且差距较小;除政府支持力度外,海洋科技发展水平、海洋第三产业发展水平和工业污染程度等变量均与海洋生产总值存在显著相关关系,其中海洋科技发展水平为正相关;未来应促进海洋科技成果转化、减少区域壁垒制约以及加强海洋生态环境保护和治理。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.