夏季青藏高原地区近地层水汽进入平流层的特征分析

青藏高原为亚洲季风区的典型代表区域,研究其水汽进入平流层的过程和机理对认识全球气候和大气环境变化具有一定的现实意义. 本文基于中尺度气象模式(WRF)的模拟输出结果(2006年8月20日至8月26)驱动拉格朗日大气输送模式FLEXPART,通过追踪并解析气块的三维轨迹以及温度、湿度等相关物理量的相关变化特征,初步分析了夏季青藏高原地区近地层-对流层-平流层的水汽输送特征. 研究结果表明,源于高原地区近地层的水汽在进入平流层的过程中受南亚高压影响下的大尺度环流和中小尺度对流的共同影响.首先,在对流抬升作用下,气块在短时间内(24 h)可抬升到9~12 km的高度,然后在南亚高压闭合环流影响下,相当部分气块在反气旋的东南侧穿越对流层顶进入平流层中,并继续向低纬热带平流层输送,进而参与全球对流层-平流层的水汽循环过程. 在对流抬升高度上气块位置位于高原的西北侧,然而气块拉格朗日温度最小值主要分布于高原南侧,两个位置上气块的平均位温差值可达15~35 K,这种显著的温度差异将导致气块进入平流层时"脱水". 比较而言,夏季青藏高原地区近地层水汽进入平流层的多寡主要和大尺度汽流的垂直输送有关,而深对流的作用相对较弱.     

西藏高原斜压对流边界层风、温、湿廓线特征

利用1998年夏季第2次青藏高原大气科学试验当雄观测站的边界层观测资料以及拉萨、改则和武汉等地探空资料,分析讨论西藏高原斜压对流边界层风、温、湿廓线的特征. 研究结果表明,高原地区白天对流边界层发展可高达2200m,显著超过中纬度平原地区和海面上对流边界层高度. 高原对流边界层中温度廓线具有较好的混合特征,湿度廓线有时在某一高度上出现湿度极大值. 高原对流边界层内热量和水汽收支分析表明,水平平流作用对边界层结构具有重要作用. 在对流边界层中平均风速垂直分布存在风切变现象. 水平温度梯度形成较强的斜压性是形成边界层风切变的主要原因.     

夏季亚洲大地形双加热及近对流层顶位涡强迫的激发Ⅱ:伊朗高原-青藏高原感热加热

基于诊断和数值模拟,研究了夏季青藏高原和伊朗高原热力强迫的相互作用,其对亚洲副热带季风区水汽通量辐合的贡献及对欧亚大陆上空高对流层顶和平流层低层冷中心形成的影响.结果表明两大高原感热加热存在相互影响和反馈,伊朗高原感热加热减少青藏高原的表面加热,而青藏高原的感热加热则增加伊朗高原的表面加热;形成了观测到的伊朗高原感热加热-青藏高原感热加热和凝结潜热释放-大气垂直环流之间的准平衡耦合系统(TIPS),影响大气环流.青藏高原上的感热-潜热相互反馈在这个TIPS耦合系统中起主要作用.两大高原感热加热对其他地区的影响有相互加强也有相互抵消;青藏高原感热加热引发的对亚洲副热带季风区水汽通量辐合贡献率为伊朗高原感热影响的2倍以上;伊朗高原和青藏高原的感热加热共同作用对亚洲副热带季风区的水汽辐合作出最主要的贡献.TIPS的加热作用使对流层温度升高,并抬升了其上空的对流层顶,造成了那里平流层下层温度偏低;与欧亚大陆大尺度热力强迫共同作用,形成了对流层上层的暖性但在平流层下层为冷性的强大的反气旋环流南亚高压,从而影响区域和全球的天气气候.     

中国西南地区降水中氧稳定同位素比率与相关气象要素之间关系的研究

分析了中国西南地区降水中稳定同位素比率与不同高度的温度、气压、湿度的关系以及影响该地区降水中稳定同位素比率的因子. 在天气尺度下, 蒙自、思茅、腾冲降水中δ ¹⁸O与取样时的降水量、水汽压、大气水汽总量均存在显著的负相关关系; 与各标准层(400, 500, 700, 850 hPa)的日平均温度存在显著的负相关关系, 这个结果与中高纬度内陆区存在的显著温度效应不同. 另外发现, 降水中δ ¹⁸O与各标准层大气的温度露点差ΔT_d存在显著的正相关关系. 在年尺度下, 昆明站的年加权平均δ ¹⁸O不仅与年降水量存在一定程度的负相关关系, 并且与500 hPa的年平均温度存在显著的负相关关系. 在夏季风异常强盛的年份, 更多来自低纬度海洋的暖湿空气通过中国的西南水汽通道向北输送, 并在沿途形成异常的强降水. 异常强的凝结过程将释放更多的凝结潜热加热大气, 使降水时的大气温度升高. 伴随降水量的增加, 降水中δ ¹⁸O的降低; 反之, 在夏季风异常弱的年份, 降水量小, 降水时的大气温度较低, 因此, 降水中的δ ¹⁸O较高.     

GPS大气掩星技术在全球气候变化研究中的应用

人类活动引起全球变暖,衡量全球气候变化的指标有陆地、大气和海洋温度,水汽含量等等.研究对流层底层大气温度和水汽含量变化的传统方法是用数值天气预报模型和微波声纳,尚未实现用全球均匀覆盖的数据来做精确的定量研究.和GNSS系列卫星计划比较,最近发射的COSMIC卫星气象探测数据的空间、时间以及垂直分辨率都大大提高.采用COSMIC数据可以改进和量化南极洲的大气压力模型,并综合GNSS系列卫星测量的水汽和温度剖面研究全球气候变化.用一维协方差算法估计南极洲及附近海洋的大气压、温度和湿度剖面.把COSMIC卫星密集测量期间演算得到的大气折射率和GNSS系列卫星的结果进行比较.再和独立测量数据进行比较,包括南极洲自动气象观测站资料,数值天气预报模型资料,多种测高卫星水汽资料和海洋表面温度资料以及区域GPS水汽图.上述工作将改进发展中的气象遥感技术并应用于天气预报和空间天气预报及全球气候变化研究.     

芦山地震、汶川地震与龙门山地区水汽异常

对龙门山地区水汽动态的分析研究表明,在2013年芦山MS7.0地震和2008年汶川MS8.0地震前,龙门山地区大气相对湿度异常频次都出现了先逐年下降,然后快速回升的过程;下降时间较长,10a以上,上升时间较短,1~2a;震中位于异常频次相对下降和上升幅度都是最大的中心或邻近区域。在地震孕育中期阶段发生水汽异常趋势变化的原因可能是由于岩层裂隙的张合、地下流体的运动和地热能的变化,影响地面温度和潜热交换的速度所致。在地震孕育的中长期阶段(10a~几a),地壳岩石受压缩变形,孔隙、裂隙不断闭合或减少,由地下释放的热水、热汽减少,潜热交换速度也随之降低,相对湿度异常频次表现为逐年下降的趋势。在地震孕育的中短期阶段,地壳岩石变形进一步加大,可能导致微破裂不断扩展,由地下释放的热水、热汽由减少转为增加,潜热交换速度由降低转为迅速增加,相对湿度异常频度也表现出由逐年下降转为突发的快速上升。     

德令哈大气水汽中δ~(18)O的时间变化特征——以2005年7月～2006年2月为例

大气水汽中氧稳定同位素是研究气候现代过程的重要手段.根据测得的青藏高原东北部德令哈2005年7月~2006年2月大气水汽中δ18O以及观测的气象要素,分析了德令哈大气水汽中δ18O的变化特征以及与温度、比湿的关系.研究结果表明,德令哈大气水汽中δ18O季节变化显著,夏季值高于冬季值;在取样期间存在较大的波动,波动幅度超过37‰;受温度季节变化影响,德令哈大气水汽中δ18O的日变化与日平均温度之间存在着明显的正相关关系;德令哈大气水汽中δ18O与大气中水汽含量的关系较复杂,研究发现在季节尺度上,冬季大气水汽中δ18O与空气比湿成正相关关系,但在夏季,大气水汽中δ18O显著受到降水的影响而与空气比湿显现相反的关系;德令哈大气水汽中δ18O值低于当地降水中δ18O值,它们之间平均差值?δ18O为10.7‰;德令哈大气水汽中δ18O值受到降水事件的影响,在7,8月间相对偏低,模拟结果显示,降水事件使德令哈大气水汽中δ18O值在7,8月间平均偏低7‰.     

鄱阳湖夏季水热通量特征及环境要素影响分析

气候变化加速了全球水文循环过程,然而,气候变化如何影响水体蒸发及其水热通量交换仍然不清楚.基于涡度相关系统观测鄱阳湖水体水热通量过程,在小时和日尺度分析了水热通量的变化规律及其主要影响因子.研究表明,潜热通量日变化波动剧烈,大部分为正值,变化范围在-50~580 W/m2之间.而感热通量数值较小,变化范围在-50~50 W/m2之间.8月份潜热通量和感热通量均呈波动下降趋势,均值分别为167.4和15.9 W/m2.8月份日平均潜热通量和感热通量之和大于净辐射,这是由于这一时段储存在水体中的热量释放并补充潜热通量和感热通量.小时尺度上潜热通量日变化在相位上与净辐射无显著相关性,而与风速显著相关.在日尺度变化趋势上,8月份日平均潜热通量仍主要受到风速和水温的影响,感热通量则主要受到风速和饱和水汽压差的影响.     

三种下垫面温度及结冰预报模型研究

应用地表热量平衡方程,考虑太阳短波辐射、大气和地面的长波辐射、潜热、感热传输等能量之间的平衡,并考虑水汽、气溶胶、浮尘以及云等对太阳短波辐射的吸收和散射,建立了一种较实用的下垫面温度预报模型.应用湖北省恩施和金沙2009年冬季2月对土壤、水泥、沥青三种不同下垫面温度和自动气象站的常规气象要素观测进行模拟分析,并与该时段...     

绿洲和戈壁近地面层热量和物质输送特征对比

利用甘肃金塔绿洲和戈壁10 m涡旋相关法的观测资料对比研究温度、湿度和二氧化碳浓度(CO₂)的平流和湍流通量特征.结果表明,在典型绿洲-戈壁复杂下垫面上,热量和物质的平流通量比湍流通量的值大1到2个量级;在绿洲和戈壁,受平流输送影响和下垫面强迫,不同性质标量湍流的水平和垂直通量分布具有不同的特征.     

Surface heat budget of a polynya in the coastal waters off Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, during austral summer

The daily surface heat budget of a polynya in the coastal waters off Queen Maud Land, Antarctica is studied for the period from 23 December 1986 to February 1987 using the surface meteorological data collected on board the Swedish vessel M.S. Thuleland.The incoming solar radiation was found to be the most important component in the surface heat budget; its mean value for the study period was found to be about 209 W m⁻². The latent and sensible heat fluxes were found in opposition and nearly balancing each other out. The average net heat gain over the polynya, for the study period, was 141 W m⁻². From the mean heat storage values obtained from the temperature profiles, the heat gain at the surface is seen to be almost lost through advection and other interior physical processes in the top 50 m layer of the water column. This is reflected in sea surface temperature which was almost steady during the study period.     

冬季大气斜压性对黑潮延伸体年代际异常响应的维持机制研究

黑潮延伸体(Kuroshio Extension,KE)海域附近具有强烈的大气斜压性可显著影响北太平洋上空风暴轴异常,因而有必要研究KE海区附近斜压性的特征和维持机制.本文设计数值试验并结合高分辨率ERA-Interim资料研究了大气斜压性对KE 年代际海温变率模态(KEDV-induced SSTA,Kuroshio...     

Cumulus cloud energetics as revealed in a numerical model of cloud dynamics: Part II. Computational results

A numerical model of atmospheric convection is used to investigate the effects of the birth, growth, and death of a cumulus cloud on the temporal and spatial characteristics of atmospheric energy content. Energy in the forms of latent and thermal enthalpy of water vapor, thermal enthalpy of dry air and of condensed liquid, and potential and kinetic energy is computed. Changes in the energy content and the vertical flux of energy are mapped in the vertical plane passing through the cloud axis and are summed horizontally and vertically over the domain to show the rearrangements.It is found that the relative importance of different forms of energy is a function of position with respect to the cloud. Energy related to the presence of water vapor accounts for most of the changes in the vicinity of the cloud. Convection tends to decrease the potential instability of the atmosphere, the amount of decrease being determined by the total energy released during condensation regardless of whether it falls as rain. The time for the departure from neutral stability to be reduced by 10 percent of its initial value is estimated to be about one hour.     

Water temperature modelling in a controlled environment: comparative study of heat budget equations

One of the challenges when modelling a complex variable such as water temperature in rivers is that it can be difficult to determine the sources of error and to ensure that the simulations are truly representative of the reality. Therefore, a heat budget study was completed in a controlled environment, which excluded advection and bottom fluxes but enabled observation of all the other fluxes. A 21.42 m³ pool was installed and insulated to limit heat exchange through the sides and bottom. All the major energy fluxes were monitored for a 50‐day period. Different equations for individual heat budget terms were tested to determine their ability to reproduce the observations. This experiment also permitted to assess the relative importance of each component of the heat budget. Performance of each semi‐empirical equation was determined by comparing predictions and measured values. It was thus possible to choose the formulae that best represented the measured heat exchange processes, while understanding the limits of some of the semi‐empirical representations of heat exchange processes. The results highlight the importance of radiative terms into the heat budget because they controlled the major sources and sinks. The study also showed the importance of the wind function determination into the calculation of latent heat flux. The resulting water temperature model returned simulated hourly water temperature with an overall root mean square error of 0.71 °C/h and a modified Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.97. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A land surface model incorporated with soil freeze/thaw and its application in GAME/Tibet

Land surface process is of great importance in global climate change, moisture and heat exchange in the interface of the earth and atmosphere, human impacts on the environment and eco- system, etc. Soil freeze/thaw plays an important role in cold land surface processes. In this work the diurnal freeze/thaw effects on energy partition in the context of GAME/Tibet are studied. A sophisti- cated land surface model is developed, the particular aspect of which is its physical consideration of soil freeze/thaw and vapor flux. The simultaneous water and heat transfer soil sub-model not only reflects the water flow from unfrozen zone to frozen fringe in freezing/thawing soil, but also demon- strates the change of moisture and temperature field induced by vapor flux from high temperature zone to low temperature zone, which makes the model applicable for various circumstances. The modified Picard numerical method is employed to help with the water balance and convergence of the numerical scheme. Finally, the model is applied to analyze the diurnal energy and water cycle char- acteristics over the Tibetan Plateau using the Game/Tibet datasets observed in May and July of 1998. Heat and energy transfer simulation shows that: (i) There exists a negative feedback mechanism between soil freeze/thaw and soil temperature/ground heat flux; (ii) during freezing period all three heat fluxes do not vary apparently, in spite of the fact that the negative soil temperature is higher than that not considering soil freeze; (iii) during thawing period, ground heat flux increases, and sensible heat flux decreases, but latent heat flux does not change much; and (iv) during freezing period, soil temperature decreases, though ground heat flux increases.     

An anomalous cooling event observed in the Bay of Bengal during June 2009

Sea surface temperature (SST) variability over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) has the potential to trigger deep moist convection thereby affecting the active-break cycle of the monsoons. Normally, during the summer monsoon season, SST over the BoB is observed to be greater than 28°C which is a pre-requisite for convection. During June 2009, satellite observations revealed an anomalous basin-wide cooling and the month is noted for reduced rainfall over the Indian subcontinent. In this study, we analyze the likely mechanisms of this cooling event using both satellite and moored buoy observations. Observations showed deepened mixed layer, stronger surface currents, and enhanced heat loss at the surface in the BoB. Mixed layer heat balance analysis is carried out to resolve the relative importance of various processes involved. We show that the cooling event is primarily induced by the heat losses at the surface resulting from the strong wind anomalies, and advection and vertical entrainment playing secondary roles.     

Inter‐annual variability in the effects of riparian woodland on micro‐climate,energy exchanges and water temperature of an upland Scottish stream

The influence of riparian woodland on stream temperature, micro‐climate and energy exchange was investigated over seven calendar years. Continuous data were collected from two reaches of the Girnock Burn (a tributary of the Aberdeenshire Dee, Scotland) with contrasting land use characteristics: (1) semi‐natural riparian forest and (2) open moorland. In the moorland reach, wind speed and energy fluxes (especially net radiation, latent heat and sensible heat) varied considerably between years because of variable riparian micro‐climate coupled strongly to prevailing meteorological conditions. In the forested reach, riparian vegetation sheltered the stream from meteorological conditions that produced a moderated micro‐climate and thus energy exchange conditions, which were relatively stable between years. Net energy gains (losses) in spring and summer (autumn and winter) were typically greater in the moorland than the forest. However, when particularly high latent heat loss or low net radiation gain occurred in the moorland, net energy gain (loss) was less than that in the forest during the spring and summer (autumn and winter) months. Spring and summer water temperature was typically cooler in the forest and characterised by less inter‐annual variability due to reduced, more inter‐annually stable energy gain in the forested reach. The effect of riparian vegetation on autumn and winter water temperature dynamics was less clear because of the confounding effects of reach‐scale inflows of thermally stable groundwater in the moorland reach, which strongly influenced the local heat budget. These findings provide new insights as to the hydrometeorological conditions under which semi‐natural riparian forest may be effective in mitigating river thermal variability, notably peaks, under present and future climates. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Condensation of water vapor and carbon dioxide in the jet exhausts of rocket engines: 1. Heterogeneous condensation of combustion products

Condensation of water vapor and carbon dioxide in the jet exhausts of rocket engines during last stages of Proton, Molniya, and Start launchers operating in the upper atmospheric with different types of fuels is considered. Particle heating is taken into account with emission of latent heat of condensation and energy loss due to radiation and heat exchange with combustion products. Using the solution of the heat balance and condensed particle mass equations, the temporal change in the temperature and thickness of the condensate layer is obtained. Practically, no condensation of water vapor and carbon dioxide in the jet exhaust of a Start launcher occurs. In plumes of Proton and Molniya launchers, the condensation of water vapor and carbon dioxide can start at distances of 120–170 m and 450–650 m from the engine nozzle, respectively. In the course of condensation, the thickness of the “water” layer on particles can exceed 100 Å, and the thickness of carbon dioxide can exceed 60 Å.     

A Study on Climatological Features of the Asian Summer Monsoon: Dynamics, Energetics and Variability

A continuing goal in the diagnostic studies of the atmospheric general circulation is to estimate various quantities that cannot be directly observed. Evaluation of all the dynamical terms in the budget equations for kinetic energy, vorticity, heat and moisture provide estimates of kinetic energy and vorticity generation, diabatic heating and source/sinks of moisture. All these are important forcing factors to the climate system. In this paper, diagnostic aspects of the dynamics and energetics of the Asian summer monsoon and its spatial variability in terms of contrasting features of surplus and deficient summer monsoon seasons over India are studied with reanalysis data sets. The daily reanalysis data sets from the National Centre for Environmental Prediction/National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) are used for a fifty-two year (1948–1999) period to investigate the large-scale budget of kinetic energy, vorticity, heat and moisture. The primary objectives of the study are to comprehend the climate diagnostics of the Asian summer monsoon and the role of equatorial convection of the summer monsoon activity over India.It is observed that the entrance/exit regions of the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) are characterized by the production/destruction of the kinetic energy, which is essential to maintain outflow/inflow prevailing at the respective location of the TEJ. Both zonal and meridional components contribute to the production of kinetic energy over the monsoon domain, though the significant contribution to the adiabatic generation of kinetic energy originates from the meridional component over the Bay of Bengal in the upper level and over the Somali Coast in the low level. The results indicate that the entire Indian peninsula including the Bay of Bengal is quite unstable during the summer monsoon associated with the production of vorticity within the domain itself and maintain the circulation. The summer monsoon evinces strong convergence of heat and moisture over the monsoon domain. Also, considerable heat energy is generated through the action of the adiabatic process. The combined effect of these processes leads to the formation of a strong diabatic heat source in the region to maintain the monsoon circulation. The interesting aspect noted in this study is that the large-scale budgets of heat and moisture indicate excess magnitudes over the Arabian Sea and the western equatorial Indian Ocean during surplus monsoon. On the other hand, the east equatorial Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal region show stronger activity during deficient monsoon. This is reflected in various budget terms considered in this study.