基于生命周期理论的资源型城市经济转型研究

从国内外的发展情况看,许多资源型城市已经面临越来越严重的资源环境和发展的困境,有些资源型城市经济发展会因资源枯竭而呈现"矿竭城衰"的现象,然而有些城市根据发展实际,进行适时转型,实现城市经济的可持续发展.本文根据资源型城市经济发展的特点,对资源型城市经济发展面临的问题进行共性分析,在总结国际上资源型城市转型的三种模式的基础上,根据生命周期理论来判定城市发展所处的阶段,从产业生命周期、产业竞争力和城市转型定位等四个维度框定城市转型理论分析,进而对资源型城市经济转型和结构调整提出对策建议.     

资源型城市生命周期模型研究

在评述国内外资源型城市发展研究成果的基础上,指出资源型城市生命周期研究的意义。从资源型城市生命周期根源出发,阐述了在不可再生资源单一开发条件下建立起来的传统生命周期模型特征。通过拓展资源开发领域,将生命周期的研究范围由不可再生资源拓展到地域所有资源范畴,从而构建了资源综合开发条件下的新型生命周期模型,并与传统生命周期模型进行比较。最后,重点论述新型生命周期的阶段特征。     

城市化对城市近郊乡村旅游地生命周期的影响分析

城市近郊呈动态化的过程,是一个极不稳定的区域,其变化受城市化进程的影响。文章探讨了城市近郊乡村旅游的特点,重点运用城市化理论和旅游地生命周期理论分析城市近郊乡村旅游地在城市化进程中受到的影响、发生的变迁。     

论城市开发区的发展：历史进程,理论背景及生命周期

本文加顾城市开发区发展历史,探讨其生命周期这一客观发展规律,指出城市开发区是发展中国家获得国际资本、促进本国工业发展的有效途径;二战以来新国际劳动分工是发展中国家众多城市开发区成功的前提条件;城市开发区一般经历起步、发展、分异和成熟等四个发展阶段,服从于生命周期规律,政府可根据这一客观规律,对不同发展阶状况的城市开发给予正确引导和调控,以扭转目前我国开发区发展混乱,规模失控,性质雷同的状况。     

抚顺主导产业演替与城市经济发展及对其它煤炭城市的启示

一个城市经济的发展是由主导产业有序更替从而推动产业结构不断演进来实现的。由于煤炭产业存在着明显的生命周期现象,所以以煤炭产业为主导地位的煤炭城市适时培育、发展新的非煤主导产业显得尤为重要。抚顺市的煤炭产业经历了生命周期的全部过程。曾经作为城市主导产业推动城市发展和产业结构演进,并最终将其在抚顺经济中的主导地位逐步让位给石油工业,从而保证了抚顺城市经济的持续快速发展。这对中国其他煤炭城市具有重要的借鉴意义。     

国内外城市新区发展理论研究进展

基于梳理城市新区研究的发展脉络,国外城市新区的研究可分为3个阶段：1）19世纪90年代至20世纪50年代以功能疏导和社会需求为研究导向,研究领域包括城市新区的功能形态、卫星城开发实践等;2）20世纪50―90年代以功能平衡和经济需求为研究导向,研究领域包括新城开发、新产业区等;3）20世纪90年代以来以政策引导和生态需求为研究导向,研究领域包括生态新城、郊区化与边缘城市、城市新区规划设计、新区产业与社会问题等。与之相比,我国的城市新区研究也大致分为3个阶段,依次是1978年至20世纪90年代初的国外理论借鉴研究,20世纪90年代至21世纪00年代初期的开发区研究,以及21世纪00年代以来的综合型城市新区研究,相关研究领域包括产业发展、土地利用、空间结构、交通发展、管理体制、生命周期与转型,以及城市新区开发个案等。国内外研究在研究背景和目的、研究内容、研究方法上都具有显著差异。此外,文章还展望了我国城市新区未来的主要研究方向：1）城市新区开发对城市空间增长的作用;2）城市新区的演化及其生命周期;3）基于节约理念的城市新区开发模式;4）城市新区开发研究方法的应用。     

基于等级钟理论的中国城市规模等级体系演化特征

首次引入国际著名城市地理学家M.Batty 提出的“城市规模等级钟”、“等级距离钟” 和“半生命周期” 理论; 利用地级以上城市的人口-等级数据, 测算了表征中国城市规模等 级演化特点的“等级钟”、“等级距离钟” 和“半生命周期”, 探讨了演化过程与机制; 利用 历史人口数据, 研究了若干历史城市近2000 年间的“等级钟” 演化特征。等级钟研究表明, 中国特大城市的规模等级钟变化较小, 城市位序稳定; 在区域空间差异上, 东部沿海城市等 级钟变化明显, 位序上升迅速; 东北地区城市等级钟呈现较大变化, 但演化方向与东部沿海 城市相反, 城市位序逐渐下降; 西部和内陆城市等级钟变化缓慢, 位序难以进入顶级序列之 中。等级距离钟表明, 中国高位序城市等级距离变化较小, 低位序和新设立城市的等级距离 变化明显, 整个城市系统的变化较为平缓, 仅在1980-1985 年间和2000-2005 年间出现较大变化, 体现了中国在改革开放初期与21 世纪开始的二次较为迅速的城市化发展历程。半生命周 期研究表明, 中国城市体系在生命周期现象不明显的总体背景下, 以20 世纪80 年代为时间 界标, 百位城市的前、后半生命周期仍然显现有较为明显的时间尺度差异, 自该时间界标以后, 新兴城市替代传统城市的速度开始加快。中国历史城市“等级钟” 表明, 城市位序等级 的变化是多种动因的叠加, 以政治职能为主的城市位序与其政治地位密切相关; 沿海、沿江 城市的位序则更多地与地理区位条件和经济政策相关联。     

昆明城市基础设施建设与城市管理问题与对策

城市的基础设施建设是一个城市的血脉和生命。它代表着一个城市的政治、经济和文化品位,代表着市民的社会公德素质和文化素质,代表着一个城市的城市精神。在面临今天大开发、大发展的新形势下,昆明的城市基础设施的建设和管理存在着一些问题：重建设轻管理、建设与管理主体不统一、管理的落后等。针对这些问题,围绕项目全生命周期管理,转变政府职能等理念,提出了引入市场竞争机制;建立城建资金良性循环机制等相应的对策。     

中国资源枯竭城市产业功能特征

当前中国多数资源型城市进入资源枯竭阶段后陷入了发展困境。产业功能严重失衡是造成资源枯竭城市产业发展不可持续问题的重要原因之一。依据经济基础理论、产业生命周期理论,借鉴城市功能研究方法,以国家发改委确定的24个地级资源枯竭城市为案例,对中国资源枯竭城市产业功能特征进行了研究,探讨了1997年以来样本城市产业功能变化的动态过程。结果显示:资源枯竭城市产业功能较多体现在其基本功能方面(采矿业及相关行业),但在交通运输、仓储及邮政业以及大多服务业功能上存在缺陷;约半数资源枯竭城市优势产业功能已经由采矿业转向了制造业,但各城市间存在差异;依据产业功能特征,将24个案例城市分为四大类别,分别探讨其1997-2011年间的产业功能变化。     

城市旅游综合体生命周期特征及形成机制研究——以西安曲江为例

城市旅游综合体是城市旅游经济发展的重要空间系统,其生命周期特征及形成机制是构建城市长效发展动力的重要决策基础。以历时性游客接待数据为基础,结合Logistic分级模型,在对西安曲江城市旅游综合体的成长过程及趋势进行模拟的基础上,揭示其旅游地生命周期特征及形成机制。结果显示,曲江城市旅游综合体并没有经历Butler旅游地生命周期理论所描述的探查和参与阶段,而是直接进入发展阶段;在经历了近10年的快速发展阶段后,其以2009年为拐点进入巩固阶段,并于2018年达到游客接待量的最大值,之后将进入停滞阶段。研究认为,作为一种新兴旅游目的地形态,城市旅游综合体与自然增长型旅游地的成长机制明显不同,即在行政力量主导的非市场因素作用下,以"经营城市"为核心理念寻求土地综合开发价值、以土地收益推动城市发展和休闲产业体系构建,是城市旅游综合体生命周期特征形成的根本原因。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,