关于近海重力式建筑物地基液化势分析的若干考虑

本文阐述了近海重力式建筑物地基在风浪荷载作用下的特性,以及相应的一些考虑。鉴于目前判断土体液化势的应力分析法存在着某些缺点,以及为便于研究复杂的振动问题,文中介绍了笔者曾建议的能量分析法。由于作用在地基上的荷载为随机过程,故文中亦探讨了根据砂土在常幅谐振下的液化势,来估计随机振动下液化势的方法。对于排水条件较好和振动时间较长的情况来说,考虑孔隙水压力在振动期及其后的消散和再分布很为重要。因为事实上在这些情况下,孔隙水压力的消散与再分布很可能阻止地基的液化。     

波浪作用下黄河口粉土液化与振荡层形成试验研究

通过室内水槽试验,观察波浪作用下土体产生的现象,分析了土体内孔隙水压力的变化及波浪作用后土体粒度组成变化特征,研究了波浪荷载作用下黄河口粉土液化和"振荡层"的形成过程。试验及讨论结果表明:在波浪作用下,上层粉土体大部分时间处于液化状态;由液化土形成的振荡土层与下部土层之间形成"W"形的滑动面,振荡土层的厚度随着波浪作用时间的增加而变小;在波浪的振动和孔隙流体的共同作用下,土颗粒重新排列,细粒物质向上迁移,土体底部土颗粒粒径较为粗大,振荡层范围内土颗粒粒径组成相似,粒径分布范围较小;其内部孔压比随深度和波浪作用次数的增加而较少,土体内部积累的超孔压逐渐消散,海床土体逐渐趋于稳定。     

波浪作用下黄河口粉土孔压响应特征及过程

以黄河口海底粉土为研究对象,利用自行研发的监测设备现场监测了波浪作用下海底粉土的孔隙水压力响应过程,获取了2个大风过程中孔隙水压力的有效数据。波浪作用下海底粉土的孔隙水压力响应由表层土最先开始,向下层土延伸,且响应程度随着土层深度的增加而减弱。孔隙水压力响应特征受潮位与波高影响明显,潮位影响孔隙水压力响应的整体趋势而波高影响孔隙水压力响应的幅值,且海底粉土孔隙水压力对波高的响应具有滞后性,滞后时间约为2 h。大风过程中海底面以下1.5 m以深孔隙水压力未发现明显变化,说明其超过了波浪最大作用深度;海底面以下0.5 m位置处孔隙水压力在一段时间内产生剧烈振荡,无明显的累积现象,说明其处于波浪作用范围内,但波浪作用导致的孔隙水压力小于土体孔隙水压力的消散速率。     

波浪作用下黄河口海底粉土孔压响应特征及过程

以黄河口海底粉土为研究对象,利用自行研发的监测设备现场监测了波浪作用下海底粉土的孔隙水压力响应过程,获取了2个大风过程中孔隙水压力的有效数据。波浪作用下海底粉土的孔隙水压力响应由表层土最先开始,向下层土延伸,且响应程度随着土层深度的增加而减弱。孔隙水压力响应特征受潮位与波高影响明显,潮位影响孔隙水压力响应的整体趋势而波高影响孔隙水压力响应的幅值,且海底粉土孔隙水压力对波高的响应具有滞后性,滞后时间约为2 h。大风过程中海底面以下1.5 m以深孔隙水压力未发现明显变化,说明其超过了波浪最大作用深度;海底面以下0.5 m位置处孔隙水压力在一段时间内产生剧烈振荡,无明显的累积现象,说明其处于波浪作用范围内,但波浪作用导致的孔隙水压力小于土体孔隙水压力的消散速率。     

海洋环境下玄武岩纤维加筋砂土抗液化性能的试验研究

历史资料表明,海域砂土液化引起的场地失效是造成震害的重要原因之一。本文围绕海洋腐蚀环境下的砂土抗液化性能的提升需求,通过室内试验探讨了玄武岩纤维加筋砂土在海洋环境下的抗液化特征：研究了纤维含量对波浪荷载作用下饱和砂土抗液化强度、超静孔隙水压力,以及应力—应变发展特征的影响。试验结果表明：纤维的掺入能够有效提高砂土在海洋环境下的抗液化强度,但存在纤维含量的阈值,纤维加筋增强法不会改变砂土的液化模式,在波浪低频荷载作用下,砂土呈现出了明显的剪胀特征,纤维含量对临界状态应力比具有显著影响,对相转换状态应力比影响较小,研究成果为海洋工程中纤维加筋土的推广应用提供了有价值的参考。     

海底孔压对波浪响应试验研究及数值模拟

孔隙水压力在海底土尤其在砂性海床中扮演着一个非常重要的角色.波浪的周期性加载作用,在砂土及粉土中产生超静孔隙水压力,其幅值大小是海床发生液化破坏的控制因素.在海上工程的历次调查中发现孔压引起许多液化破坏现象,如粉土海床的塌陷、凹坑、坡度较大处的粉砂流及构筑物基础周围的过量冲刷造成石油管架下沉等等,因此研究海床中孔压对波浪的响应具有重要的理论意义和实践意义.     

波浪作用下埕岛海域海底土液化分区

根据埕岛海域表层沉积物特征,结合该区的波浪实测资料推算的波浪要素,利用动三轴实验得到研究区土体在循环荷载作用下孔隙水压力的增长与振动次数的关系,计算研究区内海底土层的液化可能性和液化所需的时间,并根据土体在不同水深情况下达到液化所需的时间对研究海域进行了液化分区。结果显示,7-8 m等深线之间的海底土体由于受到波浪破碎作用的影响,最易发生液化,液化影响深度也最深,自该海域向近岸和远海,液化可能性降低;土层埋深为2.5 m以浅时,研究区大部分区域液化可能性为高,而到埋深为4 m时土层液化可能性明显降低。     

黄河水下三角洲沉积物在循环荷载作用下土体中孔压变化实验研究

利用室内周期循环加载试验 ,对黄河水下三角洲土体中孔隙水压力的变化加以测定 ,通过对波浪水槽试验和动三轴试验 2种方案所获数据分析认为黄河水下三角洲土体 (粉土、粘质粉土、粉质粘土 )存在一破坏的循环极限荷载。在小于此极限循环荷载作用情况下 ,土体中孔隙水压力总体呈现下降趋势 ,没有积累升高的过程 ,不同于砂土在循环荷载作用下孔隙水压力升高导致液化的情况。这一现象对判别黄河水下三角洲土体破坏机制的研究有重要意义。     

针对海底斜坡稳定性评价所做的测井、取样以及测试

随着油气田开发活动趋向陆坡发展,对海底斜坡稳定性的评价也在持续增加。准确的稳定性评价需要有一套互相补充、互相参证的原位取样和测试设备。这些设备在工艺和坚固耐用方面都在迅速改进。本文介绍的重点是用于原位孔隙压力消散试验的改进型设备。超孔隙压力可能会导致滑坡。压电探头和辉固孔隙水采样器（FPWS）是井下工具,通常用在深水区测量平衡孔隙水压力。     

风暴浪导致的黄河口水下土体破坏试验研究

本文试验利用取自黄河水下三角洲的样品 ,重塑后铺设水槽底床进行水槽试验 ,并利用原状土进行动三轴试验 ,2种试验均测定土体内的孔隙水压力。根据各种情况下孔隙水压力的变化记录 ,表明土体破坏同时其孔隙水压力产生骤变。将本文试验结果与在黄河水下三角洲不稳定区的原位沉积动力学试验孔隙水压力测试结果对照 ,说明黄河三角洲水下斜坡某些土体的破坏 ,未出现波浪循环荷载作用下孔隙水压力积累升高所导致的土体液化破坏 ,而是风暴浪对海底的强切应力作用致使土体产生剪切破坏     

粉质土海底边界层动态演化过程波浪水槽实验

The objectives of this study are carried out a series of controlled large wave flume experiments using fine-grained sediment from the Huanghe River Delta, exploring the complete sequence of sediment behavior in the bottom boundary layer(BBL) during wave-induced liquefaction. The results show that:(1) The BBL in silty seabed is exposed to a progressive wave, goes through a number of different stages including compaction before liquefaction, sediment liquefaction, and compaction after liquefaction, which determines the range and thickness of BBL.(2) With the introduction of waves, first, the sediment surface has settled by an amount S(S=1–2 cm) in the course of wave loadings with an insufficient accumulation of pore water pressure. And a thin high concentration layer formed the near-bed bottom.(3) Once the liquefaction sets in, the liquefied sediment with an ‘orbital motion' and the sub-liquefied sediment form a two-layer-sediment region. The range of BBL extends downwards and stopped at a certain depth, subsequently, develops upwards with the compaction process. Meanwhile, resuspended sediments diffuse to the upper water column.(4) During the dynamics process of the BBL beneath progressive waves, the re-suspended sediment increment ranked as sediment liquefaction erosion before liquefaction compaction after liquefaction.     

波浪诱发松散海床渐进式液化的数值分析

近海区域广泛分布着第四纪新沉积的松散海洋土,波浪荷载作用下松散海床会发生液化进而对近海结构物的稳定性存在巨大威胁。本文采用中国科学院流体-结构-海床相互作用数值计算模型FSSI-CAS 2D,选用Pastor-Zienkiewicz-Mark Ⅲ（PZⅢ）弹塑性本构研究了波浪诱发的松散海床液化问题。分析了波浪荷载引起的松散海床内超孔隙水压力、有效应力以及应力角的时程变化特性,并预测了松散海床的渐进液化过程。计算结果表明,波浪荷载作用下松散海床内残余孔压会累积增长,海床表面最先发生液化,然后逐渐向下发展至液化最大深度。同时指出海床内超孔隙水压力的竖向分布特征和应力角的变化时程均可以作为判断海床液化的间接参数。最后,通过应力状态分析,讨论了海床渐进式液化的发展过程和趋势。     

Analysis of wave-induced liquefaction in seabed deposits of silt

The dynamic stress introduced in half elastic space by wave loading is characterized by the equation between the magnitude of half cyclic axial stress and cyclic torsion shear stress and the principal stress,whose direction rotates continuously and compression stress on seabed can be calculated by the use of small amplitude wave theory.With relationship curves of saturated silt of liquefaction cycles and cyclic stress ratios obtained by cyclic triaxial-torsional coupling shear tests and curve fitting method to different data points of relative density,it is suggested that the cyclic stress ratio corresponding to constant liquefaction impedance be taken as the critical cyclic stress ratio which implies liquefaction.There exists a linear relationship between critical cyclic stress ratio and relative density under different relative densities.Empirical formula for critical cyclic stress ratios of seabed liquefaction induced by wave loading under different relative densities is established.The possibility of seabed silt liquefaction and its influence factors are analyzed based on the small-amplitude wave theory and the data acquired in laboratory tests.     

波浪作用下粉质土海床液化界面波压力的研究

波浪作用下粉质土海床的液化是影响海上平台、海底管线等海洋构筑物安全的灾害之一。在进行构筑物设计中应考虑海床液化的深度问题,而液化土体对下部海床的界面波压力是计算海床孔隙水压力增长以及液化深度的重要参量。本文基于波致粉土海床自上而下的渐进液化模式,利用双层流体波动理论,推导了考虑海床土体黏性的海床界面波压力表达式,并与不考虑黏性时的界面波压力进行了比较分析。结果表明,计算液化后土体界面波压力时,是否考虑液化土体的黏性对结果影响较大,进而可能影响粉质土海床液化深度的确定。     

波流共同作用下海底人工边坡动态响应分析

为了研究波流共同荷载作用下开挖基槽附近海床动态响应和液化破坏情况,提出一个二维耦合计算模型,采用雷诺时均纳维-斯托克斯（RANS）方程描述波浪运动情况,通过设定侧边界条件实现稳定流场。海床部分通过求解Biot固结方程,得到波流荷载下海床中的应力和位移情况。将模型计算结果与水槽试验数据和解析解进行比较,验证了波流模型和海床模型的有效性。在此模型基础上,分析得到了开挖之后海床新的应力和固结状态。同时,通过参数分析得到了波流耦合情况下波浪形态的变化,以及海流对海床液化情况和孔压情况的影响。最后,通过线性回归计算得到最大液化深度与流速的拟合关系曲线。计算结果可用于判断基槽开挖后不规则海床的液化情况,对相关研究和实际工程具有一定参考意义。     

The impact of wave loads and pore-water pressure generation on initiation of sediment transport

The build-up of pore-water pressure by waves can lead to sediment liquefaction and subsequent transport by traction currents. This process was investigated by measuring pore-water pressures both in a field experiment and laboratory wave tank tests. Liquefaction was observed in the wave tank tests. The results suggest that sand is less susceptible than silts to wave-induced liquefaction because of the tendency to partially dissipate pore-water pressures. However, previous studies have determined that pore-water pressures must approach liquefaction before current velocities necessary to initiate transport are reduced. Once liquefaction has occurred more sediment can be transported.     

Parametric study of the wave-induced residual liquefaction around an embedded pipeline

Wave-induced liquefaction in a porous seabed around submarine pipeline may cause catastrophic consequences such as large horizontal displacements of pipelines on the seabed, sinking or floatation of buried pipelines. Most previous studies in relation to the wave and seabed interactions with embedded pipeline dealt with the wave-induced instaneous seabed response and possible resulting momentary liquefaction (where the soil is liquefied instantaneously during the passage of a wave trough), using theory of poro-elasticity. Studies for the interactions between a buried pipeline and a soil undergoing build-up of pore pressure and residual liquefaction have been comparatively rare. In this paper, this complicated process was investigated by using a new developed integrated numerical model with RANS (Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes) equations used for governing the incompressible flow in the wave field and Biot consolidation equations used for linking the solid–pore fluid interactions in a porous seabed with embedded pipeline. Regarding the wave-induced residual soil response, a two-dimensional poro-elastoplastic solution with the new definition of the source term was developed, where the pre-consolidation analysis of seabed foundation under gravitational forces including the body forces of a pipeline was incorporated. The proposed numerical model was verified with laboratory experiment to demonstrate its accuracy and effectiveness. The numerical results indicate that residual liquefaction is more likely to occur in the vicinity of the pipeline compared to that in the far-field. The inclusion of body forces of a pipeline in the pre-consolidation analysis of seabed foundation significantly affects the potential for residual liquefaction in the vicinity of the pipeline, especially for a shallow-embedded case. Parametric studies reveal that the gradients of maximum liquefaction depth with various wave and soil characteristics become steeper as pipeline burial depth decreases.     

The effect of structures on the wave-induced liquefaction potential of seabed sand deposits

One of the important design considerations for marine structures situated on sand deposits is the potential for instability caused by the development of excess pore pressure as a result of wave loading. A build-up of excess pore pressure may lead to initial liquefaction. The current practice of liquefaction analysis in marine deposits neglects the effects of structures over seabed deposits. However, analyses both in terrestrial and marine deposits have shown that the presence of a structure, depending on the nature of the structure and initial soil conditions, may decrease or increase the liquefaction potential of underlying deposits. In the present study, a wave-induced liquefaction analysis is carried out using mechanisms similar to earthquake-induced liquefaction. The liquefaction potential is first evaluated using wave-induced liquefaction analysis methods for a free field. Then by applying a structure force on the underlying sand deposits, the effect of the structure on the liquefaction potential is evaluated. Results showed that depending on the initial density of the sand deposits and different structures, water depths and wave characteristics, the presence of a structure may increase or decrease the liquefaction potential of the underlying sand deposits.     

埕岛海域波浪引起不同区域土体的液化程度

收集埕岛海域地区近十余年的地质勘察资料,汇总该区地质灾害的类型及其分布情况,发现该区存在着凹坑、冲沟、滑塌、泥流舌、海底穿刺、粗糙海底和埋藏古河道等地质灾害,在海域西北、中部和东南部均有分布,简要探讨形成机理,计算波浪循环荷载在海床中产生的循环应力比,以及根据标贯击数和黏粒含量建立土体的循环阻抗比,然后,计算不同风浪等级下每个钻孔1m深度处土体抗液化安全系数,采用surfer8.0软件绘制安全系数等值线图。发现抗液化性能较好的区域主要分布在海域中部三块地区,随着风浪等级增大,整个区域内液化面积也逐渐扩大,海域东南地区有少量油井和管线分布,区地质灾害发生频率较高,土体抗液化性能较差,工程设施应重视较大风浪期间土体液化对其安全性能的影响。     

A probabilistic analysis of random wave-induced liquefaction

Seabed instability caused by soil liquefaction due to build-up of excess pore pressure within the sedimentary seabed represents a serious threat to coastal structures. Models of varying sophistication exist for predicting the liquefaction process but most previous calculations are limited to regular waves while the real waves are random. In this study, a numerical study of liquefaction potential of a sand bed under narrow-band random waves is carried out employing ensemble modelling techniques. The aim of the work is to investigate the effect of random waves on excess pore pressure build-up and liquefaction processes and study the probability distribution of the maximum liquefaction depth. The computational results using a 1D liquefaction model indicate that the random wave-induced liquefaction can be much deeper than that of the corresponding regular waves with the largest individual waves in the random wave time series playing a dominant role in determining the maximum liquefaction depth. It is also found that the time for the maximum liquefaction depth to be reached can vary considerably from one random wave series to another, which suggests that in random waves notable densification may occur within the same timeframe as that for liquefaction.