四川雅江措纳玛杂岩体成矿地质条件分析

四川雅江措纳玛杂岩体位于甘孜-理塘断裂带中段东缘,由日勒玛、格希、措纳玛、购隆、下德差、多隆等6个岩体组成,岩性包括石英闪长岩、黑云母花岗闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩、花岗斑岩。该杂岩体属同源岩浆演化序列,形成时代为晚三叠世。通过对措纳玛杂岩体的岩石学、岩石化学、岩石地球化学,蚀变矿化等特征的分析,以及与华南南岭含矿花岗岩、江西大湖塘地区燕山期含钨花岗斑岩、新英格兰含锡花岗岩等典型钨锡矿化花岗岩、西藏玉龙斑岩和扬子地台西缘含矿斑岩的对比研究,确定措纳玛杂岩各期岩体的含矿性,尤其钨钼随杂岩体的岩浆演化程度增高而在晚期的斑岩中矿化最佳。由此确定晚期的格希岩体——花岗斑岩为研究区成矿地质体和勘查区的矿化中心,指出了找矿方向。     

大别岳西地区花岗岩类岩石学及其成因

岳西地区花岗岩类主要由主簿原和白马尖二长花岗岩－正长花岗岩岩基、花岗闪长岩－石英二长闪长岩小岩体和晚期的淡色碱长花岗岩岩体组成。主要岩体形成于燕山晚期,为造山后花岗岩。岩基中花岗岩的暗色矿物为黑云母,主簿原花岗岩含有褐帘石,岩石化学显示为过铝质（Ａ／ＣＮＫ约为１．１）,稀土配分为右倾的、中等负铕异常（Ｓｍ／Ｅｕ为０．１６～０．２５）曲线。花岗闪长质的、没有变形的小岩体中普遍含有角闪石和榍石,岩石化学表现为准铝质（Ａ／ＣＮＫ为０．８～０．９,Ａ／ＮＫ为１．５～１．８）,稀土配分为右倾的无铕异常（或略有正铕异常）的曲线,但其形成时代和εＮｄ（０）值与主要岩基相同。花岗岩类的εＮｄ（０）值均为较大的负值（－１７～－２６）,在εＮｄ（０）－εＳｒ（０）图上,表现为一条水平带状分布,显示其源岩为存留时间很长的古老地壳。     

江西阳储岭两期岩浆活动与钨成矿作用的关系：来自黑云母地球化学的证据

阳储岭斑岩型W-Mo矿床位于江南造山带中部,是华南地区最早发现的斑岩型钨钼矿床。已探明WO₃资源储量6.13万吨(平均品位0.2%),Mo资源储量1.69万吨(平均品位0.03%～0.06%),其成矿作用与中生代花岗质岩浆活动密切相关。区内发育早期花岗闪长岩和晚期二长花岗斑岩,钨矿体以细脉状和浸染状产于二长花岗斑岩体内,而花岗闪长岩内未见矿化。两期岩浆活动与钨成矿的关系尚不明确,制约其含矿差异性的因素尚不清楚。本文以花岗闪长岩和二长花岗斑岩中的黑云母为研究对象,对比研究两类岩浆结晶分异程度、氧逸度、岩浆流体卤素浓度,探讨其对钨成矿的制约。黑云母主量元素分析结果显示,阳储岭两类岩浆岩均为壳源,但显著不同于S型花岗岩的Mg/(Fe+Mg)和Al^VI值,指示其具有I型花岗岩的特征。黑云母的微量元素信息显示,相对于花岗闪长岩中的黑云母(类型一),二长花岗斑岩中的黑云母(类型二)显示低的K/Rb、Nb/Ta比值,高的Rb、Cs、Nb和Ta含量,表明其分异程度较花岗闪长岩更高,更有利于钨的富集。两类黑云母所指示的岩浆氧逸度均在NNO缓冲线附近,表明其母岩...     

湖南省花岗岩成因类型及其与金矿的关系

湖南省花岗岩主要形成于加里东期、印支期和燕山期，分为“Ⅰ”型和“Ｓ”型两个成因类型。其中“Ⅰ”型花岗岩主要为角闪石英闪长岩－花岗闪长岩－二长花岗岩，Ｍｆ值多小于０．７８；“Ｓ”型花岗岩主要为黑云母二长花岗岩－钾长花岗岩，Ｍｆ值多大于０．７８。     

西藏班戈地区青龙花岗闪长岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄及其地球化学特征

青龙岩体位于冈底斯带北麓,是班戈-嘉黎岩浆岩带的重要组成部分。该岩体主要岩性为花岗闪长岩,形成于白垩纪早期,SHRIMP锆石U-Pb 206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为123.1Ma±3.4Ma,该年龄反映了青龙花岗闪长岩体的侵位或结晶年龄。花岗闪长岩地球化学数据表明,该岩体具有正常的SiO2含量,较低的K2O/Na2O比值,为弱过铝质岩石。该岩体轻稀土元素较重稀土元素富集,负Eu异常较弱。在微量元素蛛网图上,该岩体表现出强烈的Nb、Ta、Ti、Y负异常,具有岛弧花岗岩的地球化学特征。通过初步研究,认为青龙花岗闪长岩形成于俯冲背景,为与板片俯冲作用有关的同熔型花岗岩。     

西藏班戈地区青龙花岗闪长岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄及其地球化学特征

青龙岩体位于冈底斯带北麓,是班戈-嘉黎岩浆岩带的重要组成部分。该岩体主要岩性为花岗闪长岩,形成于白垩纪早期,SHRIMP锆石U-Pb 206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为123.1Ma±3.4Ma,该年龄反映了青龙花岗闪长岩体的侵位或结晶年龄。花岗闪长岩地球化学数据表明,该岩体具有正常的SiO2含量,较低的K2O/Na2O比值,为弱过铝质岩石。该岩体轻稀土元素较重稀土元素富集,负Eu异常较弱。在微量元素蛛网图上,该岩体表现出强烈的Nb、Ta、Ti、Y负异常,具有岛弧花岗岩的地球化学特征。通过初步研究,认为青龙花岗闪长岩形成于俯冲背景,为与板片俯冲作用有关的同熔型花岗岩。     

金铜与钨锡矿床与花岗岩的关系

<正>流行的岩浆热液成矿理论认为,钨锡是高温热液矿床,金铜是中温热液矿床,铅锌是低温热液矿床,它们与花岗岩时空和成因有关,可以围绕岩体分布,近岩体处为钨锡,向外为金铜,远处为铅锌。众多矿床实例表明,金铜与钨锡成矿与花岗岩的关系是不一样的。在我国,绝大多数斑岩铜矿的斑岩是埃达克岩(石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、花岗岩等,以高Sr低Yb为     

南岭地区加里东期花岗岩地球化学特征、岩石成因及含矿性评价

南岭地区加里东期花岗岩从岩石学上可划分为三类岩石组合,分别是石英(或英云)闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩组合,以花岗闪长岩为主;花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩组合,以二长花岗岩为主;二长花岗岩-二云母花岗岩组合,以二长花岗岩为主,分别对应于HSS型、HS型以及S型三种成因类型。地球化学上,这三类花岗岩大体上具有过铝,适度富碱(6.26%~8.06%),K2O>Na2O(比值多在1.5左右),不同程度地富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Cs、Th、U)的共同特点。同位素组成上,三类花岗岩都表现出高ISr值和低εNd值的特性,而且εNd值还呈现出连续过渡的特征。岩石成因上,第三类花岗岩主要起源于纯陆壳变沉积岩的部分熔融;第一类花岗岩可能是壳源岩浆与幔源岩浆近等比例混合的产物;第二类花岗岩以壳源岩浆为主,但也混合了少量幔源岩浆。在含矿性评价方面,第三类岩体,尤其是越城岭、苗儿山岩体,具有较好的成钨潜力,在第二类彭公庙岩体南部和其他加里东岩体内部及接触带附近的断裂发育区,分别有一定的钨多金属矿的找矿空间。     

北祁连西段小柳沟矿区花岗质岩石锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及成因研究

甘肃小柳沟钨钼(铜)矿是一个与花岗岩类有关的斑岩-矽卡岩-石英脉型矿床,小柳沟矿区内花岗质岩石类型主要为二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩。本文对该岩体进行年代学、地球化学研究以约束其形成时代和岩石成因。LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb测年分别获得二长花岗岩与花岗闪长岩谐和年龄为454.0±2.0Ma和417.7±1.7Ma,属于加里东期岩浆活动的产物,并经历了海西期和燕山期岩浆热事件的改造。地球化学数据显示,小柳沟花岗质岩石具有高硅、富碱的特征,属于过铝质高钾钙碱性系列,富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb,亏损Ba、Sr、Ti、P,具有明显Eu负异常,尤其是二长花岗岩显示强烈的铕负异常(δEu为0.08～0.19),属于高分异I型花岗岩。锆石Hf同位素分析结果显示,二长花岗岩εHf(t)为-4.45～4.04,t DM2=1176～1714Ma,花岗闪长岩εHf(t)为-4.18～4.43,t DM2=1124～1670Ma,二者可能是由壳幔混合作用形成,其壳源源区很可能来源于古元古代-中元古代古老地壳岩石,花岗闪长岩的源区相对较深,北大河岩群与朱龙关群可能是小柳沟钨矿的初始矿源层。综合研究表明,小柳沟钨钼矿床与二长花岗岩在时间、空间及成因上有密切关系。结合区域构造演化,认为小柳沟二长花岗岩应形成于俯冲背景下的活动大陆边缘环境,花岗闪长岩形成于碰撞造山环境。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗北达布锡勒图岩体主微量元素地球化学特征及成因探讨

达布锡勒图岩体位于华北板块与西伯利亚板块兴蒙造山带中的二连-贺根山缝合线北侧附近.通过对岩体各类岩性样品进行稀土和微量元素含量分析,结果显示,花岗闪长岩类(包括黑云花岗闪长岩和花岗闪长岩)成因类型为I-S过渡型花岗岩,成岩岩浆可能为大洋俯冲板片和上覆陆壳变杂砂岩部分融熔的混合岩浆,花岗岩类(包括二长花岗岩、黑云花岗岩和钾长花岗岩)为S-型花岗岩,原岩为变质泥岩,均产出于大陆弧构造环境,非埃达克质岩石.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.