Thermal and mechanical evolution of the Michigan Basin

We examine the formation of the Michigan Basin in terms of elastic flexure of the lithosphere. The shape of the flexure accurately determines the flexural rigidity of the lithosphere and the lateral extent of the load responsible for the flexure. The amplitude of differential subsidence then gives the magnitude of the load. Gravity anomalies in the southern peninsula of Michigan further restrain the dimensions of the load. We propose a model for the formation of the Michigan Basin involving mantle diapirs. We suggest that the first stage in its evolution was diapiric penetration of the lithosphere by hot asthenospheric mantle rock to the vicinity of the Moho. The heating of the lower crust by these hot rocks caused the transformation of lower crust, meta-stable gabbroic rocks to eclogite. Initially the lighter mantle rocks nearly balanced the heavier eclogite. As the mantle rocks cooled by conduction, the basin subsided under the load of the eclogite. The thermal contraction mechanism is supported by evidence that the flexural rigidity of the lithosphere increases with time. This is the effect of thickening of the elastic lithosphere as cooling progresses.     

MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL HISTORY OF THE SOUTHEASTERN CRIMEA

The Tuak and Sudak anticlinoria located upon the eastern periclinal closure of the Crimean meganticlinorium are complicated by a folding of the higher order. According to their size and morphological structures, the folds are subdivided into several types. The small linear disharmonic folds in the Upper Triassic, Lower- and Middle Jurassic deposits within the cores of the above anticlinoria are followed by an elongated brachy-folding within the Upper Jurassic deposits upon the saddle of the Sudak-Yanyshar anticlinorium. The distribution of individual folding types corresponds to the history of fold formation. It depends on the tectonic movement environments, the physical properties of the rocks and other causes. The study of conditions controlling the formation and development of structural forms is conducted on the basis of a structural-facies method. The increase of sedimentation thicknesses and the replacement of coarse terrigenous materials by finer sediments towards the axial parts of the synclines, are evidence of the fact that the folding development was contemporaneous with sedimentation during a prolonged period. Folding, however, proceeded at irregular times.

The linear folding within the Tavridian shales upon the saddle of the Tuak anticlinal zone developed under conditions of active positive movements during pre-Bajocian stage of folding. In addition to linear folds, elongated brachysynclines appeared within the areno-argillaceous deposits upon the saddle of the Sudak-Yanyshar anticlinal zone during pre-Oxfordian time. A further growth and isolation of individual folds took place in an environment of considerable tectonic movement intensification during the Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian stages. The most energetic folding movements took place during the pre-Tithonian phase of folding. A sharp uplift of the eastern part of the Sudak- Yanyshar anticlinorium saddle called forth the appearance of crescentic, elongated folds. Within the Meganom downwarping folds developed during the Jurassic under conditions of continuous plunging.

The development of the principal structural units is connected with manifestations of deep-seated tectonic processes. The folding located upon the Sudak-Yanyshar anticlinorium saddle is classified as forced folds. The prolonged growth of the folds was accompanied by a forcing up of argillaceous materials into the anticline saddles. The plastic shift of Middle Jurassic clays from under the subsiding synclines toward the continuously eroding anticline saddles, i. e. towards areas of free material outflow, took place under conditions of continuous intensification of the tectonic movement and a continuous increase of load upon the subsiding areas. The supply of plastic material into the anticline saddles began during the Oxfordian stage and continued up to the present. This process proceeds in an environment of further expansion of the Sudak-Yanyshar anticlinorium. In connection, however, with a general weakening of the tectonic movements and an increase of the argillaceous material metamorphization the forcing up of the latter gradually subsides.—Auth.English summ.     

青藏高原北缘晚新生代的差异性隆起特征

在青藏高原的研究中,一个涉及高原隆升过程和机理的重要科学问题就是高原差异性隆升问题。文中初步研究了晚新生代以来青藏高原北缘的这种差异性隆升特征。研究表明,高原北缘山系隆升变化的差异性是很明显的。自23.7 Ma以来西昆仑山、阿尔金山和祁连山平均剥蚀率分别有4次阶梯式、谷—峰—谷—峰—谷式和二次阶梯式的变化形式。在3.6 Ma BP以前,青藏高原北缘山系的差异性隆升总体上呈现出东高西低的地貌特征;在3.6～1.7 Ma青藏运动发生期间,高原北缘山系的差异性隆升特征是西强东弱;在0.6 Ma以来,高原北缘山系的隆升差异性呈现出西强—中弱—东次强的特征。自1.7 Ma以来青藏高原北缘西昆仑山褶皱带平均缩短应变为38％,阿尔金山褶皱带平均缩短应变为8％,祁连山褶皱带平均缩短应变为15％。这和它们的高度在此期间的差异特征极为相似。     

The dynamics of correlations in open-star cluster models

Two-time and two-point (two-particle) correlations are calculated for several parameters of the stellar motions, the densities, and the phase densities of model open clusters, in the vicinities of the cluster stars. The correlation times and correlation radii are determined in spaces of the parameters considered. The distributions of the two-point correlations for the distances between stars in the coordinate and velocity spaces of the stars are calculated. The local maxima of these distributions are used to determine the parameters of density waves, the potential, and the phase density in the model clusters. Analysis of the fine structure of regions of concentration in the two-point correlations in space of mutual distances between stars suggests the formation of polarization clouds near a number of such distances between stars. The distributions of the phase-density correlations are calculated, and the dynamics of these distributions analyzed. The dispersions of these distributions depend strongly on the presence of broad ??wings?? in the distributions (i.e., of strong correlations in the system). These dispersions are considered as a measure of the degree of correlation of phase-density fluctuations in model clusters. A growth in the correlations with time is observed for 50% of the cluster models considered. Flows of the phase-density correlations are investigated. A dominant correlation flow from the region of strong to the region of weak correlations is identified, leading to a flow of kinetic energy toward the cluster center. The rate at which this flow heats the model cluster core is estimated. Signs of weak turbulence are detected in the stellar motions in the model cluster cores with the highest degree of non-stationary in the regular field.     

龙游石窟3-2号岩柱变形破坏对3号洞应力变化的影响

作为具有大跨度、超浅埋等特点的千年古地下洞室群,龙游石窟吸引着众多前来研究的岩石力学家和工程地质学家。近些年来,龙游石窟的3号洞顶板多处出现了开裂和离层。安装在3-1号岩柱周围起支撑洞室作用钢柱上的应变片数值也发生了变化。据分析,这些现象出现的一个重要原因是3-2号岩柱强度降低引起洞室围岩受力条件的改变。利用FLAC3D数值软件,借鉴强度折减法,对3-2号岩柱强度降低引起上述变化的情况进行了模拟。数值模拟的结果可以较好地解释上述现象。在此基础上,进一步对3号洞顶板和其他岩柱的应力变化等进行了数值分析。结果表明:①3-2号岩柱的强度已有所下降,并有继续降低的趋势;②随着3-2号岩柱强度的降低,顶板的裂缝将不断增长、增多。其结果可为3-2号岩柱强度降低过程中洞室围岩力学行为的科学分析、预测及石窟的保护等提供依据。     

Seismogeological analysis of the pre-Jurassic sediment complexes of the South Kara syneclise in connection with the tectonic zoning of the sedimentary cover

We present new data on the structure of deep horizons of the sedimentary cover of the South Kara syneclise, based on an integrated interpretation of data from modern seismic prospecting and data on the geologic structure of the adjacent folded areas. A network of seismic base profiles reprocessed with up-to-date programs is used to determine the structure of the wave fields of the pre-Jurassic sediments of the South Kara syneclise. The interpretation of the wave fields with the use of the network of seismic base profiles shows that the wave fields of the Pai-Khoi-Novaya Zemlya monoclise and the Novaya Zemlya-Taimyr terrace are fundamentally different from those of the South Kara central area of depressions and uplifts. We substantiate a new structural and tectonic zonation of the northern West Siberian Plate, with areas of Hercynian and Early Cimmerian consolidation. The geologic evolution of the South Kara syneclise and adjacent areas in the Late Paleozoic-Early Jurassic is considered. The studies show that the Hercynides of the northern Taimyr Peninsula occupy the deepest central part of the South Kara syneclise, including the North Siberian step. They are separated from the coeval sediments of the surface part of the northern West Siberian Plate by the Early Cimmerian folded area of the Yamal-Pai-Khoi saddle, which joins the Early Cimmerian West Taimyr folded area to the Early Cimmerides of Pai-Khoi and Novaya Zemlya.The Permo-Triassic rifts distinguished in central West Siberia have no shelf extension. Areal structural studies along the surface of the acoustic basement and analysis of wave fields showed that the structures of the South Kara syneclise were semiconcentric and concentric intermontane depressions and troughs in the Permian and Lower-Middle Triassic. They formed at the orogenic stage of evolution of the Hercynides. In the Devonian-Carboniferous, the South Kara syneclise was an intracontinental block structure. It is presumed that elevated blocks consist of carbonate sediments, whereas the separating troughs consist of bathyal terrigenous sediments. The Hercynian folding, which affected mainly deep-water sediment complexes, was followed by an inversion of the troughs, their uplifting and disintegration. The intermontane depressions which formed instead of carbonate shelf in the Permian were filled with sediments from the uplifts which formed instead of the troughs.A well-grounded conclusion is made about the hydrocarbon potential of the pre-Jurassic basement of the South Kara syneclise. The layered seismic record of the pre-Jurassic sediments suggests their heterogeneous composition, i.e., the presence of sand and clay series (reservoirs and caps). The pools might be of the arch-bedded and lithologic (traps which formed in the case of the toplap of beds onto the eroded surface) types or be localized along the line of pinching-out of the Triassic sediments. The largest number of Paleozoic structures is concentrated on the Rogozinskii and Vilkitsky arches, in the Monskaya and Matusevich saddles, and in the northern Rusanov-Skuratov arch.© 2014, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

On the dynamics of open clusters

The kinematics of stars in open-cluster models are investigated. The central regions of these model clusters are fairly “cool, ” leading to gravitational instability in the cluster cores. A temporary virilization is observed in the model clusters, during which an appreciable fraction of the fluctuation energy of the cluster is temporarily transformed into the kinetic energy of the peculiar motions of stars. The duration of this stage can reach ∼10⁸ yr. The origins of this temporary virialization of the model clusters are discussed. The instability of the intrinsic fluctuations of the phase density in the centers of six clusters and model clusters is investigated. Several new regions of unstable phase-density fluctuations are found, in addition to those already known. The observed and model clusters can move toward a stable equilibrium state when the density of the cluster core both decreases and increases. The structure of regions of instability of the phase-density fluctuations in the centers of the six clusters is studied. Resonance curves for the amplitudes of steady-state phase-density fluctuations in the center of NGC 6705 are constructed. Analysis of the structure of the regions of instability indicates an appreciable rate of fluctuation-energy loss due to relaxation effects. The instability increments and widths of regions of instability fall off with increasing distance of the cluster from the Galactic center. An important role in the formation of regions of instability may be played by resonances between the frequency of the orbital motion of the cluster in the Galaxy and the frequencies of intrinsic phase-density fluctuations in the centers of the clusters considered.     

涂抹区重叠竖井地基固结特性研究

在软基处理工程中,经常出现竖井打设变密而地基固结效率降低的现象。鉴于此,建立了重叠涂抹区内土体水平向渗透系数的分布函数,给出了涂抹区重叠时竖井地基超静孔压和平均固结度的解析解。通过分析不同工况下竖井地基固结度随竖井间距的变化情况,探究了竖井间距减小而地基固结效率不增反减的成因。最后,探讨了涂抹作用和井阻作用对竖井最小临界间距的影响。结果表明：相邻竖井涂抹区重叠是竖井地基中出现竖井最小临界间距的根本原因。涂抹作用越大,则竖井最小临界间距越大;具体表现为当地基扰动程度增大时或涂抹区半径增大时,竖井最小临界间距随之增大。井阻作用越大,则竖井最小临界间距越小;具体表现为当竖井渗透系数减小时、竖井长度增大时或竖井半径减小时,竖井最小临界间距随之减小。     

秦岭中更新世以来抬升的新资料及认识

秦岭北坡的陕西省洛南县南洛河北岸发育高度不同的6层溶蚀洞穴,其中5层溶蚀洞穴中发现沉积物和古生物化石。对这些洞穴进行了考察和发掘,并研究了洞穴内沉积物的化石。另外对洞穴外的河流阶地进行了高程测量和对比分析,用选频光释光法测定各洞穴底部沉积物和洞穴外河流阶地沉积物的年龄,确定了各洞穴大致的形成时代,并首次得到秦岭中更新世以来的抬升资料。其抬升过程中速度不均一性、时代越新抬升速率越强的总趋势等状况与青藏高原相似     

柴油污染重塑红黏土直剪力学特性试验研究

广西红黏土分布区柴油泄漏对土体造成了一定程度污染,为研究轻质非水相非极性柴油孔隙液对红黏土力学性质的影响,本文以0#柴油为添加剂对其重塑样进行不排水快速直剪试验,测得了不同含水率、含油率、法向压力下红黏土抗剪强度及其参数变化规律。研究结果表明:在土-水-油系统中,非极性柴油孔隙液对红黏土强度影响相对较小,且受含水率影响。同一含油率时,红黏土抗剪强度、内摩擦角、黏聚力均随含水率增加而降低;同一含水率时,法向压力影响柴油作用模式,随含油率增加,抗剪强度参数变化较为复杂,当含水率为20%,红黏土内摩擦角、黏聚力反向波动变化;同一含湿率时,柴油比例的提高导致红黏土抗剪强度参数的增大。扫描电镜观察发现,非极性柴油孔隙液的介入,改变了水-土系统的静电及结构模式,导致红黏土强度发生变化,通过所建的“多尺度多阶段柴油作用微结构模型”,阐明了柴油孔隙液对红黏土强度特性影响的微观机理。     

松散体边坡灾害自组织临界性及工程应用研究

我国的松散体边坡灾害频繁。为了解松散体边坡灾害的共性，从整体上认识其规律性信息，文章采用多种形式的非均匀沙堆作为松散体边坡灾害的概化模型，通过多组实验研究其演化行为规律。自组织临界性是解释具有无序的、非线性复杂系统行为特征的理论之一，分形和闪烁噪声是其空间与时间结构的特征。实验发现几种概化模型表现出自组织临界性。分析滑坡、崩塌及泥石流等松散体边坡灾害实例，也发现其呈现自组织临界性特征。研究表明幂律特征及自组织临界性是许多松散体边坡灾害的共性。进一步模拟真实的松散体边坡的组成特征和某些防治工程措施，进行对比实验，表明不同工程措施的防治作用。最后结合挡、锚、喷、排等工程防治措施，探讨了自组织临界理论对松散体边坡灾害防治的指导作用。     

三维矿床地质模型的不确定性

三维矿床地质模型的不确定性对矿山生产决策有着重要影响,正确地对矿床地质模型进行不确定性分析可以对其本身和在其基础上所做的决策作出科学评价。矿床地质模型的不确定性主要来自于建模数据和插值方法的不确定性。通过对建模数据的产生、处理过程的分析,利用处理不确定性问题的理论和方法建立建模数据的不确定性模型。通过对建模方法产生的理论误差和实测误差进行量化,实现对建模方法不确定性的定量描述。将建模数据的不确定性和建模方法的不确定性进行叠置分析,建立矿床模型的不确定性模型。以内蒙古自治区某煤矿的地质资料为例,通过不确定性分析,建立了该矿的不确定性三维矿床地质模型。      

Spatial instability of the rift in the St. Paul multifault transform fracture system,Atlantic Ocean

The structure of the acoustic basement of the eastern part of the St. Paul multifault transform fracture system hosts rift paleovalleys and a paleonodal depression that mismatch the position of the currently active zones. This displacement zone, which is composed of five fault troughs, is unstable in terms of the position of the rift segments, which jumped according to redistribution of stresses. The St. Paul system is characterized by straightening of the transform transition between two remote segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). The eastern part of the system contains anomalous bright-spot-like reflectors on the flattened basement, which is a result of atypical magmatism, that forms the standard ridge relief of the acoustic basement. Deformations of the acoustic basement have a presedimentation character. The present-day deformations with lower amplitude in comparison to the basement are accompanied by acoustic brightening of the sedimentary sequence. The axial Bouguer anomalies in the east of the system continue to the north for 120 km from the active segments of the St. Paul system. Currently seismically active segments of the spreading system are characterized by increasing amplitudes of the E–W displacement along the fault troughs. Cross-correlation of the lengths of the active structural elements of the MAR zone (segments of the ridge and transform fracture zones of displacement) indicates that, statistically, the multifault transform fracture system is a specific type of oceanic strike-slip faults.     

顺层岩质边坡锚杆拉剪作用力学性能

锚杆能够显著增强顺层岩质边坡的稳定性.基于顺层边坡结构效应,应用锚杆加固顺层边坡的力学模型,根据结构力学理论和变形协调关系,建立拉剪作用下全长粘结型锚杆加固顺层边坡抗剪计算的理论分析方法.与相关试验数据进行了比较验证,结果表明顺层边坡锚固抗力模型计算结果与试验结果比较一致,验证了理论模型的合理性.讨论了锚杆倾角、锚杆直径、灌浆体强度、结构面内摩擦角、剪胀角等对加锚顺层岩体抗剪性能的影响.分析表明:锚杆锚固抗力模型能够较好地反映锚杆轴力及横向剪切力对顺层岩质边坡的抗剪作用.锚杆倾角越大,锚杆总的抗力呈减小趋势,而锚杆抗力随剪胀角增大而增加;当锚杆倾角等于内摩擦角时,锚杆抗力达到最大;锚杆抗力随锚杆直径增加而增大;当锚杆直径不变时,锚杆抗力随灌浆体抗压强度增大而有所减小.      

重庆温泉及地下热水的分布及成因

重庆地区地下热水资源较为丰富,且地下热水的分布也比较特殊。着重对重庆温泉及地下热水的分布特征、水化学特征、热储构造、形成条件和成因模式等问题进行了总结。重庆附近地下热储为三叠系中、下统碳酸盐岩,地下热水的分布受到背斜构造控制,温泉大多在高隆起背斜轴部、两翼及倾末端出露,与常见的受断裂控制的断裂-深循环型地下热水的分布不同,属于盆地-出露型的地下热水分布类型,水温为32~64 ℃,属于中低温温泉。受背斜构造的影响,地下热水主要溶滤三叠系中、下统雷口坡组和嘉陵江组碳酸盐岩,TDS为2~3 g/L,水化学类型多为SO4—Ca型,长期溶滤作用使地下热水趋于淡化,但尚未达到淡水阶段。地下热水热源主要为正常的地热增温,大气降水为其补给来源,补给区高程约为670~1 500 m。大气降水在重庆各背斜核部岩溶露头区入渗,地下水沿着背斜两翼向热储层深部径流并获得加热后,顺构造线方向自南、自北向背斜中部或向背斜倾末端径流,在河流深切的峡谷地段碳酸盐岩裸露区或埋藏区出露成泉,或在背斜两翼人工揭露形成钻井温泉和坑道温泉。     

珠江三角洲晚更新世以来的沉积－古地理

本文将珠江三角洲晚更新世以来的演化分为前三角洲(约４００００—３２５００ａＢ．Ｐ．)、老三角洲(３２５００—７５００ａＢ．Ｐ．)和新三角洲(７５００ａＢ．Ｐ．—现在)三个阶段，并在此基础上探讨珠江三角洲沉积－古地理的变迁。研究结果表明，在前三角洲阶段，珠江三角洲为内陆环境，五条大河在中山三角一带汇合，然后向南东入海。磨刀门西江水道形成于第二阶段的３００００—２００００。Ｂ．Ｐ．；狮子洋、珠江和银洲湖等水道则是全新世才发展起来的。三角洲发生过两次海侵。第一次大约开始于３２５００ａＢ．Ｐ．，第二次大约开始于７５００ａＢ．Ｐ．。两次海侵形成了新、老两套三角洲沉积。     

强夯碎石墩处治“山地型”软土路基的变形特征研究

为明确填方路堤荷载下强夯碎石墩的变形特征与其路堤稳定性的内在关联,针对“山地型”软土地区某高速铁路车站高填方路堤的失稳破坏现象,基于现场实测数据和三维数值分析模型,着重研究了不同位置强夯碎石墩墩体的鼓胀变形与侧向弯曲变形规律,并定义墩体鼓胀率和最大侧向弯曲值对其变形特征予以描述。研究结果表明：路堤荷载作用下不同位置的强夯碎石墩发生不同程度的鼓胀变形和侧向弯曲变形,其中鼓胀变形主要由上覆路堤荷载所产生的压缩鼓胀和路堤侧滑所产生的滑动剪切鼓胀所组成,且其最大鼓胀变形区域集中在距桩端1～2倍桩直径范围内;位于强夯碎石墩复合地基潜在滑裂面剪入口附近墩体的鼓胀率最大(0.75%),约为路堤中心处墩体鼓胀率的1.5倍,表明该处以滑动剪切鼓胀变形为主。沿路堤中心线向外不同位置的强夯碎石墩墩体的最大侧向弯曲变形的发展规律近似呈三段线模式,其中潜在滑裂面剪入口附近的17^#墩体为其侧向弯曲变形开始陡增的拐点,表明17^#与其附近墩体为控制路堤侧向变形与稳定的关键构件。路堤填筑过程中所出现数条裂缝的原因可能在于强夯碎石墩的剪切破坏而致使路堤出现整体滑移所引起的,建议...     

STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES AND POSSIBLE MODES OF FORMATION OF GEOSYNCLINAL FOLDED STRUCTURES (BASED ON THE BOL'SHOY KARATAU)

Data on peculiarities of configuration and positional interrelations of folded structure belonging to the Middle Paleozoic structural stage of the Bolshoy Karatau Ridge are given in the paper.

On the basis of both the geological-structural map of this region compiled by the author and an abundance of other materials conclusions are made as to the most important morphological features of the geosynclinal folds; considerations regarding the modes of their formation are suggested.

Within the above-mentioned structural stage three most important genetic fold types are isolated: stamped folds, warping folds, flow folds. The former originated under the effect of vertically directed forces normally applied to the stratum. The second are the results of a tangential compression of stratified beds. And the formation of the last was caused by the flow of the most plastic constituents of the section. The author is of the opinion the above fold types are generally most widespread among the folded structures of the geosynclinal regions. The stamped folds are a direct result of local uplifts and subsidences of the Earth crust and thus their origin is quite clear from the mechanical standpoint. The warping folds might have formed in the course of uplifting of previously formed downwarpings when the filling rock beds had to pass through the chord of their original arc. Moreover they might have originated as a result of broad gravitational bed sliding. And finally, the flow folds most frequently formed evidently also under the effect of gravitational forces (when the latter are great enough to provoke plastic rock deformation) or under the effect of a difference of confining pressures.—Auth. English summ.     

Dynamic stability analysis of rock slope considering the strength vibration degradation of through-type rock discontinuitiesEI北大核心

考虑结构面抗剪强度震动退化效应对分析与评价岩质边坡动力稳定性具有重要意义。基于岩石动力试验获取了多因素影响的结构面强度震动退化系数方程,结合极限平衡理论和动态矢量法原理,以UDEC程序作为计算引擎,采用其内置Fish语言编程实时刷新结构面强度特性参数和捕获任意地震历时时刻边坡地震惯性力,并以最小平均安全系数法求解边坡最终动力稳定性评价指标值,从而提出了一种考虑结构面强度震动退化的边坡动力稳定性系数动态算法。研究表明:结构面强度震动退化系数是取决于岩块间循环剪切次数、循环剪切幅度及相对运动速度响应值的动态变量;将该算法应用于含贯通型平直状结构面边坡动力稳定性算例中,其分析结果表明,动力作用时程内考虑结构面强度震动退化的边坡动力稳定性系数较未考虑该效应时的系数衰减更为明显,即前者计算结果更符合一般性自然规律,亦即验证了该算法的可行性;结构面最小强度震动退化系数随动力激励时程变化近似呈负指数函数形式逐渐衰减,且当结构面初始黏聚力(内摩擦角)越大、而坡角(层面倾角)或动荷载幅值(频率)越小时,地震历时过程中边坡最小动力稳定性系数越大,此时边坡最终动力稳定性相对越强。     

结构光性矿物学的进展

二十年代初期,著名的结晶学家尼格里(Niggli)就指出:“不久将来,人们可以从晶体结构及化学结构计算出晶体的光性常数来,于是就能发现一些规律,这些规律对于矿物学家和结晶学家来说是有着基础意义的”。半个世纪过去了,由于有了大量的晶体结构资料和对化学键不断深入的认识,使得人们有可能来逐步地实现尼格里的这个科学预见。不少物理学家、化学家、结晶学家和矿物学家进行了这方面的研究,已建立起矿物学的一个新分枝--结构光性矿物学。